Chapter 1

Operating Systems
-An Introduction
Amol D. Vibhute (PhD)
Assistant Professor
Email ID:- [email protected]
Course Goal:

• Understand the fundamental concepts and basic

principles of Operating System,
– Introduce basics of operating systems with basic
commands of Linux.
– Understand Operating Systems as service provider to the
end user.

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Reference Books:

• Operating Systems Concepts by Silberschatz and

Galvin.
• Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems.
• Unix And Shell Programming By Nagpal, Namrata
Lucknow / Word-press / 2009.
• Introducing Unix and Linux By Joy, Mike / Jarvis,
Stephen / Luck,michael New York (USA) / Palgrave
Macmillan / 2007.

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Tentative topics:

• Introduction to Operating System

• Operating Systems concepts
• OS as Service provider
• Introduction to Linux
• Basic Linux commands

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Roadmap of Chapter
• Introduction to Operating System
– Types of operating systems:
– Batch: batch processing, applications of batch processing,
– Interactive, Time sharing, Real time, Parallel, Distributed and Clustered.
– Real life applications for each type of O.S.

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Introduction:
• Computer:

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Cont.…
• Data Processing:

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Cont.…
• Characteristics of Computers:

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Cont.…
• Characteristics of Computers:

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Basic Operations of a Computer
System:
• All computer systems perform the following five basic operations:
– Input: enter data and instructions.
– Storing: Saving data and instructions.
– Processing: performing arithmetic & logical operations (+,-,*,/,<,>,==).
– Output: provide results e.g.: printed report.
– Controlling: directing the manner & sequence.

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Basic Organization of a Computer
System:

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Operating System:
• A set of programs which acts as an interface between user interface and computer hardware
and controls the execution of all kinds of programs..
• A software which performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory
management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling
peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
• Important functions of an operating System:
• Memory Management,
• Processor Management,
• Device Management,
• File Management,
• Security,
• Control over system performance,
• Job accounting,
• Error detecting aids,
• Coordination between other software and users.

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Working of Operating system:
• Operating System works in two roles:
– User View:
• In user view OS is designed for ease of use and resource utilization.
• OS is designed to maximize resource utilization and to assure all available
CPU time, memory and I/O are used efficiently.
• OS are designed mostly for individual usability.
– System View:
• From computer’s view, OS is the program involved with hardware.
• For system point of view OS work as resource allocator.
• The OS manage CPU time, memory space, file storage space and I/O
devices.
• The OS can act as a control program which manages the execution of the
user program to prevent errors and improper use of the computer.

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Important terms about operating system:
• System Program: Associated with operating system but are not
part of kernel.
• Application program: Application programs includes all
programs not associated with the operation of the system.
• Kernel: OS is one of the programs running at all times on the
computer called as kernel.

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Advantages of Operating System:
• Convenience:
– As operating system provides easy-to-use commands and graphical user
interface it makes computer system more convenient.
• Efficiency:
– Operating system utilizes computer resources in efficient manner as well as
it provides corrective actions when it becomes low.

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Types of Operating System:
• Batch
• Multi-programmed-idleness
• non- preemptive
• Multi-tasking/time-sharing-responsive
• preemptive
• Real time OS- YouTube
• No delay
• Hard-Live
• Soft-Delayed
• Distributed
• Many networks/global
• Clustered
• One network/local
• Embedded
• Fixed functionalities
– Ex-AC, Wachine machine.
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Operating System structure:
• Operating system can be implemented with the help of various structures.
• The structure of the OS depends mainly on how the various common
components of the operating system are interconnected and melded into the
kernel.
• Depending on this we have following structures of the operating system:
– Simple structure
– Layered structure
– Micro-kernel
– Modular structure or approach

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Cont.…
• Simple structure:
– Such operating systems do not have well defined structure and are
small, simple and limited systems.
– The interfaces and levels of functionality are not well separated. MS-
DOS is an example of such operating system.
– In MS-DOS application programs are able to access the basic I/O
routines.
– These types of operating system cause the entire system to crash if
one of the user programs fails.
• Advantages:
– It delivers better application performance because of the few
interfaces between the application program and the hardware.
– Easy for kernel developers to develop such an operating system.
• Disadvantages:
– The structure is very complicated as no clear boundaries exists
between modules.
– It does not enforce data hiding in the operating system.

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 Cont.…
• Layered structure:
– An OS can be broken into pieces and retain much more control on system.
– In this structure the OS is broken into number of layers (levels).
– The bottom layer (layer 0) is the hardware and the topmost layer (layer N) is the user
interface.
– These layers are so designed that each layer uses the functions of the lower level
layers only.
– This simplifies the debugging process as if lower level layers are debugged and an
error occurs during debugging then the error must be on that layer only as the lower
level layers have already been debugged.
• Advantages:
– Layering makes it easier to enhance the operating system as implementation of a layer
can be changed easily without affecting the other layers.
– It is very easy to perform debugging and system verification.
• Disadvantages:
– In this structure the application performance is degraded as compared to simple
structure.
– It requires careful planning for designing the layers as higher layers use the
functionalities of only the lower layers.
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Cont.…
• Micro-kernel:
– An OS can be broken into pieces and retain much more control on This structure designs the
operating system by removing all non-essential components from the kernel and implementing them
as system and user programs.
– This result in a smaller kernel called the micro-kernel.
– Advantages of this structure are that all new services need to be added to user space and does not
require the kernel to be modified.
– Thus it is more secure and reliable as if a service fails then rest of the operating system remains
untouched. Mac OS is an example of this type of OS.
• Advantages:
– It makes the operating system portable to various platforms.
– As microkernels are small so these can be tested effectively.
• Disadvantages:
– Increased level of inter module communication degrades system performance.

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Cont.…
• Modular structure or approach:
– It is considered as the best approach for an OS.
– It involves designing of a modular kernel.
– The kernel has only set of core components and other services are added as dynamically loadable
modules to the kernel either during run time or boot time.
– It resembles layered structure due to the fact that each kernel has defined and protected interfaces
but it is more flexible than the layered structure as a module can call any other module.

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Operating System operations:
• Modular structure or approach:
– It is considered as the best approach for an OS.
– It involves designing of a modular kernel.
– The kernel has only set of core components and other services are added as dynamically loadable
modules to the kernel either during run time or boot time.
– It resembles layered structure due to the fact that each kernel has defined and protected interfaces
but it is more flexible than the layered structure as a module can call any other module.

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 Thank You !!!
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