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QUIZ #2 your answers as an email text

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1. D
2. C
3. E
4. A

Types of Fluid Flow – Laminar Types of Fluid Flow – Turbulent

 An irregular flow
characterized by small
 Laminar flow
 Steady flow
whirlpool like regions
 Each particle of the fluid follows a smooth path  Turbulent flow occurs
 The paths of the different particles never cross each other when the particles go
 The path taken by the particles is called a streamline above some critical
Every fluid particle arriving at a given point in space has the


same velocity (the velocity of the fluid at any given location

speed
is constant)
 Streamlines can be made visible by injecting smoke into the
flow of gas or ink into the flow of liquids 3 4
 Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow
Viscosity
In laminar flow, the streamlines

maintain their shapes and
 Characterizes the degree of internal
position friction in the fluid
 In turbulent flow, streamlines  This internal friction, viscous force, is
are erratic and often curl into associated with the resistance that two
vortices
adjacent layers of fluid have to moving
Whether a flow of a fluid past a
relative to each other

stationary object is laminar or
turbulent depends on  It causes part of the kinetic energy of a
- the speed of the flow fluid to be converted to internal energy
- the shape of the object
- the fluid’s resistance to shear
stress (its viscosity) 5 6

Ideal Fluid Flow Streamlines

 There are four simplifying assumptions made to the  The path the particle takes
complex flow of fluids to make the analysis easier in steady flow is a
(1) The fluid is nonviscous – internal friction is streamline
neglected  The velocity of the particle
is tangent to the streamline
(2) The flow is steady – the velocity of each point
 A set of streamlines is
remains constant called a tube of flow
(3) The fluid is incom pressible – the density  Fluid particles cannot flow
remains constant into or out of the sides of
(4) The flow is irrotational – the fluid has no this tube
angular momentum about any point  Otherwise the steamlines
7
would cross each other 8
The speed of water spraying from the end
of a garden house increases as the size of
Equation of Continuity
the opening is decreased with the thumb

 At t = 0, the blue portion is flowing

through a cross section of area A1 at
speed v1
 At the end of Δt , the blue portion is
flowing through a cross section of area
A2 at speed v2
 The mass that crosses A1 in some time
interval is the same as the mass that
crosses A2 in that same time interval

9 10

Equation of Continuity Equation of Continuity

 This is called the equation of  The speed is high where the tube is
continuity for fluids constricted (small A)
 The product of the area and the fluid  The speed is low where the tube is wide
(large A)
speed at all points along a pipe is
The product, Av, is called the volume flux or
constant for an incompressible fluid 
the flow rate
 Av = constant is equivalent to saying the
volume that enters one end of the tube in a
given time interval equals the volume leaving
the other end in the same time
 If no leaks are present
11 12
 Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s Equation
 As a fluid moves through a region  Consider the two shaded
segments
where its speed and/or elevation above  The volumes of both segments
the Earth’s surface changes, the are equal
pressure in the fluid varies with these
changes
 The net work done on the
 The relationship between fluid speed, segment is W = (P1 – P2)V
pressure and elevation was first derived  Part of the work goes into
changing the kinetic energy and
by Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782) some to changing the
gravitational potential energy
13 14

Bernoulli’s Equation Bernoulli’s Equation

 The change in kinetic energy:  The work equals the change in energy:
 ∆K = ½ mv2 − ½ mv1
2 2

 There is no change in the kinetic

energy of the gray portion since

we are assuming streamline flow
 The change in gravitational
potential energy:
 ∆U = mgy2 − mgy1

 There is no change during the

time interval for the potential

energy associated with the gray
portion of the fluid
15 16
 Bernoulli’s Equation

 When the fluid is at rest, this becomes P1 − P2 = ρgh which

is consistent with the pressure variation with depth we
found earlier
 The general behavior of pressure with speed is true even
for gases

 As the speed increases, the pressure decreases (Bernoulli

effect)

17 18

Prairie dog hole

Demos
 Blowing over sheet of paper
 Blowing inside two curved plates
 Magic pull
 Popcorn
 Faucet and spoon
 Attraction of ping-pong ball
 Ping-pong ball acrobatics

19 20
 Magic pull Torricelli’s Law

 Because A1 >> A2 , the liquid is

approximately at rest at the top
of the tank
 Bernoulli’s equation between
points 1 and 2:

 If the tank is open to

atmosphere, then P = P0 and
21 22

Applications of Fluid Dynamics Sailing against the wind

 Streamline flow around a moving

airplane wing
 Lift is the upward force on the wing
from the air
 Drag is the resistance
 The curvature of the wing surfaces
 A sailboat can move
causes the pressure above the wing against the wind, using
to be lower than that below the the pressure differences
wing due to the Bernoulli effect
on each side of the sail,
 The lift depends on the speed of the
airplane, the area of the wing, its and using the keel to
curvature, and the angle between keep from going
the wing and the horizontal sideways.
23 24
A ski jumper curves his body to take advantage
of the dynamic lift force due to the flow of air
The Magnus Effect
around him

25 26

Golf Ball

 The golf ball is given a rapid

backspin
 The dimples increase friction
(this increases lift)
 The golf ball travels farther
than if it was not spinning
27 28
 A plate of area A being pulled across
Viscosity a layer of viscous liquid. The plate
moves at a constant speed and
drags liquid along with it. Different
Films layers of liquid move at different
decreasing speeds.

 13-03 (Curve Balls) η - coefficient of viscosity

 13-02 (Flettner Rotor)  SI unit of η: N⋅s/m2 = Pa⋅s

 cgs unit of η: dyne⋅s/cm2 =
poise; 1 poise = 0.1 Pa⋅s
 The shear stress:

 Newton’s Law of Viscosity

29 30

Parabolic speed profile

 The speed profile is parabolic. The

maximum speed is along the
centerline where r = 0, and the
31 speed is zero at the tube walls. 32
Poiseuille’s Law

 M1-1, 2, 5

33 34