University of Thi-Qar

College of Engineering
BME-F18:SP1:Lab2: Signals

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB by A.
Palamides and A. Veloni.

1
 Signals Types
• Continuous Time Signal (CT):
The independent variable (time) is defined in a continuous interval.
Example: 1

t=0:.1:2*pi; 0.8

y=cos(t); 0.6

0.4

plot(t,cos(t)) 0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB by A.
Palamides and A. Veloni.
2
 Signals Types
• Discrete Time Signal (DT):
the independent variable (time) is defined in a discrete interval (e.g.,
the set of integer numbers). 1

Example: 0.8

n=0:10; 0.6

0.4

y=cos(n); 0.2

stem(n,y) 0

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB by A.
Palamides and A. Veloni.
3
 Basic CT Signals
• Sinusoidal Signals
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 + 𝜙
𝐴: Amplitude
𝑓: The frequency
𝜙: The phase
1
𝑇 = : The period of the signal
𝑓

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB by A.
Palamides and A. Veloni.
4
 Basic CT Signals
• Sinusoidal Signals
Example: 𝜋
Plot the signal 𝑥 𝑡 = 3 cos 3𝜋𝑡 + in four periods.
2𝜋 2 3
= 3𝜋, which makes 𝑇 =
𝑇 3 3

A=3;
phi=pi/3; 2

T=2/3;
1
t=0:.01:4*T;

x(t)
x=A*cos(2*pi/T*t+phi); 0

plot(t,x) -1

xlabel(‘t’)
-2
ylabel(‘x(t)’)
-3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
t

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB by A.
Palamides and A. Veloni.
5
 Basic CT Signals
• Exponential Signals
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑏𝑡
Example:
Plot the signals 𝑥1 𝑡 = 3𝑒 0.4𝑡 , and 𝑥2 𝑡 = 2𝑒 −0.9𝑡 for −2 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 5
25

t=-2:.01:5; 20

x1=3*exp(.4*t); 15

x2=2*exp(-.9*t); 10

plot(t,x1,’b-’,t,x2,’r:’); 5

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. 6
Veloni.
 Basic CT Signals
• Unit Step Function 0 𝑡<0
𝑢 𝑡 = ቐ0.5 𝑡 = 0
1 𝑡>0
The command ‘heaviside()’ is used to generate the unit step function.
Example:
1.2

Plot 𝑢(𝑡 − 5) for the interval 3 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 9. 1

0.8

t=3:.01:9; 0.6

u=heaviside(t-5); 0.4

0.2

plot(t,u) 0

ylim([-.3 1.3]) -0.2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB by A.
Palamides and A. Veloni. 7
 Basic CT Signals
• Unit Impulse or Dirac Delta Function
∞ 𝑡=0
δ 𝑡 =ቊ
0 𝑡≠0
The command ‘dirac()’ is used to generate the unit impulse function.
Example:
Plot 𝛿(𝑡 − 5) for the interval 3 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 9. 1.2

t=3:.01:9; 0.8

0.6
The gap denotes infinite magnitude at t=5
u=dirac(t-5); % 0.4

plot(t,u)
0.2

ylim([-.3 1.3]) -0.2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB by A.
Palamides and A. Veloni. 8
 Basic CT Signals
Example:
Show that the integration of dirac function is a unit step function.

syms t;
de=dirac(t);
u=int(de,t) u=heaviside(t)

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB by A.
Palamides and A. Veloni.
9
 Basic CT Signals
• Ramp Function
𝑡 𝑡≥0
𝑟 𝑡 =𝑡𝑢 𝑡 =ቊ
0 𝑡<0
To generate Ramp function, we first generate a unit step function, and then
multiply by ‘t’ 2

Example:
1.8

1.6

Plot Ramp function for the interval −2 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 3 1.4

1.2

t=-2:.01:2; 1

0.8

r=t.*heaviside(t); 0.6

0.4

plot(t,r) 0.2

0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB by A.
Palamides and A. Veloni. 10
 Basic CT Signals
• Rectangular Pulse Function 𝑇 𝑇
𝑇 𝑇
𝑝𝑇 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡 + −𝑢 𝑡− = ቐ1, − 2 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2
2 2
0, 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
Example:
Plot 𝑝3(𝑡) for the interval −3 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 3 1.2

t=-3:.01:3; 1

T=3; 0.8

0.6

p3=heaviside(t+T/2)-heaviside(t-T/2); 0.4

plot(t,p3) 0.2

ylim([-.3 1.3]) -0.2

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB by A.
Palamides and A. Veloni. 11
 Basic DT Signals
• Unit Impulse Sequence
1 𝑛 = 𝑛0
𝛿 𝑛 − 𝑛0 = ቊ
0 𝑛 ≠ 𝑛0
The command ‘gauspuls()’ can be used to generate unit impulse
sequence.
Example: 1

0.9

Plot the unit impulse sequence 𝛿[𝑛 − 5] for −1 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 9

0.8

0.7

n=-1:9; 0.6

0.5

del=gauspuls(n-5);
0.4

0.3

0.2

stem(n,del) 0.1

0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB by A.
Palamides and A. Veloni. 12
 Basic DT Signals
• Unit Step Sequence
1 𝑛 − 𝑛0 ≥ 0
𝑢 𝑛 − 𝑛0 = ቊ
0 𝑛 − 𝑛0 < 0
• ‘heaviside()’ can not be used to generate unit step function?
We can generate unit step sequence by using piece-wise function definition.
Example:
Plot unit step sequence 𝑢[𝑛 − 5] for 0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 10 1

0.9

n1=0:4; 0.8

n2=5:10; 0.7

0.6
n=[n1 n2]; 0.5

u1=zeros(1,length(n1)); 0.4

0.3
u2=ones(1,length(n2)); 0.2

u=[u1 u2]; 0.1

stem(n,u) 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB by A.
Palamides and A. Veloni. 13
 Basic DT Signals
• Real Exponential Sequence
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙
If 𝑎 > 1, 𝑥[𝑛] is ascending, if 𝑎 < 1, 𝑥[𝑛] is descending.
Example:
Plot 𝑥1 𝑛 = 0.8𝑛 , and 𝑥2 𝑛 = 1.2𝑛 for 0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 5
2.5

n=0:5;
2

x1=0.8.^n; x2=1.5.^n;
1.5

stem(n,x1); hold on;

1

stem(n,x2);
0.5

xlim([-1 6]);
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems
14
Laboratory with MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni.
 Basic DT Signals
• Sinusoidal Sequence
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴 cos 𝑤𝑛 + 𝜙
𝐴 is amplitude, 𝑤 is the angular frequency, and 𝜙 is the phase.
Example:
𝑛 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋
Plot 𝑥 𝑛 = 2 cos( + ), and 𝑦 𝑛 = 2 cos( + ) for 0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 20
2 4 6 4
n=0:20;
x=2*cos(n/2+pi/4); 2
x[n]
2
y[n]

y=2*cos(n*pi/6+pi/4); 1.5 1.5

stem(n,x) 1 1

legend(‘x[n]’); 0.5 0.5

figure, stem(n,y) 0

-0.5 -0.5

legend(‘y[n]’) -1 -1

-1.5 -1.5

-2
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with 15
MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni.
 Properties of Signals
• Periodic Signals
- A continuous-time signal 𝑥(𝑡) is periodic if there is a positive number 𝑇 such
that 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑇 , ∀𝑡 ∈ 𝑅.
- If 𝑇 is the smallest positive value for which the previous relationship holds, then
𝑇 is called the fundamental period of the signal.
- A discrete-time signal is periodic if there is a positive integer number 𝑁 such
that 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑁 , ∀𝑛 ∈ 𝑍.
- A sinusoidal sequence 𝑥 𝑛 = cos(𝑤𝑛 + 𝜙) is not always periodic.
- A discrete-time signal 𝑥[𝑛] is periodic if there are integer positive numbers 𝑚, 𝑁,
such that:
2𝜋𝑚
𝑤=
𝑁

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory
with MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni. 16
 Properties of Signals
Example:
Verify that the signal 𝑥 𝑡 = sin(𝑡) is periodic by comparing the values
of 𝑥(𝑡) for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋, and for 10 cycles.
t=linspace(0,2*pi,7);
x=sin(t); -0.0000 0.8660 0.8660 0.0000 -0.8660 -0.8660 -0.0000
T=2*pi; -0.0000 0.8660 0.8660 0.0000 -0.8660 -0.8660 -0.0000
-0.0000 0.8660 0.8660 0.0000 -0.8660 -0.8660 -0.0000
for k=1:10 -0.0000 0.8660 0.8660 0.0000 -0.8660 -0.8660 -0.0000
-0.0000 0.8660 0.8660 0.0000 -0.8660 -0.8660 -0.0000
xk(k,:)=sin(t+k*T); -0.0000 0.8660 0.8660 -0.0000 -0.8660 -0.8660 -0.0000
-0.0000 0.8660 0.8660 0.0000 -0.8660 -0.8660 -0.0000
end -0.0000 0.8660 0.8660 -0.0000 -0.8660 -0.8660 -0.0000
-0.0000 0.8660 0.8660 0.0000 -0.8660 -0.8660 -0.0000
-0.0000 0.8660 0.8660 -0.0000 -0.8660 -0.8660 -0.0000
Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with
MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni. 17
 Properties of Signals
• Sum of Periodic Signals
Suppose that 𝑥1 (𝑡) and 𝑥2 (𝑡) are periodic signals with periods 𝑇1 and
𝑇2 , respectively. Let 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥1 𝑡 + 𝑥2 (𝑡). Then
𝑚𝑇1 = 𝑘𝑇2 = 𝑇 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
Example:
Plot the signal 𝑥 𝑡 = cos 𝑡 + sin(3𝑡) in time of three periods.
2𝜋
𝑇1 = 2𝜋, 𝑇2 = , for 𝑚 = 1, and 𝑘 = 3, we get 𝑇 = 2𝜋.
3
T=2*pi; 2

𝑇 ≈ 6.8 − 0.5 = 6.2 ≈ 2𝜋

t=0:0.1:3*T;
1.5

plot(t,cos(t)+sin(3*t)); 0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with
MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni. 18
 Properties of Signals
• Construction of Periodic Signals
The command “gensig()” is used to generate periodic sines, square
pulses, and unit pulses
[s,t]=gensig(type,T,td,ts),
type: ‘sin’ for a sine signal, ‘square’ for a rectangular periodic pulse,
and ‘pulse’ for periodic unit pulses.
T : period and
td: is the time duration of the signal.
ts: the spacing of the time samples. Default ts=1E-3 s.

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory
with MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni. 19
 Properties of Signals
1

Example: 0.8

0.6

0.4

[s1,t]=gensig('sin',2*pi,4*pi,.01); 0.2

-0.2

plot(t,s1) -0.4

-0.6

-0.8

[s2,t]=gensig(‘square’,2,4,.01); -1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
1.2

0.8

plot(t,s2) 0.6

0.4

[s3,t]=gensig(‘pulse’,2,10); 1.2

1
0.2

-0.2

plot(t,s3) 0.8

0.6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

0.4

0.2

-0.2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory
20
with MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni.
 Properties of Signals
• Construction of Periodic Signals
0.04

0.035

- Construct one period. 0.03

- Repeat using ‘repmat()’ command. 0.025

Example: 0.02

0.015

tp=0:.01:1; 0.01

0.005

xp=tp.*exp(-10*tp); 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

plot(tp,xp) 0.04

0.035

x=repmat(xp,1,10); 0.03

t=linspace(0,10,length(x)); 0.025

0.02

plot(t,x) 0.015

0.01

0.005
Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli.
0 21
Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 Properties of Signals
• Causal Signals
A signal 𝑥 𝑡 is causal if 𝑥 𝑡 = 0 for 𝑡 < 0
A signal 𝑥[𝑛] is causal if 𝑥 𝑛 = 0 for 𝑛 < 0
• Even and Odd Signals
A signal is even if 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥 −𝑡 − ∞ < 𝑡 < ∞
A signal is even if 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 −𝑛 − ∞ < 𝑛 < ∞
A signal is odd if 𝑥 −𝑡 = −𝑥 𝑡 − ∞ < 𝑡 < ∞
A signal is odd if 𝑥 𝑛 − = −𝑥 𝑛 −∞<𝑛 <∞
All signals can be expressed as the sum of an odd signal 𝑥𝑜 𝑡 and an even
signal 𝑥𝑒 𝑡 by:
𝑥𝑒 = 0.5 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥 −𝑡
𝑥𝑜 = 0.5 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑥 −𝑡
Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory
with MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni. 22
 Properties of Signals
Example:
Separate the unit step sequence 𝑢 𝑡 in even and odd parts. Verify your outcome
by constructing the unit step sequence from its even and odd parts.
syms t; 1.5
heaviside(-t)/2 + heaviside(t)/2
0.6
heaviside(t)/2 - heaviside(-t)/2 heaviside(t)

u=heaviside(t); 0.4
1

1 0.8

un=subs(u,t,-t); 0.2

0.6

ue=.5*(u+un); 0.5 0

-0.2
0.4

uo=.5*(u-un); 0
-0.4
0.2

us=ue+uo; -0.5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
t
1 2 3 4 5
-0.6
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
t
1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
t
1 2 3 4 5

t=-10:1:10;
uodd=0.5*(heaviside(t)-heaviside(-t));
ueven=0.5*(heaviside(t)+heaviside(-t));
Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with
MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni. 23
 Properties of Signals
• Energy and Power Signals
𝑇 ∞
𝐸𝑥 = lim න 𝑥 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 =න 𝑥 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ −𝑇 −∞
if 𝐸𝑥 is finite, then 𝑥(𝑡) is energy signal.
𝑇
1 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑃𝑥 = lim න 𝑥 𝑡
𝑇→∞ 2𝑇 −𝑇
if 𝑃𝑥 is finite, then 𝑥(𝑡) is power signal.

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with
MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni. 24
 Properties of Signals
• Energy and Power Signals
Example:
Find if the unit step function is power or energy signal?
((1/2*T)*
syms t T
u=heaviside(t);
d=int(abs(u)^2,-T,T);
Ex=limit(d,T,inf) Ex=infinity
Px=limit(1/(2*T)* d,T,inf) Px=0.50

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems
Laboratory with MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni.
25
 Transformations of the Time Variable for
Continuous-Time Signals
• Time Reversal or Reflection
A signal 𝑦(𝑡) is a reflection or a reflected version of 𝑥(𝑡) about the
vertical axis if 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 −𝑡 .
Example:
Suppose that 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 , −1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 3. Plot the signal 𝑥 𝑡 .
t=-1:.1:3;
x=t.*exp(-t);
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,x)
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(-t,x)
Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory
with MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni. 26
 Transformations of the Time Variable for
Continuous-Time Signals
• Time Scaling
A signal 𝑥1 (𝑡) is a compressed version of 𝑥(𝑡) if 𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑎𝑡), 𝑎
> 1.
A signal 𝑥2 (𝑡) is an expanded version of 𝑥(𝑡) if 𝑥2 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑎𝑡), 0
< 𝑎 < 1.
Example:
Consider the continuous-time signal 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 , 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 3. We will
plot the signal 𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑥(2𝑡), which is a time compression of x(t) by a
factor 𝑎 = 2; and the signal 𝑥2(𝑡) = 𝑥(0.5𝑡), which is a time
1
expansion of 𝑥(𝑡) by a factor 𝑎 = .
2

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory
with MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni. 27
 t=-1:.1:3;
x=t.*exp(-t);
plot(t,x);
legend(‘x(t)’);

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory
with MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni. 28
 % Compressed signal
%By a factor 1/a, a=2
Figure
plot(.5*t,x);
legend(‘x(2t)’);

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with
MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni. 29
 % Expanded signal by a
%Factor 1/a, a = 0.5
Figure
plot(2*t,x);
legend(‘x(2t)’);

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with
MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni. 30
 Transformations of the Time Variable for
Continuous-Time Signals
Time Shifting
A signal 𝑦(𝑡) is a time-shifted version of 𝑥(𝑡) if 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ), where 𝑡0 is the time
shift.
Example: 𝑡
Plot the signal 𝑥 𝑡 − 3 , where 𝑥 𝑡 = ቊ −𝑡 𝑡 < 0 in the interval [-2,8]
𝑒
𝑒 𝑡≥0
t1=-5:.1:-.01;
t2=0:.1:5;
x1=exp(t1);
x2=exp(-t2);
t=[t1 t2];
x=[x1 x2];
plot(t,x)

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with
MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni. 31
 Transformations of the Time Variable for
Continuous-Time Signals
plot(t+3,x)

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory
with MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni. 32
 Transformations of the Time Variable for
Discrete-Time Signals
• Time shifting. This operation is similar to the continuous time
operation
• Time reversal is also similar to the operation performed for
continuous-time signals.
• Time scaling(NOT Required at this stage): This transformation is
different from the one described in the continuous time case.
- The downsampling operation is implemented in MATLAB by using
the command y=downsample(x,a), a is an integer.
- The time-expansion operation is called upsampling by the MATLAB
command y=upsample(x,1/a), 1/a is an integer.

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB by A.
Palamides and A. Veloni. 33
 Transformations of the Time Variable for
Discrete-Time Signals
Example:
x=[1 2 3 4 5];
a=2;
xds=downsample(x,2) xds= 1 3 5
a=1/2;
xup=upsample(x,1/a) xup= 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with MATLAB by A.
Palamides and A. Veloni. 34
 Transformations of the Time Variable for
Discrete-Time Signals
- Another way to find 𝑥[−𝑛] is by using the command “fliplr()” as
follow:
Example:
Plot 𝑥1 𝑛 = 𝑥 −𝑛 , where 𝑥 𝑛 = 0.9𝑛 −2≤𝑛 ≤4
n=-2:4 n=-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
n1=-fliplr(n) n1= -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
x=.9.^n x= 1.2346 1.1111 1.0000 0.9000
0.8100 0.7290 0.6561
x1=fliplr(x) x1= 0.6561 0.7290 0.8100 0.9000
1.0000 1.1111 1.2346
Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with
MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni. 35
 Transformations of the Time Variable for
Discrete-Time Signals stem(n,x);
title(‘x[n]');
figure
stem(n1,x1);
title(‘x[-n]');

x[n] x[-n]

Modified with permission by Ahmed Abdelhadi from 14:332:347 Signals and Systems Lab prepared by Ahmed Alhilli. Textbook used: Signals and Systems Laboratory with
MATLAB by A. Palamides and A. Veloni. 36