e-ISSN: 2582-5208

International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:04/Issue:05/May-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com
ARDUINO-BASED BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM WITH STATE OF
CHARGE AND REMAINING USEFUL TIME ESTIMATION
Payal Kadu*1, Tejal Jejurkar*2, Harshal Patil*3,
Harshvardhan Deshmukh*4, Monal Gadakh*5
*1,2,3,4UG Student, Department Of Electrical Engineering, Amrutvahini College Of Engineering,
Sangamner, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-402207 India.
*5Professor, Department Of Electrical Engineering, Amrutvahini College Of Engineering, Sangamner,
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-402207 India.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a battery management system for lead-acid battery banks used in evehicle. It is
incorporated with a diagnostic, measurement, and monitoring system for improving Lead-acid battery
performance up to its efficiency and conservation. This matter calls the need for research on traction batteries
as an insatiate demand exists for smaller vehicles with lightweight and portable equipment. The estimation of
State-of-Charge, State-of-Health, Discharge Rate, and Remaining Useful Life are then derived by utilizing the
concept of correlation and regression from the yielded realtime parameters recorded to the SD card module.
This study paves the approach for the comprehensive and continuous progress of battery identification,
monitoring, and diagnosis that is a thorough advancement in the E-Vehicle industry.
I. INTRODUCTION
The utilization of commercial transportation is a facet of economic growth that the nation continues to
progress. With developing technologies of transportation in the India, e-vehicles turned into a trend started last
2015, attracting manufacturers for production.
Electromechanical batteries are constructed in distinction to electrical analogy through means of having a
prominent network of electrical components such as electromotive forces and passive components. Research
Article Abstract This paper presents a battery management system for lead-acid battery banks used in e-
vehicle. It is incorporated with a diagnostic, measurement, and monitoring system for improving Lead-acid
battery performance up to its efficiency and conservation. This matter calls the need for research on traction
batteries as an insatiate demand exists for smaller vehicles with lightweight and portable equipment.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Diao determined if batteries have reached their limit by using internal resistance to evaluate the state of health
(SOH). However, due to capacity independence from the internal resistance, it can bring about contradicting
outcomes for the SOH of the battery. The SOH is more accurately defined as the present battery status with
relation to the capacity and power SOH, in which degradation, internal resistance, and inconsistency of capacity
are all considered. With the use of this method, a clear advantage can be seen by analyzing data and by
comparing it to other methods.
Liu. Researchers utilized probability distribution and adopted the concept of Monotonic echo sate Networks or
MONESNs algorithm for tracking nonlinear degradation patterns of battery RUL estimation. Correlation model
between health index and battery capacity is developed. Two sets of data of lithium- ion batteries are used to
prove the efficiency of the proposed method. Hou propose calculation and monitoring of the electric vehicle's
SOH, SOC, and state of function (SOF).

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

[5805]
 e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:04/Issue:05/May-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com
III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Figure 2: Block Diagram of the System

16*2 LCD DISPLAY:
Table 1. Components with Specification
COMPONENT SPECIFICTION QUANTITY Cost (for 1) Total cost
Microcontroller Arduino uno 1 950 950
Transistor BC547 1 5 5
Bluetooth Module HC05 1 450 450
Resistors 1k,10k,Random 8 1 8
Capacitor 0.1uf,0.01uf 7 3 21
www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science
[5806]
 e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:04/Issue:05/May-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com
Diode 1N4007 2 3 6
Current sensor 5A Analog out 1 350 350
LCD Display 16*2 1 220 220
voltage sensor Analog out 1 120 350
Battery 4V, 1.5ah 6 120 720
Temp sensor Analog out(LM35) 1 150 150
Relay 12V SPDT 1 40 40
CAPACITOR 450uf/25V 1 10 10
DC Motor 12v ,10rpm ,DC gear Motor 1 260 260
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A
16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These
modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are
economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in
seven segments), animations and so on.

Fig 3: 16*2 LCD DISPLAY

Table 2: Pin Description

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

[5807]
 e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:04/Issue:05/May-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com

Fig 4: LM7805
LM7805:
Features
• Output Current up to 1A
• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
• Thermal Overload Protection
• Short Circuit Protection
• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection
Description
The MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA series of three terminal positive regulators are available in theTO-220/D-PAK
package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type
employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially
indestructible.
The Current Transformer

Fig 5: The Current Transformer

Current Transformers produce an output in proportion to the current flowing through the primary winding as a
result of a constant potential on the primary. The Current Transformer ( C.T. ), is a type of “instrument
transformer” that is designed to produce an alternating current in its secondary winding which is proportional
to the current being measured in its primary.

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

[5808]
 e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:04/Issue:05/May-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com
Battery -
12V 2Ah Rechargeable Lead Acid Battery is normally use for robots in competition. Wired or Wireless Robots
runs for a long time with high speed with this type of battery. Seal Lead Acid (SLA) Rechargeable battery is the
most common general purpose battery.
Low cost, robust and less maintenance required are the advantages of SLA. But it is considered heavy weight
for certain robotic application. To charge SLA batteries, you can use any general DC power supply as long as it
provides the correct voltage to your battery.
Features:
Rechargeable
Recyclable
No Memory Effect
Able to use for most of the 12V controllers, motors or any other appliances
Specification:
Voltage: 12V
Capacity: 2Ah
Size: 98mm x 43mm x 52 mm
Weight: 0.450kg
Package Includes:
1 x 12V 1.2Ah Rechargeable Lead Acid Battery
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Received Log:
[May 25, 2022 5:13:28 PM] ASCII:
B.Temperature = 34.65 Degree Celsius
BAT Voltage:11.2V
Current:75mA
HEALTHY
Load OFF
B.Temperature = 36.60 Degree Celsius
BAT Voltage:11.2V
Current:75mA
HEALTHY
Load OFF
B.Temperature = 35.14 Degree Celsius
BAT Voltage:11.2V
Current:75mA
HEALTHY
Load OFF
B.Temperature = 35.14 Degree Celsius
BAT Voltage:11.2V
Current:75mA
HEALTHY
Load OFF
The button is being pressed
B.Temperature = 35.14 Degree Celsius
BAT Voltage:11.0V
www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science
[5809]
 e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:04/Issue:05/May-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com
Current:187mA
HEALTHY
Load ON
No Sent Log!
Calculating the Remaining Useful Life of the e vehicle battery in terms of cycle and time using SOHR is used,
since the degradation of the battery is proportional to the number of cycles used. Cycles 1, 5 and 10 were
chosen to serve as the initial, middle and final experimental setup.
The first experimentation is to make a comparison of the battery’s degradation; for BattMan1, BattMan2, and
BattMan3, using low current. Each battery has a different average Depth of Discharge. In each battery, three (3)
SOH samples were taken on different cycles. It is greatly observed that the Decrease in SOH is very little among
the three batteries due to the small difference in current. Also the big difference in the DOD among the three
batteries didn’t affect the Decrease in SOH.
V. CONCLUSION
In determining the battery’s End-of-Life, parameters like no-load voltage, load voltage, mean current, maximum
current, maximum temperature, DOD, and Charge- Discharge cycle should be carefully measured. Large battery
consumption or DOD will occur if the discharge current is low. It showed in the data that DOD doesn’t affect the
battery life since the discharged current was low. However, based on the data, with low discharge current and
low DOD, the battery’s SOH continues to decrease due to its charge-discharge cycle. SOH still decrease no
matter how efficient the battery was used.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] http://boi.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2018/03/Electric-Vehicle-IndustryRoadmap.pdf?
fbclid=IwAR0y1QUnwulEIySuyKszxtV3uRhCoe_dDTYAQJhgu23CT05pM-zYiCGbhU.Accessed30January
2021.
[2] Buchmann I. Batteries in a portable world: a handbook on rechargeable batteries for non-engineers,
Fourth Edition. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information2002:1292.
[3] Lipschultz A. Batteries in a portable world. Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology: 2018;49(2).
[4] Azzollini IA, Di Felice V, Fraboni F, Cavallucci L, Breschi M, Dalla Rosa A, et al. Lead-acid battery
modeling over full state of charge and discharge range. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2020;
33(6):6422-9.
[5] Burgos C, Saez D, Orchard ME, Cárdenas R. Fuzzy modelling for the state-of-charge estimation of
leadacid batteries. Journal of Power Sources. 2015; 274:355-66.
[6] Polis MP, Yin GG, Chen W, Fu Y, Mi CC. Battery cell identification and SOC estimation using string
terminal voltage measurements. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2021; 61(7):2925-35.
[7] Diao W, Jiang J, Zhang C, Liang H, Pecht M. Energy state of health estimation for battery packs based on
the degradation and inconsistency. Energy Procedia. 2017; 142:3578-83.
[8] Liu D, Xie W, Liao H, Peng Y. An integrated probabilistic approach to lithium-ion battery remaining
useful life estimation. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 2020; 64(3):660-70.
[9] Hou ZY, Lou PY, Wang CC. State of charge, state of health, and state of function monitoring for EV BMS.
In international conference on consumer electronics 2019 (pp. 310-1).IEEE.
[10] You GW, Park S, Oh D. Diagnosis of electric vehicle batteries using recurrent neural networks. IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2019; 64(6):4885-93.

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

[5810]