CHAPTER THREE

DESIGN AND WINDING OF INDUCTION MOTORS

Getnet B. : [email protected]
 Induction motors
▪ are the most widely used electric motors in
industrial applications.
▪ Almost all induction motors run at essentially
constant speed from no-load to full-load
conditions.
▪ The speed of induction motors depends on the
supply frequency and hence these motors are
not easily adapted to speed control.
▪ Induction motors are
• simple and rugged in construction,
• less expensive,
• easy to maintain, and
• can be designed and produced with
characteristics to suit most industrial
requirements.
What is an Induction Motor?
• An induction motor is an asynchronous AC electric motor which
converts alternating current electricity into the mechanical energy.
• It is called an induction motor because the electric current in the
rotor circuit required to produce the deriving torque is obtained
through electromagnetic induction from the rotating magnetic
field of the stator winding.
• These motors are referred to as asynchronous motors because their
rotor rotates at a speed less than the synchronous speed of the
rotating magnetic field.
an induction motor has two main parts namely stator and rotor.
•The stator carries a set of windings called stator winding.
The stator winding may be single-phase winding or three-phase
winding.
•The rotor carries a short-circuited winding called rotor
winding.
Types of Induction Motors
Depending on the type of input supply, induction motors are
classified into the following two types −
•Single-Phase Induction Motors− An induction motor that
works on single-phase AC supply is called as a single-phase
induction motor.
•Three-Phase Induction Motors− An induction motor which
requires three-phase AC supply to operate is called a three-phase
induction motor.
 Common Terminologies associated with ac windings:

Conductor:
– The active length of a wire or strip in the slot.
Turn:
A turn consists of two conductors separated from each other by a pole
pitch or nearly so, and connected in series as shown in fig (a)
Coil: A coil may consist of a single turn or may consist of many
turns, placed in almost similar magnetic position, connected in
series.
Coil-Side: A coil consists of two coil sides, which are placed in two
different slots, which are almost a pole pitch apart.
TYPES OF AC MACHINES WINDINGS:
There are two basic physical types for the windings.
They deal differently with the mechanical problem for
arranging coils in sequence around the armature. The two types
are:
1. Single layer winding and
2. Double layer winding.
1.SINGLE LAYER WINDING:
• one coil side of a coil occupies the whole of the slot.
• Single layer winding are not used for machines having
commutator.
• single layer winding allow the use of closed and semi closed
types of slot.
2. DOUBLE LAYER WINDING:
Two coil sides per slot.
TYPES OF SINGEL LAYER WINDINGES:

The three most common types of single layer windings are:

1. Concentric windings (Unequal coil span)

2. Chain windings (equal coil span)

3. Mush windings (equal coil span)

 CONCENTRIC WINDING
 Three-phase concentric winding consists of coil groups laid in
the slots so that all the coils of each group are concentric.

 That is, the coil with the smallest slot pitch is surrounding by
the coil with the next larger slot pitch and so on to make up a
coil group.

 Each coil consists of several turns and the cross-over from one
coil to the next is indicated by a short slanted line (jumper).
 CONCENTRIC WINDING
 In order to construct the diagram for a winding, the following
data must be known:

S - The number of slots in the stator

P – The number of poles

m – The number of phases

YS – The pitch of the winding

a – The number of parallel circuits in the windings

 The pitch of the winding is determined by
the formula Coil-sides

S
YS =
P
Pole-pitch

 The pitch is the distance between two sides

of a coil expressed as the difference between
the numbers of the slots in which the sides
lie.

 number of slot per phase per pole denoted

by the letter q. It can be determined by the
formula S
q=
Pm
 Sometimes q is called a pole-phase group is
defined as a group of coils of a phase under Coil-sides

one pole.
Pole-pitch

 The number of slots per pole per phase in

concentric winding can be seen directly from
A coil-group with 3-coils

the diagram.
q

 It is equal to the number of coils in a coil Y1

1 12
Y2
2 11
group. 3 Y3
10
Jumper

Start Finish
(S) (F)
 CONNECTTNG COIL GROUPS INTO PHASES

❑ As soon as all the coils have been laid in the slots, the coil
groups are connected in to phases.

❑ Each group is provided with two leads for the start and finish
of the group.

❑ The total number of leads is therefore twice the number of coil

groups.
❑ A stator winding must have six leads brought out to the
terminal panel these leads being the beginnings and ends of the
three phases.

❑ All the reaming leads must be interconnected in the respective

phases with in the winding.

❑ It is now necessary to decide in order to determine the

beginnings and ends of each phase.
 IN GENERAL TWO MAINS RULES ARE FOLLOWED

❑ The distance between the beginning of the phase and the

distance between the ends of the phase must be equal to 120
electrical degrees.

❑ Any slot can be chosen as the beginning of the first phase.

❑ The coil groups in each phase should be interconnected by

joining there unlike leads, i.e. start to finish, or finish to start.
 Example#1: on concentric winding
Given data
S=24; p=4;m=3; a=1; type=Concentric
• Solution
a) The number of coil groups, K
P 4
K = 3 = 3 = 6 i.e. there is two coil groups per phase
2 2
b) The number of slots per pole per phase, q
S 24
q= = =2
m  p 3 4 i.e. there are two coils in a group
c) Coil pitch
S 24 Full-Pitch ( average pitch)
YS = = =6
p 4
The shorter coil pitch = YS-1=6-1=5
The larger coil pitch = YS+1=6+1=7

d) The electrical angle,   = 180  P = 180  4 = 720

e) The angle between adjacent slots, 


720
= = = 30
S 24
f) The distance between the beginning of each phase, 
120
120
= = = 4 slots
 30

g) If the beginning of Phase A is slot 1, then the beginning of phase B is slot

1+=5 and the beginning of phase C is slot 1+2=1+8=9
 Phase sequence
A
C’
B’ 600

C B

A’

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

A A C’ C’ B B A’ A’ C C B’ B’ A A C’ C’ B B A’ A’ C C B’ B’
 connection Diagrams

Phase A Phase B Phase C

A B C

1 +7 8
5 12 9 16
I 2 +5 7
II III
6 11 10 15

13 +7 20 17 24 21 4
IV +5 19
V VI
14 18 23 22 3

A’ B’ C’
 PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING OF
CONCENTRIC WINDINGS
Data: S= 24, P = 4, a = 1, q = 2, K = 6

1. Draw 24 vertical lines and number them

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
 Coil Groups of Phase A
2. The first and second slots will be occupied by left-hand
sides of the first coil group of phase A.
3. Leave four, or 2q slots free for other two phases
occupy slots 7 & 8 with the right hand side of the first
coil group.
4. Next to it will lie a second coil group of the same size
which occupies slots 9,10,15,16.

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
 Coil Groups of Phase B
❑ In order to find, where the second phase (B) should begin, it is
necessary to know the angle between slots in electrical
degrees.
=180.P = 180.4 = 7200 – Electrical degree
❑ The angle between adjacent slots,  = =
 720
= 30
S 24

❑ The distance between phase beginnings will have

120 120
= = = 4 slots
 30

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
 Coil Groups of Phase C

21 4
22 3

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

22 3

21 4
 Current direction
N S N S
1-6 7-12 13-18 19-24

21 4

22 3

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
N
S N S
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

22 3

21 4
 Phase A – Coil groups interconnection
21 4

22 3

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
N
S N S
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

22 3

21 4
 Phase B – Coil groups interconnection

21 4

22 3

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
N
S N S
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

22 3

21 4
 Phase C – Coil groups interconnection
21 4

22 3

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
N
S N S
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

22 3

21 4
 Terminals
21 4

22 3

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
N
S N S
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

22 3

21 4

A C’ B C A’ B’
 21 4

22 3

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
N
S N S
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

22 3

21 4

A C’ B C A’ B’
 21 4

22 3

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
N
S N S
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

22 3

21 4

A C’ B C A’ B’
 MUSH WINDING
❑ This winding is very commonly used for small induction
motors having circular conductors.
❑ This is a single layer winding where all the coils have
same span (unlike the concentric winding where coils
have different spans).
❑ Each coil is wound on a former, making one coil side
shorter than the other.
❑ The winding is put on the core by dropping the
conductors, one by one into previously insulated slots.
❑ The short coil sides are placed first and then the long
coil sides. The long and short coil sides occupy
alternate slots.
❑ It will also observed that the ends of coil situated in
adjacent slots cross each other i.e. proceed to left and
right alternatively.
❑ That is why sometimes it is known as a basket
winding.
 Coil-sides of mush winding
arrangement inside the slots

1 3 Long coil-sides

2 4
Short coil-sides
Coil-pitch
Basket winding
 Points to be remembered
The following should be kept in mind while designing a
mush winding, that is
❑ The coils have a constant span.
❑ There is only one coil side per slot and therefore the
number of coil sides are equal to number of slots.
❑ There is only one coil group per phase per pole pair
and therefore, the maximum number of parallel paths
per phase is equal to pole pair.
❑ The coil span should be odd. Thus for a 4 pole 36
slot machine, coil span should be 36/4=9 while for a
4 pole 24 slot machine, the coil span should not be
24/4=6; it should be either 5 or 7 slots. This because
a coil consists of a long and a short coil side. The
long and short coil sides are placed in alternate slots
and hence one coil will be in a even numbered slot
and the other in a odd number slot giving a coil span
which is an odd integer.
 Example#2: on mush winding
Given data
S=12; p=2;m=3; a=1; type=Mush
• Solution
a) The number of coil groups, K
P 2
K = 3 = 3 = 3 i.e. there is one coil group per phase
2 2
b) The number of slots per pole per phase, q
S 12
q= = =2
m  p 3 2 i.e. there are two coils in a group
c) Coil pitch
S 12 Full-Pitch
YS = = =6
p 2
This is an even number and hence winding is not possible with an even coil span .
There fore , it is shortened by one slot and a coil span of 5 slots is used.
d) The electrical angle, 
 = 180  P = 180  2 = 360
e) The angle between adjacent slots, 

360
= = = 30
S 12
f) The distance between the beginning of each phase, 

120
120
= = = 4 slots
 30
g) If the beginning of Phase A is slot 1, then the beginning of phase B is slot
1+=5 and the beginning of phase C is slot 1+2=1+8=9
 Phase sequence

A
C’
B’ 600

C B

A’

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

A A C’ C’ B B A’ A’ C C B’ B’
 Connection Diagrams

Phase A
Phase B Phase C
A B C

+5 5 12 L 9 4 L
1 8 L

2 +5 7 R 6 11 R 10 3 R

A’ B’ C’
 PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING OF
MUSH WINDINGS
Data: S= 12, P = 2, a = 1, q = 2, K = 3

1. Draw 12 vertical lines with short and long coil-sides

consequently and number them

1 3 5 9 11
7

2 4 6 8 10 12
1 3 5 9 11
7

2 4 6 8 10 12
 Coil group of Phase A
• Lay down coil-group belonging to phase A
inside the slots 1,2 and 7,8.

8
1
1 3 5 7 9 11

2 4 6 8 10 12
1
8
 Coil group of Phase B

12
5

8
1
1 3 5 7 9 11

2 4 6 8 10 12
1
8

5
12
 Coil group of Phase C

12
5
10
3
8
1
1 3 5 7 9 11

2 4 6 8 10 12
1
8
3
10
5
12
 Current direction
N S
1-6 7-12
12
5
10
3
8
1
1 3 5 7 9 11

N S
2 4 6 8 10 12
1
8
3
10
5
12
 Phase A: Coil group interconnection
12
5
10
3
8
1
1 3 5 7 9 11

N S
2 4 6 8 10 12
1
8
3
10
5
12

A A’
 Phase B: Coil group interconnection
12
5
10
3
8
1
1 3 5 7 9 11

N S
2 4 6 8 10 12
1
8
3
10
5
12

A B A’ B’
 Phase C: Coil group interconnection

12
5
10
3
8
1
1 3 5 7 9 11

N S
2 4 6 8 10 12
1
8
3
10
5
12

A C’ B A’ C B’
 Terminals

12
5
10
3
8
1
1 3 5 7 9 11

N S
2 4 6 8 10 12
1
8
3
10
5
12

A C’ B A’ C B’
 CHAIN WINDING
• In all aspects, this winding is similar to that of
mush winding except that both coil sides of a coil
have equal length and diamond shape.

1 3 5 7

2 4 6
 Example # 3 : on Chain Winding

• Using the data and the solution of Example

#2, construct the single-layer chain winding
diagram.
 Connection diagrams
Phase C
Phase A Phase B
B C
A

+5
2 7 R 6 11 R 10 3 R

1 +5 8 L 5 12 L 9 4 L

A’
B’ C’
10 3

8 12 1
5

1 3 5 7 9 11

2 4 6 8 10 12

8 5
12 1
10 3

A C’ B A’ C B’