ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING 3rdyear

A
PROJECT REPORT OF

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATIONS
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take sincere efforts to acknowledge the guidance
and the advice of the people who helped us in
completing this project successfully.
We grab this opportunity to thanks our lecturer
Dr. Priyanka Singh for her guidance and constant
encouragement throughout the whole duration of our
project. We express our gratitude to our guides Mrs.
Priyanka Singh lecturer of electronics engg. And
MR. Pankaj Nadar (H.O.D of electronics Engg). for
their guidance and timely suggestion that helped us to
go through the tough times in our project.
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this submission is our own

work and that, to the best of our knowledge and
belief, it contains no material previously published
or written by another person nor material which to a
substantial extent has been accepted for the award of
any other degree or diploma of the university or
other institute of higher learning, except where due
acknowledgment has been made in the text.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Anshu Katiyar Avinash Pandey Yashdeep Srivastava
(100190030) (100190032) (100190028)

Date
 CERTIFICATE
This is to be certified that Mr. Anshu Katiyar, Avinash
Pandey, Yash Deep Srivastava; 3rd Year B.TECH
Chaudhary charan singh university SCRIET Campus
Meerut Dept. of Electronics Engg. have successfully
completed their project named "AUTOMATIC HAND
SANITIZER MACHINE USING IR SENSOR” in specified
time. This project has been prepared as per
instructions of "CCSU SCRIET" for the session 2021-22.
This record of their project work is accepted for
awarding sessional marks for the 5th semester exam.
We wish for their bright carrier.

ER. PANKAJ NADAR DR. PRIYANKA SINGH

(HOD ECE) (Lecturer ECE)
 CONTENTS
S.R.NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1. Introduction
2. Required Materials for projects
3. Resistor and Capacitor
4. LED
5. Regulated power supply
6. IR Sensor
7. Block diagram of the project
8. Circuit diagram of the project
9. Working of the project
10. Advantages
11. Disadvantages
12. Future application
13. Conclusion
IR BASED AUTOMATIC HAND SANITIZER
SYSTEM
 INTRODUCTION
Demand for hand sanitizers has surged as the
coronavirus broke out and spread around the world.
Alcohol gel hand sanitizers are usually applied by
squirting the sanitizer liquid when one presses a
pump with one’s hand. This causes many people to
come into contact with the pump handle, which
increases the risk of viral transmission. Pressing the
pump handle is bothersome, and many pass by
without disinfecting their hands. Moreover, each
person presses the pump handle differently, making it
difficult to predict the amount of use and to manage
refills and replacements. For this reason, the actual
use of hand sanitizers is reduced, which does not help
prevent spread of the virus.
Some hand sanitizers on the market are automatically
pumped. However, because sanitizer containers and
pump devices are designed to be compatible only
between products produced by the same
manufacturer, consumers must also repurchase the
container for the liquid if they replace the hand
sanitizer.
 REQUIRED MATERIALS FOR THIS
PROJECT
The materials required for this project are described
below-
1. Resistor
2. Capacitor
3. LED
4. Diode
5. Transformer
6. Voltage regulator IC
7. IR Sensor
8. Relay
9. Connecting wires
10. Plastic Pipe and Box
11. Pumping motor
12. Sanitizer
 CIRCUIT AND WORKING
The block diagram of IR based automatic hand sanitiser
dispenser is shown in Fig. , and its circuit diagram is
shown in Fig. 2. It consists of an IR sensor module
(IR1), transistor BC547 (T1), 5V single-changeover relay
(RL1), diode 1N4007(D1), LED1, mini submersible DC
motor pump, and a few other components.
Note that there are two types of IR modules commonly
available in the market. One is based on LM393, whose
output goes low when an object is detected, and another is
based on LM358, whose output goes high when an object
is detected. This project uses a 3-pin IR module based on
LM358.

Fig
The project uses 5V DC to drive the circuit. When the IR
sensor detects a hand, its output goes high. This high
output drives relay driver transistor (BC547) and
energises relay RL1. Submersible DC pump gets power
supply through NO contacts of the relay. This turns on the
DC pump, and hand sanitiser liquid starts to flow out of
the small plastic pipe fitted on the bottle.
When there is no hand or object in front of the IR sensor,
its output goes low. This low output cuts off relay driver
transistor (BC547) and de-energises relay. When the
submersible pump disconnects from the power supply, the
DC pump goes off, which stops of hand the flow sanitiser.
CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING
You can use a 5V DC adaptor to operate the circuit.
Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and
enclose it in a suitable cabinet. Attach the IR sensor
module on the front of the dispenser bottle. The proposed
construction details are explained here:

1. The author has used a shampoo bottle for this

project. First, connect various components used in
the project, as shown in Fig.
Make a small hole on the bottle so that one end of the
plastic pipe can be fitted on the bottle, as shown in Fig.
and set the pump.
Attach the remaining components, including the main
circuit and IR module, on the bottle using glue. Pour
down sanitiser into the bottle and cover it with an airtight
lid. The final proposed assembly is shown in Fig.
Switch on the circuit and keep your hands in front of the
IR sensor module. Sanitiser fluid will flow out and
continue to flow out until your hands are withdrawn from
the sensor.
You need to cover the IR module with suitable insulation
and water-proof material so that it would not get damaged
in case liquid falls on the module. The IR sensor detects
hand at a distance in the range between 2~30cm. You can
manually calibrate the sensitivity using an inbuilt
potentiometer on the IR module.
NOTE
The IR module tends to get activated by itself when kept
in open sunlight and sometimes even under tubelight
inside a room. It is recommended to use a suitable
contraption or enclosure for the IR module to prevent
false triggering by ambient light.
IR SENSOR

An infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that

measures and detects infrared radiation in its
surrounding environment. Infrared radiation was
accidentally discovered by an astronomer named
William Herchel in 1800. While measuring the
temperature of each color of light (separated by a
prism), he noticed that the temperature just beyond
the red light was highest. IR is invisible to the human
eye, as its wavelength is longer than that of visible
light (though it is still on the same electromagnetic
spectrum). Anything that emits heat (everything that
has a temperature above around five degrees
Kelvin) gives off infrared radiation.
There are two types of infrared sensors: active and
passive. Active infrared sensors both emit and
detect infrared radiation. Active IR sensors have two
parts: a light emitting diode (LED) and a receiver.
When an object comes close to the sensor, the
infrared light from the LED reflects off of the object
and is detected by the receiver. Active IR sensors
act as proximity sensors, and they are commonly
used in obstacle detection systems (such as in
robots).
RESISTOR
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical
component that implements electrical resistance as
a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are
used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels,
to divide voltages, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines, among other uses.
High-power resistors that can dissipate
many watts of electrical power as heat may be used
as part of motor controls, in power distribution
systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed
resistors have resistances that only change slightly
with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable
resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements
(such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as
sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or
chemical activity.
THEORY OF OPERATION
OHM'S LAW
The behaviour of an ideal resistor is described
by Ohm's law:
Ohm's law states that the voltage ( ) across a
resistor is proportional to the current ( ) passing
through it, where the constant of proportionality is
the resistance ( ). For example, if a 300-
ohm resistor is attached across the terminals of a
12-volt battery, then a current of 12 / 300 =
0.04 amperes flows through that resistor.
The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical
resistance, named after Georg Simon Ohm. An ohm
is equivalent to a volt per ampere. Since resistors
are specified and manufactured over a very large
range of values, the derived units of milliohm (1 mΩ
= 10−3 Ω), kilohm (1 kΩ = 103 Ω), and megohm
(1 MΩ = 106 Ω) are also in common usage.
CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical
energy in an electric field. It is a passive electronic
component with two terminals.
The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance.
While some capacitance exists between any two
electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a
capacitor is a component designed to add
capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally
known as a condenser or condensator.[1] This
name and its cognates are still widely used in many
languages, but rarely in English, one notable
exception being condenser microphones, also called
capacitor microphones.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a device that is used to store charges
in an electrical circuit. A capacitor works on the
principle that the capacitance of a conductor
increases appreciably when an earthed conductor is
brought near it. Hence, a capacitor has two plates
separated by a distance having equal and opposite
charges. The space between the conductors may be
filled by vacuum or with an insulating material known
as a dielectric. The ability of the capacitor to store
charges is known as capacitance.
LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is
a semiconductor light source that emits light
when current flows through it. Electrons in the
semiconductor recombine with electron holes,
releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of
the light (corresponding to the energy of the
photons) is determined by the energy required for
electrons to cross the band gap of the
semiconductor.[5] White light is obtained by using
multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-
emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.[6]
Appearing as practical electronic components in
1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-
intensity infrared (IR) light.[7] Infrared LEDs are used
in remote-control circuits, such as those used with a
wide variety of consumer electronics. The first
visible-light LEDs were of low intensity and limited to
red. Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps,
replacing small incandescent bulbs, and in seven-
segment displays. Recent developments have
produced LEDs available in visible, ultraviolet (UV),
and infrared wavelengths, with high, low, or
intermediate light output, for instance white LEDs
suitable for room and outdoor area lighting. LEDs
have also given rise to new [8]
TRANSISTOR
A transistor is a semiconductor device used
to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. The
transistor is one of the basic building blocks of
modern electronics.[1] It is composed
of semiconductor material, usually with at least
three terminals for connection to an electronic circuit.
A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistor's terminals controls the current through
another pair of terminals. Because the controlled
(output) power can be higher than the controlling
(input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal.
Some transistors are packaged individually, but
many more are found embedded in integrated
circuits.
RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists
of a set of input terminals for a single or multiple
control signals, and a set of operating contact
terminals. The switch may have any number of
contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make
contacts, break contacts, or combinations thereof.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a
circuit by an independent low-power signal, or where
several circuits must be controlled by one signal.
Relays were first used in long-
distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they
refresh the signal coming in from one circuit by
transmitting it on another circuit. Relays were used
extensively in telephone exchanges and early
computers to perform low.
Regulated power supply
A regulated power supply converts unregulated AC
(Alternating Current) to a constant DC (Direct
Current). A regulated power supply is used to
ensure that the output remains constant even if the
input changes.
A regulated DC power supply is also known as a
linear power supply, it is an embedded circuit and
consists of various blocks.

The regulated power supply will accept an AC input

and give a constant DC output. The figure below
shows the block diagram of a typical regulated DC
power supply.
The basic building blocks of a regulated DC power
supply are as follows:
1. A step-down transformer
2. A rectifier
3. A DC filter
4. A regulator
OPERATION OF REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
A step down transformer will step down the voltage from
the ac mains to the required voltage level. The turn’s ratio
of the transformer is so adjusted such as to obtain the
required voltage value. The output of the transformer is
given as an input to the rectifier circuit.
RECTIFICATION
Rectifier is an electronic circuit consisting of diodes
which carries out the rectification process. Rectification is
the process of converting an alternating voltage or current
into corresponding direct (DC) quantity. The input to a
rectifier is AC whereas its output is unidirectional
pulsating DC.
Although a half wave rectifier could technically be used,
its power losses are significant compared to a full wave
rectifier. As such, a full wave rectifier or a bridge rectifier
is used to rectify both the half cycles of the ac supply (full
wave rectification). The figure below shows a full wave
bridge rectifier.

A bridge rectifier consists of four p-n junction diodes

connected in the manner shown above. In the positive half
cycle of the supply, the voltage induced across the
secondary of the electrical transformer i.e. VMN is
positive. Therefore point E is positive with respect to F.
Hence, diodes D3 and D2 are reversed biased and diodes
D1 and D4 are forward biased. The diode D3 and D2 will
act as open switches (practically there is some voltage
drop) and diodes D1 andD4 will act as closed switches and
will start conducting. Hence a rectified waveform appears
at the output of the rectifier as shown in the first figure.
When voltage induced in secondary i.e. VMN is negative
than D3 and D2 are forward biased with the other two
reversed biased and a positive voltage appears at the input
of the filter.
DC FILTRATION
The rectified voltage from the rectifier is a pulsating DC
voltage having very high ripple content. But this is not we
want, we want a pure ripple free DC waveform. Hence a
filter is used. Different types of filters are used such as
capacitor filter, LC filter, Choke input filter, π type filter.
The figure below shows a capacitor filter connected along
the output of the rectifier and the resultant output
waveform.

As the instantaneous voltage starts increasing the

capacitor charges, it charges until the waveform reaches
its peak value. When the instantaneous value starts
reducing the capacitor starts discharging exponentially
and slowly through the load (input of the regulator in this
case). Hence, an almost constant DC value having very
less ripple content is obtained.

The figure above shows the complete circuit of a

regulated +5V DC power supply.
 ADVANTAGES
Firstly, as the name implies, they’re automatic. The in-built,

battery-operated sensors release the sanitising gel directly into

the user’s hands for maximum cleaning and protection. It’s also

a much quicker way of dispensing the gel and can almost be

done without stopping as you walk past it.

Every automatic dispenser will also deliver the ideal amount of

sanitiser in every use. Each dose contains a standard amount of

70% alcohol-based sanitising gel with a fresh citrus scent, which

is enough to thoroughly clean both hands with no waste.

And, as they’re automatic, they can be used totally contact-free.

Whether you choose a freestanding or wall-mounted dispenser,

there’s no need to use your hands to push pumps or squeeze

bottles, so there’s no mess and no fuss.

 DISADVANTAGES
There is scepticism that an automatic dispenser
is high maintenance. As the sanitizer dispenses
automatically, it gets clogged in places, which
requires timely cleaning. This also makes the place
dirty and unhygienic.

FUTURE APPLICATION
• To make automatic sanitization system
using of Ultra sonic sensor.
• To make DIGITAL INDIA
 CONCLUSION
The project ‘AUTOMATIC HAND SANITIZER SYSTEM’
based IR sensor is a latest project. We can use it in our
country and make DIGITAL COUNTRY.