COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN II

MEE 306

LECTURE NOTES

B.ENG. 300 LEVEL 2ND SEMESTER

2023-2024 ACADEMIC SESSION

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OYE-EKITI

Compiled by

Dr. K.A Bello

February,2024

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 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION TO CAD
1.1 reasons for implementing a CAD system 3
1.2 Application of CAD 3
1.3 Benefits of CAD 4
1.4 Limitations of CAD 4
1.5 CAD Tools 4
1.6 Auto CAD 6

2. ACAD – BASICS 7
2.1 Starting with ACAD 7
2.2 Layout and Sketching 7
2.3 Drawing Environment 8
2.4 Elements of Drawing 10
2.5 3D functions 21
2.6 Starting the Drawing 23
2.6.1 Drawing sheet layout -1 24
2.6.2 Drawing sheet layout - 2 24
3. 2D – FIGURES USING ACAD 26
4. ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS USING ACAD 38
5. COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING (CAD) 42

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1. INTRODUCTION
Computer aided design (CAD), also known as computer aided design and drafting
(CADD) is the use of computer technology for the process of design and design
documentation.
Computer Aided Drafting is a process of preparing a drawing of an object on the screen
of a computer. There are various types of drawings in different fields of engineering and
sciences. In the fields of mechanical or aeronautical engineering, the drawings of machine
components and the layouts of them are prepared. In the field of civil engineering, plans
and layouts of the buildings are prepared. In the field of electrical engineering, the layouts
of power distribution systems are prepared. In all fields of engineering use of computers
is made for drawing and drafting.
The use of the CAD process provides enhanced graphics capabilities which allows any designer
to

• Conceptualize his ideas

• Modify the design very easily
• Perform animation
• Make design calculations
• Use colours, fonts and other aesthetic features.

1.1 REASONS FOR IMPLEMENTING A CAD SYSTEM

1. Increases the productivity of the designer: CAD improves the productivity of

the designer to visualize the product and its components, parts and reduces the
time required in synthesizing, analyzing and documenting the design
2. Improves the quality of the design: CAD system improves the quality of the
design. A CAD system permits a more detailed engineering analysis and a larger
number of design alternatives can be investigated. The design errors are also
reduced because of the greater accuracy provided by the system
3. Improves communication: It improves the communication in design. The use of
a CAD system provides better engineering drawings, more standardization in the
drawing, and better documentation of the design, few drawing errors and
legibility.
4. Create data base for manufacturing: In the process of creating the
documentation for these products, much of the required data base to manufacture
the products is also created.
5. Improves the efficiency of the design: It improves the efficiency of the design
process and the wastage at the design stage can be reduced.

1.2 APPLICATION OF CAD:

There are various processes which can be performed by use of computer in the drafting process.
1. Automated drafting: This involves the creation of hard copy engineering
drawings directly from CAD data base. Drafting also includes features like automatic
dimensioning, generation of cross – hatched areas, scaling of the drawing and the
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capability to develop sectional views and enlarged views in detail. It has ability to perform
transformations of images and prepare 3D drawings like isometric views, perspective
views etc.,
2. Geometric modeling: concerned with the computer-compatible mathematical
description of the geometry of an object. The mathematical description allows the image
of an object to be displayed and manipulated on a graphics terminal through signals from
the CPU of the CAD system. The software that provides geometric modeling capabilities
must be designed for efficient use both by the computer and the human designer.

1.3 BENEFITS OF CAD:

The implementation of the CAD system provides a variety of benefits to the industries in
design and production as given below:

1. Improved productivity in drafting

2. Shorter preparation time for drawing
3. Reduced manpower requirement
4. Customer modifications in the drawing are easier
5. More efficient operation in drafting
6. Low wastage in drafting
7. Minimized transcription errors in drawing
8. Improved accuracy of drawing
9. Assistance in the preparation of documentation
10. Better designs can be evolved
11. Revisions are possible
12. Colours can be used to customize the product
13. Production of orthographic projections with dimensions and tolerances
14. Hatching of all sections with different filling patterns
15. Preparation of assembly or sub assembly drawings
16. Preparation of part list
17. Machining and tolerance symbols at the required surfaces
18. Hydraulic and pneumatic circuit diagrams with symbols
19. Printing can be done to any scale

1.4 LIMITATIONS OF CAD

1. 32 – bit word computer is necessary because of large amount of computer memory and
time
2. The size of the software package is large
3. Skill and judgment are required to prepare the drawing
4. Huge investment

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1.5 CAD TOOLS

Nowadays, computer aided design and drafting is used in engineering for design, drafting,
simulation, analysis, data management, etc. Geometric modelling, computer graphics,
automation, machine design etc. are performed using CAD tools. Because of the complex
applications, CAD requires both hardware and software. Hardware is a computer or workstation
and software which provides menu and modules to perform CAD/CAM activities. Most of the
graphic software packages permits drafting works starting from dimensioning, tolerance, cross
hatching etc. some of the software also allow data management so that data can be transferred
to other system easily. CAD has gained much influences in the machine design and analysis
process. Design codes are based on the different international standards such as IS codes, ASME
codes for design of pressure vessels, etc. Such CAD tool provides the user full ranges of codes,
functions modules for selection of the best alternative.

Table 1: CAD tools

CAD TOOLS

S/NO Hardware Software

1 Central unit Graphics

2 Display unit Modelling and simulation

3 Input Unit Optimization

4 Output devices Data management

CAD SOFTWARE

CAD software is a large complex program that perform different activities starting from
dimension computation, optimization and display. The CAD software are provided with
application program and graphic systems. CAD software range from 2D vector-based
drafting systems to 3D solid and surface modelling. CAD packages can also frequently allow
rotations in three dimensions, and viewing of a designed object from any desired angle, even
from the inside looking out. Software provides different modules which can be used for
different functions. These modules are classified as graphics module, application module,
programming module, communication module, etc.
Examples of CAD software
1. SolidWorks is an application used for the design, detailing and validation of products,
systems, machines and tools. All versions include modelling, assemblies, drawing, Sheet
metal, weldment and freeform surfacing functionality.
2. Inventor (Autodesk) The Autodesk inventor is for 3D mechanical design, product
simulation, tooling creation, and design communication.
3. Solid Edge (Siemens PLM Software) This is a commercial application of design,
drafting, analysis, and simulation of products, systems, machines, and tools. All versions
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 include modelling, assemblies, drawing, Sheet metal, weldment and freeform surfacing
functionality.
4. TK Solver is a mathematical modelling and problem-solving software system based on a
declarative, rule-based language. TK Solver’s core technologies are a declarative
programming language, algebraic equation solver, an iterative equation solver, and a
structured, object-based interface. TK Solvers includes roughly 150 built-in functions:
mathematical trigonometric, Boolean, numerical calculus, database access, and
programming functions.

OTHER CAD SOFTWARES

The software is an interpreter or translator which allows the user to perform a specific type
of application or job related to CAD. The following software’s are available for drafting

1. AUTOCAD
2. Pro – E
3. CATIA
4. MS OFFICE
5. PAINT
6. ANSYS
7. MSc.NASTRAN
8. IDEAS
9. HYPERMESH
10. FLUENT – GAMBIT

The above software’s are used depending upon their application.

1.6 AUTO CAD

Auto CAD package is suitable for accurate and perfect drawings of engineering designs.
The drawing of machine parts, isometric views and assembly drawings are possible in
AutoCAD. The package is suitable for 2D and 3D drawings.

2.0 AutoCAD – BASICS

2.1 STARTING WITH ACAD

CAD uses four basic elements for preparation of any drawing:

1. Line 3. Text
2. Curves 4. Filling point.
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 Computer Aided Drafting is done by the operator by placing the mouse pointer by
placing the mouse pointer at the desired location and then executing the command to
draw the graphic elements using different methods.

Advanced computer aided drafting packages utilize four areas on the screen.

1. Drawing Area
2. Command Area
3. Menu Area
4. Toolboxes

2.2 LAYOUT AND SKETCHING

The package provides various facilities for layout, sketching and borders for
preparing a drawing. It provides facilities for display co-ordinates and measurement
units.

a. Units: The format for display coordinates and measurement can be selected according
to the requirement.
Several measurement styles are available in ACAD. The main methods are engineering and
architecture, having specific base units assigned to them.
i. Decimal: select to enter and display measurements in decimal
notation
ii. Engineering: Display measurements in feet and decimal inches.
iii. Architectural: Display measurements in feet, inches and
fractional inches
iv. Fractional: Display measurements in mixed numbers notation v.
Scientific: Display measurements in scientific notation.

The precision that is specified controls the number of decimal places or fractional size to
which we want linear measurements displayed.

b. Angles: Select the format in which we want to enter and display angles.
i. Decimal Degrees: Display partial degrees as decimals
ii. Deg/Min/Sec: Display partial degrees as minutes and
seconds.
iii. Grades: Display Angles as
grades
iv. Radians: Display angles as
radians.
v. Surveyor: Displays angles in surveyor units.
c. Angle measure: Select the direction of the zero angle for the entry of angles:
i. East: Select to specify the compass direction east as the zero
angle.
ii. . North: Select to specify the compass direction north as the
zero angle.
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 iii. West: Select to specify the compass direction west as the zero
angle.
iv. South: Select to specify the compass direction south as the
zero angle.
v. Other: Select to specify a direction different from the points of the compass as the
zero angle.
d. Area: Enter the approximate width and length which is planned to draw in full-scale
units. This limits the area of the drawing covered by grid dots when the grid is turned on.
It also adjusts several default settings, such as text height, line type scaling and snap
distance to convenient values. It is possible to adjust these settings.
e. Title block: Select the description of an ACAD drawing file of a title block to insert
as a symbol in the new drawing. It can add or remove drawing files of title blocks from the
list with the Add or Remove buttons

f. Layout: Paper space is often used to create complex multiple-view drawings. There
are three types of paper spaces:
1. Work on the drawing while viewing the layout.
2. Work on the drawing without the layout visible
3. Work on the layout of the drawing.

The following procedure is used for this purpose

1. From the File menu or the standard toolbar, choose New

2. In the startup dialog box, choose to Use a Wizard, and select Advanced wizard
3. Choose OK
4. In the Advanced Setup Dialog box, select Title Block.
5. Select Title Block Description and Title Block File Name from the lists and then choose
Add.
6. In the Select Title Block File dialogue box, select a title block, then choose open
7. In the Advanced Setup dialogue box, a sample of that title is displayed.
8. Choose Done.

2.3 DRAWING ENVIRONMENT

ACAD provides two drawing environments for creating and laying out the drawing.

i. Model Space

ii. Paper Space.

ACAD allows creating drawing, called a model, in full scale in an area known as
model space without regard to the final layout or size when the drawing is plotted on
the paper.

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 In the space opened for the first time, it is possible to create floating viewports to
contain different views of the model. In the paper space, floating viewports are treated
as objects which can be moved and resized to create a suitable layout.

LIMITS

This sets and controls the drawing boundaries.

At the command prompt, enter the limits
ON/OFF/<LOWER LEFT CORNER> <current>: Specify a point, enter on or off,
or press
Enter.
LTSCALE

This sets the line type scale factor. Use LTSCALE to change the relative length of the
dash-dot line types per drawing unit

At the Command prompt, enter a scale

New scale factor <current>: Enter a positive real value or press enter

Changing the line type scale factor causes the drawing to regenerate.

MEASURE

This places point objects or blocks at measured intervals on an object. At the command
Prompt, enter the measure

Select an object to measure: Use an object selection method <segment length> / Block:
Specify a distance.

PAN

This moves the drawing display in the current viewport. At the command prompt, enter
Pan

Displacement: Specify a point (1)

The point which specifies and indicates the amount to move the drawing or the location
of the drawing to be moved.

Second point: Press or specify a point (2)

If pressed, ACAD moves the drawing by the amount which is specified in the Displacement
Prompt. If we specify a point, ACAD moves the location of the drawing to that point.

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2.4 ELEMENTS OF DRAWING

2.4.1 DRAW COMMANDS

LINE:

A line is specified by giving its two endpoints or first point and the distance of the line
along with its angle of inclination. A line can be drawn by using two commands.

Command: line
Specify first point: Specify a point (1)
Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify a point (2)
The second point can be indicated by @d<a
Where d is the distance of the line and a is the angle of inclination in degrees.

PLINE: This is a polyline which allows continuous segments of the line and it is drawn
similarly to the line command. The polyline allows to change of the thickness of the line
according to the requirement.

From the Draw toolbar choose the Polyline flyout.

Draw pull-down menu: Polyline
At the command prompt, enter pline

Syntax
Specify start point: Specify a point (1) Current line-width is <current>
Specify the next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify a point (2)
or enter an option
LINETYPE

Creates, loads, and sets line types. The LINETYPE command defines line characteristics
consisting of dashes, dots, and spaces.

Format menu: Line type or Command line:

1. CURVES

Following are the various types of curves used in the

drawings: i. Circle ii. Ellipse iii. Arc iv. Regular or any other
type.

i. Circle: The circle can be drawn by using two types of commands

a. Circle
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 b. Donut

a. CIRCLE: This command draws the circle by using four methods:

Centre point and radius

Two-point circle
Three-point circle
Tangent circle
At the command prompt, enter the circle

Specify the centre point for the circle or 3P (Three Points)/2P (Two
Points)/Ttr]: Specify a point or enter an option

b. DONUT: This draws filled circles and rings.

Donuts are constructed of a closed polyline composed of wide arc segments.
At the command prompt, enter the donut

Specify the inside diameter of the donut <current>: Specify a distance or press ENTER
If you specify an inside diameter of 0, the donut is a filled circle.

Specify the outside diameter of the donut <current>: Specify a distance or press ENTER

Specify the centre of the donut or <exit>: Specify a point (1) or press ENTER to
end the command ii. ELLIPSE: It is a curve having a major and minor axis with a
centre.

The ellipse can be prepared by four methods.

Axis endpoint
Arc
Centre
Iso circle

ELLIPSE

Creates an ellipse or an elliptic arc.

Axis end point: Defines the first axis by two specified endpoints. The angle of
the first axis determines the angle of the ellipse. The first axis can define either
the major or the minor axis of the ellipse.

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 Arc: Creates an elliptical arc. The angle of the first axis determines the angle
of the elliptical arc. The first axis can define either the major or the minor axis
of the elliptical arc.
Centre: Creates the ellipse by a specified centre point.
Isocircle: Creates an isometric circle in the current isometric drawing plane.
At the command prompt, enter ellipse.

iii. Arc: The arc is a curve specified by centre and radius as well as the start angle and
end angle. There are seven methods used for drawing an arc.
1. Three-point method
2. Start point-center point –endpoint
3. Start point-center point-length of chord
4. Start point-end point –the angle of inclusion
5. Start point-end point-direction
6. Start point-centre point-angle of inclusion
7. Start point-end point-radius

These methods can be used by executing the arc command

•ARC: creates an arc. At the

command prompt, enter arc
Center/<start point>: specify a
point, enter c, or press enter

•Polyarc: the second method of

drawing the arc is poly arc by
use of line command. This
command allows the drawing
of a filled arc of any width .it
also allows for the drawing of a
regular or irregular curve.

2. Drawing of Rectangle: A rectangle can be drawn by LINE command or by the

Rectangle command. The PLINE command also allows for the drawing of hollow
or filled rectangles. A SOLID command is also used for drawing filled rectangles.
1. RECTANGLES: draws a rectangular polyline
At the command prompt, enter the rectangle
First corner: specify point (1)

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 Other corner: specify point (2)
2. SOLID: creates solid –filled polygons. solids are filled only when the fill system
Variable is set to on view set to plan.

At the command prompt, enter solid

First corner: specify point (1)
Other corner: specify point (2)
The first two points define one edge of the polygon.
Third point: specify a point (3) diagonally opposite the second
Forth point: specify a point (4) or press enter
3. DRAWING OF POLYGON
Creates an equilateral closed polyline. A polygon is a polyline object.
AUTOCAD draws polylines with zero width and no tangent information. At the
command prompt enter polygon

The number of sides <current>: enter a value between 3 and 1024 or press enter
Edge/< centre of polygon>: specify a point (1) or enter.

4. POINT
Creates a point object. points can act as nodes to which you can snap objects. you can
specify a full 3D location for a point.

At the command prompt, enter the point

Point: specify a point
5. ERASING OF OBJECT:
The object can be removed or erased by use of erase command
ERASE
This removes object from drawing
At the command prompt, enter erase
Select objects: use an object selection method.

6. COLOURING OF OBJECT:
The object can be drawn with any variety of colour which ranges from 0 to 256.
The setting of colour can be done by color command

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COLOR
Sets the colour for new objects.
At the command prompt, enter color <current>: enter a value (1-255), colour
name, by block, or by layer

7. FILLING OF OBJECT: the object can be filled with different colors and patterns
by use of
8. hatch command
This command allows selection of various patterns, scale of pattern and angle of pattern.
HATCH
This fills an area with a pattern.
HATCH fills the specified hatch boundary with non-associative hatch
A non –associative hatch is not updated when its boundaries are modified. a hatch
boundary

consists of an object or objects that completely enclose an area

At the command prompt, enter hatch

Pattern (? Or name/ U, style) <current>: enter a predefined pattern name, enter u, enter?
Or press enter.

9. SCALING OF DRAWING: zoom command displays the object at a specified

scale factor. the value entered is relative to the limits of the drawing. for
example, entering 2 doubles the apparent display size of any objects from what
it would be if it were zoomed to the limits of the drawing

If you enter a value followed by xp, auto CAD specifies the scale relative to
paper scale units. for example, entering 0.5xp displays model space at half the
scale of paper space units. the following illustration shows a number of
viewports arranged in paper space. the view in each view port is scaled relative
to paper space. the first view is scaled 1=1 relative to paper space (1xp), the
second is scaled 0.5 = 1 relative to paper space (0.5xp), and so on.

ZOOM

This increases or decreases the apparent size of objects in the current view port
At the command prompt, enter zoom

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 All/center/dynamic/extents/left/previous/vmax/window/<scale(x/xp)>: enter an
option or value, specify a point, or press enter

10. TEXT: The text in software is indicated by fonts. the fonts define the shapes of
the text characters that make up each character set. In AUTOCAD, you can use
true type fonts in addition to AUTOCAD’s own compiled shape (SHX) fonts.
A font is indicated by various parameters like
i. Style: these are four types: normal, bold, italic, underline ii.
Size: this is the size of characters iii. Colour: there are facilities to
colour the characters selecting layer.

iv. Type: different types of fonts may be used:

Mono text: COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
Romans: COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
Romand: COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

Dtext: This displays text on the screen as it is entered. AutoCAD can create
text with a variety of character patterns, or fonts. These fonts can be stretched,
compressed, oblique, mirrored, or aligned in a vertical column by applying a
style to the font .text can be rotated, justified, and made any size.

At the command prompt, enter text

Justify/style/<start point>: specify a point or enter an option

TEXT: This creates a single line of text. AutoCAD can create text with a
variety of character patterns, or fonts. These fonts can be stretched,
compressed, oblique, mirrored, or aligned in a vertical column by applying a
style to the font.

At the command prompt, enter text

Justify/style/<start point>: specify a point or enter an option

QTEXT: This controls the display and plotting of text and attribute of objects.
At the command prompt, enter text
ON/OFF <current>: enter on or off, or press enter

11. TRANSFORMATIONS: These are the modifications in the drawn objects.

There are different types of transformations used

1. MOVE: This allows to move or displace objects a specified distance in a specified
direction

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At the command prompt, enter move

Select objects: use an object selection method

Base point or displacement: specify a base point (1)

The second point of displacement: specify a point (2) or press enter

2. COPY: This is used for producing a duplicate copy of the drawing.

At the command prompt, enter the copy

Select objects: use an object selection method

<Base point or displacement >/multiple: specify a base point (1)

For a single copy or enter m for multiple copies

3. ROTATE: It moves objects about a base point at the command prompt, enter

rotate

Select objects: use an object selection method

<Rotate angle >/reference: specify an angle or enter r

4. STRETCH: This moves or stretches objects. AutoCAD stretches lines, arcs,

elliptical arcs, splines, rays and polyline segments that cross the selection window.

At the command prompt, enter stretch

Select objects: use the CPOLYGON or cross object selection method (1,2)

Base point or displacement: specify a point (3) or press

Second point of displacement: specify a point ($) or press

5. EXTEND: This extends an object to meet another object. Objects that can be
extended include arcs, elliptical arcs, lines, open 2D, and 3Dpolylines and rays.

At command prompt, enter extend

Select boundary edges

(proj mode=UCS, edge mode=no extend)

Select objects: use an object selection method

6. SCALE: This enlarges or reduces selected objects equally in X and Y directions
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At the command prompt, enter the scale

Select objects: use an object selection method

Base point: specify a point (1)

<Scale factor>/reference: specify a scale or enter r

7. TRACE: This creates solid lines.

From the miscellaneous toolbar choose

At the command prompt, enter the trace

Trace width<current>: specify a distance, enter a value, or press enter

From point: specify point (1)

To point: specify a point (2)

To point: specify a point (3) or press to end the command

8. EXTRUDE: This creates unique solid primitives by extruding existing two-

dimensional objects extrudes also create solids by extruding two-dimensional
objects along a specified path we can extrude multiple objects with extrude

At the command prompt enter, extrude

Select objects: use an object selection method

Path/<height of extrusion>: specify a distance or enter p

9. MIRROR: This is used to producing mirror image of the object

At the command prompt enter, mirror

Select objects: use an object selection method

First point of the mirror line: specify a point (1)

Second point: specify a point (2)

10. OFFSET: This creates concentric circles, parallel lines and parallel curves, offset
creates a creates a new object at a specified distance from an existing object or
through a specified point

At the command prompt enter, offset

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 Offset distance: specify a distance, enter t or press enter
11. ARRAY: This creates multiple copies of objects in pattern.

Each object in an array can be manipulated independently

At the command prompt enter, array

Rectangular or polar array<current>: enter an option or press enter specify a point

12. CUTTING OF OBJECTS

The drawn objects can be cut or trimmed by using the following commands

1. TRIM: Trims objects at a cutting object defined by other objects. Objects that
can be trimmed include arcs, circles, elliptical arcs, lines, open 2D and
3Dpolylines, rays and splines

At the command prompt, enter trim

Select cutting edges:

Select objects: use the object selection method

<Select object to trim>/project/edge/undo: select an object, enter an option, or press

enter

2. BREAK: This erases an object or splits the object into two parts

From the modify toolbar select break flyout

At the command prompt, enter the break

Select objects: use an object selection method

First point of the mirror line: specify a point (1) on an object

Enter the second point: specify the second breakpoint (2) or

enter F

13. DIMENSIONING IN DRAWINGS:

The dimensions are inserted in the drawing by use of DIM command. There are various
types of dimensions used in AutoCAD.
1. Linear dimensions:
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 Horizontal- this allows horizontal dimensions
Vertical- this allows vertical dimensions
Aligned- this allows inclined dimensions
Rotated- this allows inclined dimensions
2. Angular dimensions:
This allows angular dimensioning of objects

3. Radial dimensions:
This allows radial dimensioning of arc or circle
4. Diametric dimensions:
This allows the diameter dimensions of the circle
For dimensioning of objects, the first point and second point have to be
specified. The dimension text must be written and then the position of the
dimension must be specified

at the command prompt, enter dim Dim:

Enter a dimensioning mode command

14. AREA:
This allows the calculation of the area and perimeter of objects or defined areas
From the object properties toolbar, choose the inquiry flyout, then
At the command prompt, enter the area
<First point>/object/add/subtract: specify a point or enter option
15. FILLET
Rounds and fillets the edges of the object
At the command prompt enter fillet
Polyline / Radius / Trim / <Select first object>: use an object selection method
or enter an option

Select first object

Select second object: use an object selection method
Enter radius <current>: specify a distance or press
Chain / Radius <Select edge>: Select edges or enter c or r their intersection
16. CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM

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 The coordinate system can be modified in the AutoCAD. There are two types of co-

Ordinate systems used. The WCS (World coordinate system) is a universal system
in which

Its origin is at the fixed position. The UCS (User coordinate system) is a system in
which
The user can fix his origin at any point.
1. UCS: This manages user coordinate systems
At the command prompt enter ucs

Origin / z axis/ 3 point/ object/ view/ X/Y/Z / Prev/ Restore/Save/ Del/? /< world>:
enter
An option or press enter
2. WCS: This manages the world coordinate system

17. EXPLODE:
This breaks a compound object into its component objects
At the command prompt enter explode
Select objects: use an object selection
method.

18. UNION:
This measures the distance and angle between two points.
At the command prompt, enter the union
Select object: Use an object selection method
19. DIST: This measures the distance and the angle between two points.
At the command prompt area enter dist
First point: Specify a point (1)
Second point: Specify a point (2)
Distance = calculated distance
Angle in XY plane = angle from XY plane = angle
Delta X = change in X
Delta Y = change in Y
Delta Z = change in Z.

20. REGENERATION OF DRAWING:

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 ACAD provides a facility of regenerating a drawing to clear the cross points or marks
on the screen.

• REDRAW
• REGEN
• REGENALL
• REGENAUTO

21. TOLERANCE

This creates geometric tolerances. Geometric tolerances define the maximum

allowable variations of form or profile, orientation, location and run out from
the exact geometry in a drawing. They specify the required accuracy for proper
function and fit the objects drawn in AutoCAD
22. SKETCH

This creates a series of free-hand line segments.

From the miscellaneous toolbar, choose
At the command prompt enter the sketch
Follow the prompting

2.5 3D FUNCTIONS

1. BOX

This creates a three-dimensional solid box.

At the command prompt enter box

Center/<corner of the box><0,0,0>:

Specify a point (1), enter c, or press enter

Corner of a box

Specifying a point or pressing defines the first corner of the box.

Cube/length /<other corner>: specify a point (2) or enter an option center

Creates the box by a specified center point

2. CONE

This creates a 3D solid cone. A cone is solid primitive with a circular or elliptical
based tapering symmetrically to a point perpendicular to its base.
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 At the command prompt enter cone

Elliptical /<center point> <0,0,0> : specify a point , enter e or press enter

3. CYLINDER

This creates a 3D solid cylinder. A cylinder is solid primitive with a circular or

elliptical based to a point perpendicular to its base without a taper.

At the command prompt enter cylinder

Elliptical /<center point> <0,0,0> : specify a point , enter e or press enter

4. SPHERE

This creates a 3D solid sphere. A sphere is positioned so that its central axis is
parallel to the Z-axis of the current UCS. Latitudinal lines are parallel to the XY
plane.

At the command prompt enter sphere

Center of the sphere <0,0,0> : specify a point , enter e or press enter

5. WEDGE

This creates a three dimensional solid with a sloped face tapering along X axis.

At the command prompt enter wedge

Center <corner of the wedge> <0,0,0> : specify a point , enter e or press enter

Follow the prompting

6. ELEV

This sets an elevation and extrusion thickness of new objects. The current
elevation is the Z value that is used whenever a 3D point is expected but only X
and y values are supplied.

At the command prompt enter elev Follow the prompting

7. SHADE

This displays a flat shaded image of the drawing in the current view port. SHADE
removes hidden lines and displays a shaded picture of the drawing.

From the render toolbar, choose

At the command prompt, enter shade

22
8. REGION

This creates a region object from a selection set of existing objects. Regions are
2Dimensional areas you create from closed shapes.

9. REINIT

This reinitializes the input/output ports, digitizer, display and program parameters
file.

10. REPLAY

This displays a GIF, TGA or TIFF image.

From the tool’s menu, choose image, then view.

11. REVOLVE

This creates a solid by revolving a two – dimensional object about an axis. From
the solid’s toolbar, choose

At the command prompt, enter revolve

12. SHAPE

This inserts a shape. Before inserting a shape, you must load the file containing
the desired shape.

13. ROTATE 3D

This moves objects about a three-dimensional axis

From the modify toolbar, choose the rotate flyout then

Follow the prompting

14. SECTION

This uses the intersection of a plane and solids to create a region.

AutoCAD creates regions on the current layer and inserts them at the location of
the cross – section. Selecting several solids creates separate regions for each solid.

15. SLICE

This slices a set of solids with a plane.

23
 16. SHELL

This accesses operating system commands.

17. REVOLVE

This creates a solid by revolving a two-dimensional object about an axis.

18. RENDER

This creates a realistically shaded image of a three-dimensional wireframe or

solid model. RENDER produces an image using information from a scene, the
current selection set, or the current view.

2.6 Starting the drawing

The figures we do in engineering are fitted into a template. In ACAD we manually
draw a template known as Drawing sheet in two different formats.
The size of the drawing sheet is ISO A4 210 X 297.
The format is as given in the following figures

24
DRAWING SHEET LAYOUT -1

25
DRAWING SHEET LAYOUT -2

26
3. 2D DRAWINGS

FIGURE 1
EXERCISE 1 OM 2D DRAFTING USING AUTOCAD

Aim: - Draw the plan and elevation of the given drawing using autocad-2008.

Hardware specification: -
Zenith premium PC with Intel Pentium 4 Processor 3.06GHZ, 533 MHZ FSB 1MB cache,
Intel 615 chip set mother board, 8GB SATA hard disk.1GB DDR RAM.
Maximum 3d/2d resolution of 2048×1536, 16 million colors (shared memory using
dynamic video memory technology) On board 10/100 LAN chip. PS2, 107keys
keyboard, Optical Mouse, 17” pure flat CRT monitor.

Commands used: - Construction line, circle, fillet, Tangent trim offset.

Procedure: -
1) Invoke auto cad -2008 from the menu or
from shortcut icon on the desktop.
2) Set limits for the working window limits
<enter> (0,0) <enter> (150, 150) <enter>
xl <enter> select horizontal line and again.
xl <enter> select vertical line. The origin is considered as O1. 3)
Draw a circle of diameter 28 mm from the origin (O1)
4) Now take an offset command with a distance of 60mm and draw a vertical line on
right side. The origin is considered as O2. From origin O2 draw a circle of diameter
28mm.
5) Draw the circle of radius 27mm from the originsO1 and O2.
6) With an offset command, draw a horizontal line with a distance of 40mm in the
upward direction from the origins O1 and O2 lines. Draw a vertical line on the right
side with an offset distance of 26mm from the origin O1 line. This gives us an origin
O from the origin O3; draw a circle of dia 20mm.
7) With an offset command, draw a horizontal line with a distance of 82mm in the
upward direction from the origin O1 andO2 line. We get origin O4 from origin
O4draw a circle of 28mm dia and 27mm radius
8) Use the fillet command to get an arc on the large circle of origin O1 and O4 with a
30mm radius and on the large circle of origin O1 andO2 with a radius 10mm.
10) Using OSNAP function, settings tangent draws a line on O4 and O2.

27
28
FIGURE 2

Aim: to draw the following figure using ACAD

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: Draw axis lines in the respective format with their intersection point at (0,0)

•
Go to PROPERTIES tool bar
•
Load line type as ISO LONG DASH SHORT DASH in the line type area.
•
Select line type ISO LONG DASH SHORT DASH in the line type area.

STEP 2 a: Draw circles of given dimensions using circle command with their centre as
the intersection of the axis lines.

•
3 circles of diameters 94, 74 and 54 are to be drawn
•
The circle with 74 diameters is of ISO LONG DASH SHORT DASH format

STEP 2 b: Using POLAR ARRAY draw the 6 holes on the circle of diameter 74 each of
12 dia as shown in the figure below

29
 o
STEP 3: Draw two construction lines at an angle of 30 to
the vertical axis line

STEP 4: With A as center an radius 100 draw an arc

between the above lines

STEP 5: Offset the arc on the either side by the distances

as mentioned in the figure.

STEP 6: Complete the figure by using fillet command.

STEP 7: Give dimensions to the completed figure.

Command: _qsave

PRECAUTIONS:

Put ORTHO ON where ever necessary.

Use the required modify tool bar commands like TRIM, ERASE, COPY, MIRROR
ETC.,

30
FIGURE 3

Aim: to draw the following figure using ACAD

PROCEDURE

Set the limits of the drawing screen

STEP 1: Draw axis lines in the respective format with their intersection point at (0,0)

STEP 2: Draw circles of given dimensions using circle command with their centre as the
intersection of the axis lines.

STEP 3: Using POLAR ARRAY draw the 6 key holes on the circle of diameter 58 of
given dimensions

STEP 4: For the outer cover use CIRCLE command and the in-command prompt area
type TAN TAN RADIUS. This gives the idea of drawing the outer cover

STEP 7: Give dimensions to the completed figure.

Command: _qsave

PRECAUTIONS:

Put ORTHO ON where ever necessary.

Use the required modify tool bar commands like TRIM, ERASE, COPY, MIRROR ETC.,

31
PRACTICE FIGURE 1

32
PRACTICE FIGURE 2

DO THE HATCHING USINH HATCH COMMAND IN THE DRAW TOOL BAR.

33
PRACTICE FIGURE 3

34
PRACTICE FIGURE 4

35
PRACTICE FIGURE 5

36
PRACTICE FIGURE 6

37
PRACTICE FIGURE 7

38
4. ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

For all isometric figures right click GRID in drafting tool bar <setting> change grid
snap to ISOMETRIC SNAP. And check ORTHO ON

F5 – TOGGLE KEY BETWEEN ISOPLANE TOP, ISOPLANE LEFT AND

ISOPLANE RIGHT

FIGURE 1
Aim: to draw the following figure using ACAD

COMMANDS USED

Lithe ne, Dimensions, Drafting commands

PROCEDURE

<Ortho on> <Isoplane Top> <Osnap on>

Command: _line Specify first point:

Specify next point or [Undo]: 104

Specify next point or [Undo]:

Command: _qsave

Command: _dimaligned

Specify first extension line origin or <select object>:

Specify second extension line origin:

Command: _dimlinear

Specify first extension line origin or <select object>:

Specify second extension line origin:

Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]:

Dimension text = 48.0000

Command: _dimedit

Enter type of dimension editing [Home/New/Rotate/Oblique] <Home>: _o

Select objects: 1 found

39
Enter obliquing angle (press ENTER for none): 30 Command: _qsave
FIGURE 2

Aim: to draw the following figure using ACAD

COMMANDS USED

Line, Drafting commands, Dimension aligned, Dimension linear, Dimension oblique, Layers

Command: _line

Specify first point: <Isoplane

Left>

Specify next point or [Undo]: 12

Specify next point or [Undo]:

<Isoplane Top> 25

Command: _qsave

Command: _dim linear

Specify first extension line

origin or <select object>:

Specify second extension line

origin:

Specify dimension line location or

[Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]:

Dimension text = 12.0000

Command: _dim aligned

Specify first extension line origin or <select object>:

Specify second extension line origin:

Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]:

Dimension text = 25.0000

Command: _dim edit

Enter type of dimension editing [Home/New/Rotate/Oblique] <Home>: _o

40
Select objects: 1 found

Enter oblique angle (press ENTER for none): 30 or -30 Command: _qsave
PRACTICE FIGURE 1

41
PRACTICE FIGURE 2

****APART FROM THESE PRACTICE OTHER FIGURES GIVEN IN THE TEXT

BOOK. THIS IMPROVES YOUR SKILL OF DRAWING

42
 CAM

Computer-aided manufacturing

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of computer-based software tools

that assist engineers and machinists in manufacturing or prototyping product
components. Its primary purpose is to create a faster production process and
components with more precise dimensions and material consistency, which in some
cases, uses only the required amount of raw material (thus minimizing waste), while
simultaneously reducing energy consumption. CAM is a programming tool that makes
it possible to manufacture physical models using computer-aided design (CAD)
programs. CAM creates real-life versions of components designed within a software
package

CNC Technology

Numerical Control (NC) is a software-based machine tool control technique

developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the early 1960s.
It has now evolved into a mature technology known as Computer Numerical
Control (CNC). Although major applications of CNC even today continue to be in
machining, it finds applications in other processes such as sheet metal working,
non-traditional machining and inspection. Robots and Rapid Prototyping machines
are also CNC-controlled. Any process that can be visualized as a sequence of
motions and switching functions can be controlled by CNC. These motions and
switching functions are input in the form of alphanumeric instructions. CNC is the
basis of flexible automation which helps industries cut down time-to-market and
enables launch of even low volume products. Unlimited muscle power, unmanned
operation, independent axes coordinated through software, simplified generic
tooling even for the most complex

jobs and accurate construction are some of the salient features of CNC.
43
CNC Machining

Automats and Special Purpose Machines (SPMs) require special cams/ templates and
clutch settings for each part. The manufacture of these cams/ templates is costly and
slow.

Furthermore, changing over from one part to the other on these machines also
consumes considerable time. The high cost and longtime of these hard automated
machines to produce parts can be justified only in mass production. With the advent
of fast, rigid and accurate CNC machines and sophisticated CAM packages, the
generation of NC programs and changeover from one product to the other are easy
and fast as it does not require any mechanical change. These in conjunction with
advanced cutting tools have made High-Speed Cutting (HSC) of hard materials a
reality. Therefore, CNC machining has become a standard means to produce dies
and moulds; tool makers today require EDM only for producing inaccessible
regions, sharp corners, tiny features and desired surface quality. Intricate aerospace
parts are realized through 5-axis CNC machining. Internet technology in a global
village enables designing in one place, NC programming and verification in another
place and actual machining in yet another place.

Advantages of CNC

Flexibility

Accuracy

Speed

Simplified fixturing and generic cutting tools

Storage of machining skill in NC programs

Less skilled operators will do

Less fatigue to the operators

44
G-codes

G-Code, or preparatory code or function, are functions in the Numerical control

programming language. The G-codes are the codes that position the tool and do the
actual work, as opposed to M-codes, which manage the machine; T for tool-related
codes. S and F are Tool-Speed and tool-Feed, and finally D-codes for tool
compensation. The programming language of Numerical Control (NC) is sometimes
informally called Gcode. But in actuality, G-codes are only a part of the NC
programming language that controls NC and CNC machine tools.
A basic list of `G' operation codes is given below. This direct motion of the tool.

1. G00 - Rapid move (not cutting)

2. G01 - Linear move
3. G02 - Clockwise circular motion
4. G03 - Counterclockwise circular motion
5. G04 - Dwell
6. G05 - Pause (for operator intervention)
7. G08 - Acceleration
8. G09 - Deceleration
9. G17 - x-y plane for circular interpolation
10. G18 - z-x plane for circular interpolation
11. G19 - y-z plane for circular interpolation
12. G20 - turning cycle or inch data specification
13. G21 - thread-cutting cycle or metric data specification
14. G24 - face turning cycle
15. G25 - wait for input #1 to go low (Prolight Mill)
16. G26 - wait for input #1 to go high (Prolight Mill)
17. G28 - return to reference point
18. G29 - return from reference point
19. G31 - Stop on input (INROB1 is high) (Prolight Mill)
20. G33-35 - thread cutting functions (Emco Lathe)
21. G35 - wait for input #2 to go low (Prolight Mill)
22. G36 - wait for input #2 to go high (Prolight Mill)
23. G40 - cutter compensation cancel
24. G41 - cutter compensation to the left
25. G42 - cutter compensation to the right
26. G43 - tool length compensation, positive
27. G44 - tool length compensation, negative
28. G50 - Preset position
29. G70 - set inch-based units or finishing cycle
45
30. G71 - set metric units or stock removal
31. G72 - indicate finishing cycle (EMCO Lathe)
32. G72 - 3D circular interpolation clockwise (Prolight Mill)
33. G73 - turning cycle contour (EMCO Lathe)
34. G73 - 3D circular interpolation counter clockwise (Prolight
Mill)
35. G74 - facing cycle contour (Emco Lathe)
36. G74.1 - disable 360 deg arcs (Prolight Mill)
37. G75 - pattern repeating (Emco Lathe)
38. G75.1 - enable 360-degree arcs (Prolight Mill)
39. G76 - deep hole drilling, cut cycle in z-axis
40. G77 - cut-in cycle in x-axis
41. G78 - multiple threading cycle
42. G80 - fixed cycle cancel
43. G81-89 - fixed cycles specified by machine tool
manufacturers
44. G81 - drilling cycle (Prolight Mill)

46
 45. G82 - straight drilling cycle with dwell (Prolight Mill)
46. G83 - drilling cycle (EMCO Lathe)
47. G83 - peck drilling cycle (Prolight Mill)
48. G84 - taping cycle (EMCO Lathe)
49. G85 - reaming cycle (EMCO Lathe)
50. G85 - boring cycle (Prolight mill)
51. G86 - boring with spindle off and dwell cycle (Prolight Mill)
52. G89 - boring cycle with dwell (Prolight Mill)
53. G90 - absolute dimension program
54. G91 - incremental dimensions
55. G92 - Spindle speed limit
56. G93 - Coordinate system setting
57. G94 - Feed rate in ipm (EMCO Lathe)
58. G95 - Feed rate in ipr (EMCO Lathe)
59. G96 - Surface cutting speed (EMCO Lathe)
60. G97 - Rotational speed rpm (EMCO Lathe)
61. G98 - withdraw the tool to the starting point or feed per minute
62. G99 - withdraw the tool to a safe plane or feed per revolution
63. G101 - Spline interpolation (Prolight Mill)

M-Codes

M-Codes control machine functions and these include,

1. M00 - program stop
2. M01 - optional stop using stop button
3. M02 - end of program
4. M03 - spindle on CW
5. M04 - spindle on CCW
6. M05 - spindle off
7. M06 - tool change
8. M07 - flood with coolant
9. M08 - mist with coolant
10. M08 - turn on accessory #1 (120VAC outlet) (Prolight
Mill)
11. M09 - coolant off
12. M09 - turn off accessory #1 (120VAC outlet) (Prolight
Mill)
13. M10 - turn on accessory #2 (120VAC outlet) (Prolight
14. Mill)
M11 - turn off accessory #2 (120VAC outlet) (Prolight Mill)
or
tool change
15.
 M17 - subroutine end
16. M20 - tailstock back (EMCO Lathe)
17. M20 - Chain to next program (Prolight Mill)
18. M21 - tailstock forward (EMCO Lathe)
19. M22 - Write current position to data file (Prolight Mill)
20. M25 - open chuck (EMCO Lathe)
21. M25 - set output #1 off (Prolight Mill)
22. M26 - close chuck (EMCO Lathe)
44

23. M26 - set output #1 on (Prolight Mill)

24. M30 - end of tape (rewind)
25. M35 - set output #2 off (Prolight Mill)
26. M36 - set output #2 on (Prolight Mill)
27. M38 - put stepper motors on low power standby (Prolight Mill)
28. M47 - restart a program continuously, or a fixed number of times
(Prolight Mill)
29. M71 - puff blowing on (EMCO Lathe)
30. M72 - puff blowing off (EMCO Lathe)
31. M96 - compensate for rounded external curves
32. M97 - compensate for sharp external curves
33. M98 - subprogram call
34. M99 - return from subprogram, jump instruction
35. M101 - move x-axis home (Prolight Mill)
36. M102 - move y-axis home (Prolight Mill)
37. M103 - move z-axis home (Prolight Mill)

48
CNC PROGRAMMING

· The coordinates are almost exclusively cartesian and the origin is on the workpiece.

· For a lathe, the infeed/radial axis is the x-axis, the carriage/length axis is the z-axis.
There is no need for a y-axis because the tool moves in a plane through the rotational
center of the work. Coordinates on the work piece shown below are relative to the work.

CNC lathe / CNC turning center

CNC lathes are rapidly replacing the older production lathes (multispindle, etc) due to
their ease of setting and operation. They are designed to use modern carbide tooling and
fully utilize modern processes. The part may be designed and the tool paths programmed
by the CAD/CAM process, and the resulting file uploaded to the machine, and once set
and trailed the machine will continue to turn out parts under the occasional supervision of
an operator.The machine is controlled electronically via a computer menu style interface;
the program may be modified and displayed at the machine, along with a simulated view
of the process. The setter/operator needs a high level of skill to perform the process,
however the knowledge base is broader compared to the older production machines where
intimate knowledge of each machine was considered essential. These machines are often
set and operated by the same person, where the operator will supervise a small number of
machines (cell).

49
 PLAIN TURNING AND FACING OPERATION
AIM:

To write the part program for component shown in Fig. 01. Assuming the work
piece is Aluminum and the speed is 1200 rpm, feed 20 mm/min and maximum depth of
cut is 1 mm.

a. With Canned cycle

b. Without Canned cycle.
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Aluminum Rod of 30 mm diameter and 80 mm length.

PART DRAWING:

FIGURE: 01

PART PROGRAM:

(A) WITH CANNED CYCLE

N 00 G 21 G 90 <EOB>

N 01 M 03 S 1200 <
EOB>

50
N 02 G 00 X 30 Z 0 <EOB>

N 03 G 71 Z -3 X 0 I1 F 20 <EOB>

N 04 G 00 X 30 Z0 <EOB>

N 05 G 72 X 24 Z -50 I 1 F 20 <EOB>

N 06 G 00 X 50 Z 10 <EOB>

N 07 M 30 <EOB>

(B) WITHOUT CANNED CYCLE

N 00 G 21 G 90 <EOB>
N 01 M 03 S 1200 <EOB>
N 02 G 00 X 30 Z1 <EOB>
N 03 G 01 Z –1 F 20 <EOB>
N 04 G 01 X 00 F 20 <EOB>
N 05 G 00 X 30 Z 00 <EOB>
N 06 G 01 Z –2 F 20 <EOB>
N 07 G 01 X 00 F 20 <EOB>
N 08 G 00 X 30 Z 00 <EOB>
N 09 G 01 Z –3 F 20 <EOB>
N 10 G 01 X 00 F 20 <EOB>
N 11 G 00 X 30 Z 00 <EOB>
N 12 G 01 Z -50 F 20 <EOB>
N 13 G 01 X 28 F 20 <EOB>
N 14 G 00 X 30 Z 00 <EOB
N 15 G 01 Z -50 F 20 <EOB>
N 16 G 01 X 26 F 20 <EOB>
N 17 G 00 X 30 Z 00 <EOB
N 18 G 01 Z -50 F 20 <EOB>

51
N 19 G 01 X 24 F 20 <EOB>
N 20 G 00 X 50 Z 10 <EOB
N 21 M 30 <EOB>

RESULT:

The program is written and simulated and stored in System No…and file name as…

STEP TURNING OPERATION

AIM:

To write the part program for the component shown in fig 2. assuming work
piece as AL the speed is 1200rpm, feed given is 20mm/min.

(a) Without canned cycle

(b) With canned cycle.

MATERIAL REQUIRED: Aluminum Rod of 30 mm diameter and 80 mm length.

PART DRAWING:

28 22

PART PROGRAM: (A) WITHOUT CANNED CYCLE

N G 21 G 90
00 <EOB>

52
N
M 03 S 1200 <EOB>
01
N X 02
G 04
02 <EOB>
N X 30 Z 00
G 00
03 <EOB>
N
G 01 Z -50 F 20 <EOB>
04
N X 30 Z
G 00 <EOB>
05 00
N X 26 F
G 01 <EOB>
06 20
N
G 01 Z -50 F 20 <EOB>
07
N X 30 Z
G 00 <EOB>
08 00
N X 24 F
G 01 <EOB>
09 20
N
G 01 Z -50 F 20 <EOB>
10
N X 30 Z
G 00 <EOB>
11 00
N X 22 F
12 G 01 20 <EOB>
N G 01 Z -22 F 20 <EOB>
13
N
G 00 X 30 Z 00 <EOB>
14
N
G 01 X 20 F 20 <EOB>
15
N
G 01 Z -22 F 20 <EOB>
16
N
G 00 X 30 Z 00 <EOB>
17
N
G 00 X 50 Z 10 <EOB>
19

53
 N M 30 <EOB>
20

( B) WITH CANNED CYCLE:

N
G 21 G 90 <EOB>
00
N
M 03 S 1200 <EOB>
01
N
G 04 X 03 <EOB>
02
N
G 00 X 30 Z 00 <EOB>
O3
N G 72 X 24 Z -50 I F
<EOB>
04 01 20
N G 72 X 20 Z -22 I
F20 <EOB>
05 01
N
G 00 X 30 Z 00 <EOB>
06
N
X 50 Z 10 <EOB>
08
N
09 M 30 <EOB>

RESULT:

The program is written and simulated and stored in System No…and file name as…

PATTERN REPEATED CYCLE

AIM:

To write the part program for the component shown in Fig. 3. Assuming
work piece is Aluminum and the speed is 1200 rpm, feed given is 20 mm/min,using
pattern repeated cycle.

MATERIAL REQUIRED: Aluminum Rod of 30 mm diameter and 80 mm length.

54
PART DRAWING:

FIGURE. 3.

PART PROGRAM:

N 00 G 21 G 90 <EOB>
N 01 M 03 S 1200 <EOB>
N 02 G 04 X 04 <EOB>
N 03 G 00 X 30 Z 00 <EOB>
N 04 G 73 P 05 Q 09 I 01 <EOB>
N 05 G 01 X 18 F 20 <EOB>
N 06 G 01 X 24 Z -22 F 20 <EOB>
N 07 G 01 Z -50 F 20 <EOB>
N 08 G 00 X 30 <EOB>
N 09 G 00 Z 00 <EOB>
N 10 G 00 X 50 Z 05 <EOB>
N 11 M 30 <EOB>
RESULT: The program is written and simulated and stored in System No…and file
name as…
THREAD CUTTING

AIM:

To write the part programming for the component shown in Fig 4.

Assuming work piece as Aluminum and the turning speed is 1200 rpm and feed
is 20 mm / min and the depth of cut is 1 mm. For thread cutting reduce the speed
to half of the turning speed and pitch is 0.1mm.
55
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Aluminum Rod of 30 mm diameter and 80 mm length.

PART DRAWING:

FIGURE.4.

PART PROGRAME:

N 00 G 21 G 90 <EOB>
N 01 M 03 S 1200 <EOB>
N 02 G 00 X 30 Z 00 <EOB>
N 03 G 01 Z -01 F 20 <EOB>
N 04 G 01 X 00 F 20 <EOB>
N 05 G 00 X 30 Z 00 <EOB>
N 06 G 72 X 20 Z -40 I 01 F 20 <EOB>
N 07 G 00 X 30 Z 05 <EOB>
N 08 M 05 <EOB>
N 09 T 0202 <EOB>
N 09 M 03 S 600 <EOB>

N 10 G 04 X 02 <EOB>

N 11 G 01 X 20 Z 00 F 20 <EOB>

N 12 G 93 (or) 92 X 20 Z -35 I 0.1 F 01 <EOB>

N 13 G 00 X 30 Z 01 <EOB>

N 14 M 30 <EOB>
56
RESULT:

The program is written and simulated and stored in System No…and file name as…

CIRCULAR INTER POLATION

AIM:

To write the part programming for the figure shown in Fig.5. speed is 1200 rpm,
and feed is 20 mm / min. Assuming workpiece as Aluminium.

MATERIAL REQUIRED: Aluminum Rod of 30 mm diameter and 80 mm length.

THEORY:

Circular interpolation is used to simplify the programming of arcs and circles. It

required of four bits of information those are.

• The direction of cutter travel (GOZ for cw and G03 is for CCW)
• Start point for arc (xs zs) for lathe and (xs, ys) for milling
• Center of arc (xl,zl) for lathe and (xl,yl) for milling machine
• The final point of the arc except for (xf,zf) for lathe and (xf,yf) for milling.

PART DRAWING:

FIGURE.5.

PART PROGRAM:

N 00 G 21 G 90 <EOB>
N 01 M 03 S 1200 <EOB>

57
N 02 G 04 X 04 <EOB>
N 03 G 00 X 30 Z 00 <EOB>
N 04 G 72 X 20 Z -55 I 01 F 20 <EOB>
N 05 G 00 X 30 Z 00 <EOB>
N 06 G 00 X 20 Z 00 <EOB>
N 07 G 01 X 18 F 20 <EOB>
N 08 G 02 X 20 Z -01 K -1 I0 F 20 <EOB>
N 09 G 00 Z 00 <EOB>
N 10 G 01 X 16 F 20 <EOB>
N 11 G 02 X 20 Z -02 K -2 I0 F 20 <EOB>
N 12 G 00 Z 00 <EOB>
N 13 G 01 X 14 F 20 <EOB>
N 14 G 02 X 20 Z -03 K -3 I0 F 20 <EOB>
N 15 G 00 Z 00 <EOB>
N 16 G 01 X 12 F 20 <EOB>
N 17 G 02 X 20 Z -04 K -4 I0 F 20 <EOB>
N 18 G 00 Z 00 <EOB>
N 19 G 01 X 10 F 20 <EOB>
N 20 G 02 X 20 Z -5 K -5 I0 F 20 <EOB>
N 21 G 00 Z 00 <EOB>
N 22 G 01 X 8 F 20 <EOB>
N 23 G02 X20 Z-6 K-6 I0 F20 <EOB>
N 24 G00 Z 00 <EOB>
N 25 G 01 X 6 F 20 <EOB>
N 26 G 02 X 20 Z -7 K -7 I0 F 20 <EOB>
N 27 G 00 Z 00 <EOB>
N 28 G 01 X 4 F 20 <EOB>
N 29 G 02 X 30 Z -8 K-8 I0 F 20 <EOB>
N 30 G 00 Z 00 <EOB>
N 31 G 01 X 2 F 20 <EOB>
58
N 32 G 02 X 20 Z -9 K -9 I0 F 20 <EOB>
N 33 G 00 Z 00 <EOB>
N 34 G 01 X 0 F 20 <EOB>
N 35 G 02 X 20 Z -10 K -10 I 0 F 20 <EOB>
N 36 G 01 Z -31 F 20 <EOB>
N 37 G 01 X 28 F 20 <EOB>
N 38 G 03 X 30 Z -32 K 0 I2 F 20 <EOB>
N 39 G 00 Z -31 <EOB>
N 40 G 01 X 26 F 20 <EOB>
N 41 G 03 X 30 Z-33 K0 I4 F 20 >EOB>
N 42 G 00 Z -31 <EOB>
N 43 G 01 X 24 F 20 <EOB>
N 44 G 03 X 30 Z -34 K 0 I6 F 20 <EOB>
N 45 G 00 Z –31 <EOB>
N 46 G 01 X 22 F 20 <EOB>
N 47 G 03 X 30 Z -35 K 0 I8 F 20 <EOB>
N 48 G 00 Z –31 <EOB>
N 49 G 01 X 20 F 20 <EOB>
N 50 G 03 X 30 Z -36 K 0 I 10 F 20 <EOB>
N 51 G 00 X 35 Z 10 <EOB>
N 52 M 30 <EOB>

RESULT:

The program is written and simulated and stored in System No…and file name as…

59
REFERENCES
1. Malla Reddy (2017). College of Engineering and Technology Laboratory Manual
2. P.C GOPE (2014). Machnine Design Fundamentals and Applications by
Easter Economy Edition. PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi-110092