MAT133 PRE CALCULUS

CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES

CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES

1.1 THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM

1.1.1 Classification of Numbers
1.1.2 The Real Number Line

1.2 INEQUALITIES
1.2.1 Properties of Inequalities
1.2.2 Solving Inequalities

1.3 ABSOLUTE VALUE

1.3.1 Definition of Absolute Value
1.3.2 Equations Involving Absolute Value
1.3.3 Inequalities Involving Absolute Value

1.4 COMPLEX NUMBER

1.4.1 Definition of Complex Numbers and Geometrical Interpretation
1.4.2 Algebraic Operation
1.4.3 Quadratic Equations Involving Complex Root

1.5 COORDINATE PLANE AND GRAPH

1.5.1 Distance between two point
1.5.2 Midpoint of a straight lines
1.5.3 Gradient/Slope of a straight lines
1.5.4 Equation of the straight lines
1.5.5 Parallel and perpendicular lines

1.6 PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

1.6.1 Circles
1.6.2 Parabola

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
1.1 THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM

1.1.1 Classification of Numbers

Numbers Definition Example

Whole Positive numbers including zero without 0,1,2,3,…
any decimal or fractional parts
Prime A set of positive and negative integer …,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…
including zero
Rational A number which can be represented in a 2 4 5
fraction form(also can be in decimal) 0.25,0.2, , , ,...
5 7 6
Irrational A number which cannot be represented in 2  1.4142...,   3.14159...
a fraction form and the decimals neither
terminate nor recur

1.1.2 The Real Number Line

 Real number can be represented geometrically by points on a straight line, called

a real number line

 Basic Operations of Numbers

DIVISION
Process of finding a quotient of a
number with another number that
is not zero

ADDITION Operations of MULTIPLICATION

Process of finding the Number Process of finding the
sum/total of two or product of two or more
numbers

SUBTRACTION
Process of finding the differences
or remainder of two numbers
DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
 Combine Operations
- Ordered of operation

Bracket BODMAS
Operation
Division
Multiplication
Addition
Subtraction

1.2 INEQUALITIES

Definition:
For any real numbers a and b
1. a  b, means a is less than b
2. a  b, means a is less than and equal to b
3. a  b, means a is more than b
4. a  b, means a is more than and equal to b

Interval Notation
 Two types of interval notation which is finite and infinite intervals

TYPES FINITE INTERVAL INFINITE INTERVALS

Open
Interval a b a b
a xb xb
a, b   , b 

Close
Interval a b a b
a xb xb
a, b (, b]

Half-Open
Interval/
Half-Closed a b a b
Interval xb
a xb
( a, b] b,  

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES

Half-Open
Interval/ a b a b
Half-Closed
Interval a xb xb
[ a, b) [b, )

1.2.1 Properties of Inequalities

For any real numbers a, b, and c;

Properties Rule Examples

Transitive If a  b and b  c , then a  c If  6  0 and 0  5 ,then  6  5
Addition If a  b , then a  c  b  c If 3  5 , then 3  2  5  2
Subtraction If a  b ,then a  c  b  c If 4  9 ,then 4  1  9  1
i. If a  b and c is positive, i. If 2  8 and c is 7, then
then ca  cb 14  56
Multiplication
ii.If a  b and c is negative, ii. If 5  7 and c is  3 , then
then ca  cb  15  21
i. If a  b and c is positive, i. If 2  6 and 5 is positive,
a b 2 6
then  then 
c c 5 5
ii. If a  b and c is negative, ii. If 1  3 and  2 is negative,
a b 1 3
Division then  then 
c c 2 2
iii. If a and b are both iii. If 2 and 7 are both positive
positive or both negative, and or both negative, and 2  7 ,
1 1 1 1
a  b , then  then 
a b 2 7
*These properties also hold for ,  or if the inequality signs are reversed

1.2.2 Solving Inequalities

Linear Inequalities
Linear Inequality in one variable can be written in one of the following forms:

ax  b  0
ax  b  0
ax  b  0
ax  b  0

Where; x is a variable
a is a non-zero real number
b is a real number
DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 1
Find all real numbers satisfying 2 x  3  3  4 x  x  8

Solution:

2x  3  3  4x 3  4x  x  8
2x  4x  3  3  4x  x  8  3 -1 1
6x  6 and  5x  5
All real numbers:
x 1 5 x  5 −1 < � ≤ 1
x  1 ( − 1,1]

∴ � = 0, 1

EXAMPLE 2
Find all real numbers satisfying 1  2 x  3 x  4  5  6 x

1  2 x  3x  4 3x  4  5  6 x
 2 x  3 x  4  1 3x  6 x  5  4 -3 1
 5 x  5 and  3 x  9
5x  5 3 x  9 All real numbers:
x 1 x  3 �>1
1, ∞

∴ � = 1, 2, 3, . . .

EXAMPLE 3
2x  1 x 5
Find all real numbers satisfying   2x 
3 4 2

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 4
4x 5 3x
Find all real numbers satisfying  1   2x  4
3 3 2

Non-linear Inequalities

EXAMPLE 5
Solve : x 2  4 x  5  0
Express the solution in terms of interval notation and illustrate the solution on a real
number line.
Interval −∞, − 1 −1, 5 5, ∞
x 2  4x  5  0
Test Value −2 0 6
x  5x  1  0
�−5 − − +

�+1 − + +
Critical Value, � =− 1 , 5
�−5 �+1 + − +
Real number line:

−1 5

−∞, − 1 ∪ 5, ∞

All real numbers:

� <− 1 ∪ � > 5

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 6
Solve : 3 x( x  1)  x  5
Express the solution in terms of interval notation and illustrate the solution on a real
number line.

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 7
5  2x
Solve : 1
x 1

Solution:
5  2x
1  0
x 1
5  2 x  1( x  1)
0 Interval −∞, 1 1,2 2, ∞
x 1
5  2x  x  1 Test Value 0 1.5 3
0
x 1 6 − 3� + + −
6  3x
0 �−1 − + +
x 1
6 − 3�
− + −
�−1
6  3x  0 x 1  0
3x  6 x 1
x2

Critical Value, � = 2 , 1

Real number line:

1 2

−∞, 1 ∪ 2, ∞

Interval notation:
−∞, 1 ∪ 2, ∞

All real numbers:

�<1 ∪ �≥2

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 8
x 2  2x  3
Solve : 0
x5

Solution;

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 9
3x 5
Solve : 
x5 2

Solution:

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 10
2 1
Solve : 1  4 
x 2 x

Solution:

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
1.3 ABSOLUTE VALUE

1.3.1 Definition of Absolute Value

Definition: If a real number, the absolute value of a, denoted as a is defined as

follows;

a If � ≥ 0
a 
a If � < 0

#The absolute value of every real number is non-negative a  0 for every x  R

Theorem: For any real numbers a and b, then a  b represents the distance between
a and b. Hence, a  b  b  a

Properties

 a  a
 ab  a b
a a
  ,b  0
b b
 a  a2
 ab  a  b
 ab  a  b
 ab  a  b
 a  p, then  p  a  p // a   p and a  p
 a  p, then a  p  a   p // a  p or a   p

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
1.3.2 Equations Involving Absolute Value

EXAMPLE 1

Solve,
8  3 x  10

8  3 x  10 and 8  3 x  10
 3 x  10  8  3 x  10  8
 3x  2  3 x  18
2  18
x x
3 3
x6

EXAMPLE 2

Solve,
4 x  3  16

4 x  3  16 and 4 x  3  16
4 x  16  3 4 x  16  3
4 x  19 4 x  13
19 13
x x
4 4

EXAMPLE 3

Solve,
x  3  10  2 x

x  3  10  2 x and x  3  (10  2 x)
x  2 x  10  3 x  3  10  2 x
3x  7 x  2 x  10  3
7  x  13
x
3 x  13

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 4

Solve,
2x  6  4 x  3

2 x  6  4( x  3)  (2 x  6)  4( x  3)
and
2 x  6  4 x  12  2 x  6  4 x  12
2 x  4 x  12  6  2 x  4 x  12  6
 2 x  18  6 x  6
x9 x 1

EXAMPLE 5

Solve,
2x  1
3
x  10

2x  1 2x  1
3 and  3
x  10 x  10
2 x  1  3( x  10) 2 x  1  3( x  10)
2 x  1  3 x  30 2 x  1  3 x  30
 x  31 5 x  30  1
x  31 5 x  29
29
x
5

EXAMPLE 6

Solve,
5  x  3( x  1)

5  x 2  3( x  1) x  11  0 x20
x  11 x2
5  x 2  3( x  1) and
5 2  2(5)( x)  x 2  3 x  3
25  10 x  x 2  3 x  3
x 2  13 x  22  0
( x  11)( x  2)  0

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 7
Solve,
x
5  2 x7
2

2
x  2
  5  2 x  7
 2 
2
x 
  5   4( x  7 )
2 
2
x
 5 x  25  4 x  28 and
4
x 2  20 x  100  16 x  112 x60 x20
2
x  20 x  16 x  100  112  0 x  6 x2
x 2  4 x  12  0
( x  6)( x  2)  0

EXAMPLE 8
Solve,
7 x  1  3 x(5  x)

7 x  12  3 2 x(5  x) and

7 x  12  9 x(5  x) 58 x  1  0
49 x 2  9 x 2  14 x  45 x  9 x 2 x 1  0
1
x 1 x
58 x 2  59 x  1  0 58
( x  1)(58 x  1)  0

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
1.3.3 Inequalities Involving Absolute Value

Important notes:
� <�  −� < � < �
� >�  � > � ∪ � <− �

EXAMPLE 1

Solve,
6x  5  9

 9  6x  5  9
 9  5  6x  9  5
 4  6 x  14 2 2
−
4 14 3
 x
6 6 −
2
≤�≤2
3
2
 x2
3

EXAMPLE 2

Solve,
2x  1  9  2 x  1  9
−5 4
or  2x  1  9
2x  1  9 2 x  1  9 � ≥ 4 ∪ � ≤− 5
2x  9  1 2 x  9  1
x4 x  5

EXAMPLE 3
Solve,
x
 2  4 >8 8
2

x
2 >84
2 or
x
 2 > 12
2
x −20 28
 2 > 12
2
x  4  24 � > 28 ∪ � <− 20
x  28
DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 4

Solve,
3 4x  1  2

2
4x  1 
3
2 2
  4x  1 
3 3
2 2
  1  4x  1
3 3
1 5
 4x 
3 3

1 5
 
3  x  3
4 4
1 5
x
12 13

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
1.4 COMPLEX NUMBER

1.4.1 Definition of Complex Numbers and Geometrical Interpretation

Complex Numbers: Numbers of the form a  bi , where a and b are real numbers and
i is the imaginary unit with i 2  1

Complex Numbers, z  a  bi

a, real part b, imaginary part

Re(z) Im(z)

EXAMPLE

ComplexNumber, z Real Imaginary

4  6i 4 6
2  4i 2 -4
i 0 
 3  2i  3  2

Graph of a Complex Numbers

Imaginary Im(z)

b P(a,b)

z  a  bi

Real Part Re(z)

a

Equality of Complex Numbers

a  bi  c  di

a  c, b  d

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 1

Find the value of x and y

2( x  2 yi )  6  12i

2x  6  4 y  12
x3 y  3

EXAMPLE 2

Find the value of x and y

(6 x  2 y )  (3 x  y )i  10  5i

6 x  2 y  10
6 x  2(5  3 x)  10 3x  y  5
6 x  10  6 x  10 y  5  3x
12 x  10  10
5
20 y  5  3 
x 3
12
y0
5
x
3

1.4.2 Algebraic Operation

 Addition
 Subtraction
 Multiplication
 Division

ADDITION

(a  bi )  (c  di )  (a  c)  (b  d )i

EXAMPLE
Given (2  i )  (9  4i ) . Write the following in the standard form a  bi

(2  i )  (9  4i )
 (2  9)  (1  4)i
 11  (3)i
 11  3i

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
SUBTRACTION

(a  bi )  (c  di )  (a  c)  (b  d )i

EXAMPLE
Given (8  3i )  (4  4i ) . Write the following in the standard form a  bi

(8  3i )  (4  4i )
 (8  4)  (3  4)i
 4  (7)i
 4  7i

MULTIPLICATION

(a  bi )  (c  di )  (ac  bd )  (ad  bc )i

EXAMPLE
Given (2  i )  (9  4i ) . Write the following in the standard form a  bi

(2  i )  (9  4i )
 (18  (4))  (8  9)i
 22  i

MAGNITUDE

 The length or magnitude of z  a  bi is called the modulus of z and is written

as z
 z is the distance between point P(a,b) and the origin

z  a  bi  a 2  b 2

EXAMPLE
1. 2. 3.
2  5i 3i 6  2i
 22  52  0 2  32  6 2  ( 2) 2
 4  25  9  36  4
 29 3  40

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
DIVISION
 Can be solve by rationalization. Simply multiply the numerator and the
denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.

What is Conjugate?
If z  a  bi is a complex number, then its conjugate denoted by z , is defined
as z  a  bi  a  bi

Theorem Conjugate

zz  a2  b2
zz
zw zw
zw zw

1.4.3 Quadratic Equations Involving Complex Root

EXAMPLE 1
Let
z1  5  3i
z 2  4  2i
z1
Find,
z2
z1 5  3i

z 2 4  2i
5  3i 4  2i
 
4  2i 4  2i
20  12i  10i  6i 2

42  22
20  22i  6(1)

20
14  22i

20

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 2
Write the following expressions in standard form
4  2i
1  3i

4  2i 1  3i
 
1  3i 1  3i
4  14i  6i 2

12  3 2
4  14i  6(1)

10
 2  14i

10
2 14i
 
10 10
2 14i
 
10 10
1 7
  i
5 5

EXAMPLE 3
Write the following expressions in standard form
5  5i
3i
5  5i 3  i
 
3i 3i
15  15i  5i  5i 2

3 2  12
15  20i  5(1)

10
10  20i

10
 1  2i
 12  2 2
 5

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 4
Given z  3  5i , find z  2i in the standard form a+bi
z
z  2i
z
3  5i  2i

3  5i
3  3i

3  5i
3  3i 3  5i
 
3  5i 3  5i
9  9i  15i  15i 2

32  5 2
9  24i  15(1)

34
 6  24i

34
6 24i
 
34 34
3 12i
 
17 17

EXAMPLE 5
Given z  1  3i , find z  1 in the standard form a+bi
z
1
z
z
1
 1  3i 
1  3i
 1 1  3i 
 1  3i    
 1  3i 1  3i 
 1  3i 
 1  3i   2 2 
1  3 
 1  3i 
 1  3i   
 10 
1 3
 1   3i  i
10 10
9 33
  i
10 10

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

23
 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 6
Given z  1  2i , find z2 in the standard form a+bi
3 z
z2
3 z


1  2i 2
3  1  2i 
1  4i  4i 2

3  1  2i
1  4i  4(1)

3  1  2i
4i  3 2  2i
 
2  2i 2  2i
8i  6  8i 2  6i

22  22
2i  6  8(1)
 i (1  i ) 1  i
22  22 
2  3i 3  i
2i  14
 i  i2 1 i
8  
14 2i 2  3i 3  i
  1 i 1 i
8 8  
7 1 2  3i 3  i
  i   1  i 2  3i   1  i 3  i 
4 4     
 2  3i 2  3i   3  i 3  i 
 2  5i  3i 2 (3  2i  i 2 )
EXAMPLE 7  
2 2  32 3 2  12
Simplify i (1  i ) 1, i and give your answer in standard form.
  2  5i  3(1) (3  2i  (1))
2  3i 3  i  
2 2  32 3 2  12
i (1  i ) 1  i 1  5i (4  2i )
  
2  3i 3  i 13 10
ii 2
1 i 10  50i  52  26i
  
2  3i 3  i 130
1 i 1 i  42  24i
  
2  3i 3  i 130
  1  i 2  3i   1  i 3  i  21 12
       i
 2  3i 2  3i   3  i 3  i  65 65
 2  5i  3i 2 (3  2i  i 2 )
 
2 2  32 3 2  12
 2  5i  3(1) (3  2i  (1))
 
2 2  32 3 2  12
1  5i (4  2i )
 
13 10
10  50i  52  26i DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

130 24
 42  24i

130
21 12
 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 8
Given 2 p  (1  i )q  4  2i , find p and q if p and q are complex numbers and p is
conjugate of q.

Let
q  a  bi
p  a  bi

LHS :
2 p  (1  i )q
 2(a  bi )  (1  i )(a  bi )
 2a  2bi  (a  ai  bi  bi 2 )
 a  ai  3bi  b
 (a  b)  ( a  3b)i
 RHS

1.5 COORDINATE PLANE AND GRAPH

1.5.1 Distance between two point

Given two points A  ( x1 , y1 ) and B   x 2 , y 2  ;

Distance between A and B: x 2  x1 2   y 2  y1 2

EXAMPLE
Given the points A(-2,3), B(4,0) and C(-5,2)

C) Distance A and B B) Distance B and C A) Distance A and C

AB  (4  (2)) 2  (2  0) 2 BC  (5  4) 2  (2  0) 2 AC  (5  (2)) 2  (2  3) 2

AB  36  9 BC  81  4 AC  9  1

AB  27 BC  77 AC  8

1.5.2 Midpoint of a straight lines

Given two points A  ( x1 , y1 ) and B   x 2 , y 2  are any two points on a line,then

the midpoint of A and B;

 x  x 2 y1  y 2 
Midpoint between A and B:  1 , 
 2 2 

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

25
 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE
From the point given in example 1, find the midpoint of A and B, B and C, A and C.

Midpoint between A and B: Midpoint between B and C: Midpoint between A and C:

2 4 30  4  (5) 0  2    2  (5) 3  2 
 ,   ,   , 
 2 2   2 2   2 2 
 3  1   7 5
 1,     ,1   , 
 2  2   2 2

1.5.3 Gradient/Slope of a straight lines

Given two points A  ( x1 , y1 ) and B   x 2 , y 2  are any two points on a line

y 2  y1
Gradient A and B, m AB : , x 2  x1
x 2  x1

EXAMPLE
Refer to example 1, find the gradient of the line passing through the following pairs of
points.

Gradient A and B, m AB Gradient A and C, m AC Gradient B and C, m BC

03 23 20
m AB  m AC  m BC 
4  ( 2)  5  ( 2 ) 54
1 1 2
m AB   m AC  m BC  
2 3 9

1.5.4 Equation of the straight lines

y-axis

Y-intercept [when x = 0]
C Y-intercept
X-intercept [when y = 0]

X-intercept
0 x-axis
A

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

26
 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES

Equation of Straight Line

General Form Slope-Intercept form Gradient, one point

Ax  By  c  0 Y  mX  c  y  y1   m( x  x1 )

EXAMPLE 1
Sketch the lines of the following pairs of points by using the same axis, then find the
equation.
i. C(4,2) and D(-4,6)
ii. E(6,4) and F(1,2)
iii. A(-2,4) and B(-4,-5)

Sketch

Equation:
i. ii. iii.
y 2  y1 y 2  y1 y 2  y1
mCD  m EF  m AB 
x 2  x1 x 2  x1 x 2  x1
62 24 54
mCD  m EF  m AB 
44 1 6  4  ( 2 )
4 2 9
mCD  m EF  m AB 
8 5 2
1
mCD 
2 y  mx  c y  mx  c
E (6,4) A(2,4)
y  mx  c 2 9
4   ( 6)  c 4 ( 2)  c
C (4,2) 5 2
1 8 c  13
2   ( 4)  c c
2 5 9
2 8 y  x  13
c4 y  x 2
1 5 5
y  x4
2 DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

27
 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 2
Determine the value of p if the straight line 4 x  3 py  1  0 passes through ( 1 , 5 )

4 x  3 py  1  0
4(1)  3 p (5)  1  0
4  15 p  1  0
5  15 p
1
p
3

EXAMPLE 3
Given the points A(-4,1), B(2,-5) and C(k,3)
Find;
a) The distance AB
b) The value of k if A, B and C lie on the straight line

a)
D AB  (2  (4)) 2  (5  1) 2
D AB  6 2  6 2
D AB  72

b)
m AB  m BC
y 2  y1 y 2  y1

x 2  x1 x 2  x1
 5 1 53

2  ( 4) 2k
6 8
 
6 2k
 6(2  k )  48
 12  6k  48
6k  36
k  6

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

28
 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 4
A straight line joining the points A(-1,3) and B(5,15) cuts the x-axis and y-axis at
points P and Q respectively. Find the equation of the straight line AB and the
coordinates of P and Q.

15  3 Equation :
m AB 
5  (1) x  axis, y  0
12 0  2x  5
m AB 
6 2 x  5
m AB 2 5
x
2
y  mx  c  5 
 p    ,0 
3  2(1)  c  2 
c5
 y  2x  5 y  axis, x  0
y  0( x )  5
y5
 Q (0,5)

EXAMPLE 5
The coordinates of P and Q are (V,3) and Q(2,1). If M(-2,V) is a point such that
PM=QM. Find the possible values of V.

Same distance:

(V  3) 2  (2  V ) 2  (V  1) 2   2  2 
2

V 2  6V  9  4  4V  V 2  V 2  2V  1  16
2V 2  2V  13  V 2  2V  17
V2 40
V2 4
V  2,2

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

29
 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 6
Given two lines 2 x  y  10  0 and 3 x  4 y  4  0 . Find;
a) The intersection point of the lines
b) The equation of the line which has x-intercept at -2 and passing through the point
obtained in part (a)

a)
2 x  y  10  0 3 x  4(2 x  10)  4  0
y  2 x  10 3 x  8 x  40  4  0
y  2(4)  10 11x  44
y2 x  4

 IntersectionPoint,(  4,2)

b)
X-intercept at -2, point (-2,0)

m AB  m BC
y 2  y1 y 2  y1

x 2  x1 x 2  x1
y0 20

x  ( 2)  4  ( 2)
y 2

x2 42
y ( 2)  2 x  4
y  x  2

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

30
 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
1.5.5 Parallel and perpendicular lines

NOTES:

PARALLEL ∴Gradient:
�� = ��

Line A: � = �� � + �� Line B: � = �� � + ��

Line A: � = �� � + ��

∴Gradient:
PERPENDICULAR
�� × �� =− 1

Line B: � = �� � + ��

EXAMPLE 7
Verify that the lines L1 and L2 are parallel or perpendicular or neither

L1: 2 x+3 y=7

a)
L 2: 4 x+6 y

L1: y=9 x
b)
L 2:-8 x+y=-9

L1: 4 x+y-11=0
c)
L 2: y=-0.25 x+2.5

EXAMPLE 8
Verify that the line, given that A point is parallel to the line given

a) L1 : x  2 y  5
A( x, y ) : (1,4)
b) L1 : 2 x  4 y  3  0
A( x, y ) : (1,2)

c) L1 :  y  4 x  0
A( x, y ) : (0,2)
DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

31
 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 9
Given the points A(-2,3) and B(-4,7). Find the equation of the straight line which is
perpendicular to AB passing through B.

y 2  y1 y  mx  c
m AB 
x 2  x1 1
7 ( 4)  c
73 2
m AB 
 4  ( 2 ) 14  4  2c
m AB  2 2c  18
c9
m AB  m   1
 2  m   1 1
 Equation : y  x9
1 2
m 
2

EXAMPLE 10
Find the equation of the straight line which is perpendicular to the 6 x  4 y  1  0
passes through (-4,1).

6x  4 y  1  0
4 y  6 x  1
3 1
y  x
2 4

3 y  mx  c
m1  
2 2
m1  m 2  1 1 ( 4)  c
3
3 3  8  3c
  m 2  1
2 3c  11
2 11
m2  c
3 3

2 11
y  x
3 3

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

32
 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 11
Consider the straight line L1 : kx  2 y  5  0 . Find the values of k if;

a) The slope is 3
b) L1 is perpendicular to 2 x  3 y  4

a)
kx  2 y  5  0
 2 y   kx  5
2 y  kx  5
k 5
y x
2 2
since,m  3
k
3
2
k 6

b)
2x  3y  4
3 y  2 x  4
2 4
y  x
3 3
2
m  
3
m1  m   1
2
m1    1
3
3
m1 
2

3 k
 
2 2
k 3

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

33
 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
1.6 PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

1.6.1 Circles

Definition: A circle is the locus of points in a plane equidistant from a fixed point,that
is the center.

P(x,y)
rr
C(h,k
r
)
C(h,k)
C(h,k)

Equation of the circle:

x  h  y  k 
2 2
 r2

C(h,k) : center
r: radius

General form of the equation of a circle:

x 2  y 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0

where; g, f, and c can be zero

*Important Notes*
 No term higher than second term
 The coefficient of the term in x 2 and y 2 are numerically equal

Completing the square

Given quadratic expression x 2  bx  c

2 2
2  b b
 x  bx  c   x       c
 2 2

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

34
 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 1
The equation of circle is  x  5   y  3  9 . Find the radius and the coordinates
2 2

of the center.

 x  5  2   y  3 2  9
 x  h 2   y  k 2  r 2

r2  9 h 5  h  3
r 3 h  5 h3

EXAMPLE 2
Given the equation of the circle 4 y  8(3  x) 2  8( y  1) 2  4 x  13 . Find the radius
and the center of the circle.

4 y  8(3  x) 2  8( y  1) 2  4 x  13
4 y  24  8 x 2  8( y 2  2 y  1)  4 x  13
4 y  24  8 x 2  8 y 2  16 y  8  4 x  13
8 x 2

 4 x  8 y 2  12 y  3  8
1 3 3
x2  x  y2  y 
2 2 8
2 2
 1 1  3 9 3
x   y    
 4  16  4  16 8
2 2
 1  3
x    y   1
 4  4

r2 1 1 3
 h    k 
r 1 4 4
1 3
h  k  
4 4
1 3 
 C  , 
 4 4 

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

35
 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 3
Find the radius of the circle with center ( 3, 2) and passes through ( 1, 0) and sketch
the graph. Hence, write the equation of the circle in general form.

 x  5  2   y  3 2  9
 x  h 2   y  k 2  r 2
 x  h 2   y  k 2  r 2
r  x  h    y  k 
2 2

 x  3 2   y  2  2   8 
2

x 2  6x  9  y 2  4 y  4  8
r 1  3 2
 0  2 
2

x 2  y 2  6 x  6 y  5  0GeneralForm
r 8
r  2.83 y

C( 3, 2 )

r 8

0 ( 1, 0 ) x

EXAMPLE 4
Find the center and radius of a circle with the points ( 3, 0 ) and ( 1, -2 ) as the ends of
its diameter. Hence write the equation of the circle in general form.

center  midpoint ( 3, 0 )
RHS :
 3  1 0  ( 2) 
Midpo int   , 
 2 2 
Midpo int  2,1
 Center , C (2,1) ( 1, -2 )

r  x  h 2   y  k 2
r 3  22  0  12
r 2

 x  h 2   y  k 2  r 2
x  22   y  12   2 
2

x 2  y 2  4x  2 y  3  0

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

36
 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 5
Write the equation of the circle x 2  y 2  4 x  6 y  4  0 in standard form. Hence,
sketch the circle with the correct center and radius.

x 2  y 2  4x  6 y  4  0
x 2  4x  y 2  6 y  4  0 y
2 2

x  2   4    y  32    6   4  0
2

2  2 
r 3
 x  2  2  4   y  3 2  9  4  0
3
C(2,3)
 x  2  2   y  3 2  9

center , C 2,3 0 x
2
2
r 9
r 3

EXAMPLE 6
Given the equation of the circle 3 x 2  3 y 2  30 x  12 y  60  0 . Write the equation
in the form  x  h    y  k   r 2 . Hence, find the radius and the center of the circle
2 2

and sketch the graph.

y
3 x 2  3 y 2  30 x  12 y  60  0
x 2  y 2  10 x  4 y  20  0
x 2  10 x  y 2  4 y  20  0
x  52  (5) 2   y  22  (2) 2  20  0
r 3
 x  5 2   y  2 2  9 C(-5,2) 2

0 x
center , C (5,2) -5

r2  9
r 3

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 7
A circle x 2  y 2  10 x  2 y  10 intersect the straight line y  x  2 at the points
P and Q.

a) Find the coordinates of P and Q

b) Find the equation of a line that passes through C, the center of the circle and
perpendicular to the line PQ. Give the answer in general form.

a) b)
substitute : m1  1
x 2  y 2  10 x  2 y  10 Perpendicular
2 2
x  ( x  2)  10 x  2( x  2)  10  m 2  1
x 2  x 2  4 x  4  10 x  2 x  4  10 FindCenter ;
2 x 2  12 x  10  0 x 2  y 2  10 x  2 y  10 x  5
2( x 2  6 x  5)  0 x 2  10 x  y 2  2 y  10
2( x  1)( x  5)  0 x  52  (5) 2  ( y  1) 2 (1) 2  10
x  1,5 x  52  ( y  1) 2  16

y  x2  C (5,1)
y  1  2  1 m 2  1
y  52  3 y  mx  c
 1  1(5)  c
 P (1,1) c4
Q (5,3)  y  x  4
GeneralFor m
x y40

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
1.6.2 Parabola

DEFINITION:
A parabola is the locus of points equidistant from the fixed point F(focus) and the
fixed line L(directrix).
y

Focus

Vertex x
x
Directrix

The Equation of a Perpendicular of a parabola in standard form:

( x  h) 2  4 p ( y  k )
( x  h ) 2  4 p ( y  k )
( y  k ) 2  4 p ( x  h)
( y  k ) 2  4 p ( x  h )

p: the distance from the vertex to focus and directrix

Vertex:( h, k )

Standard Form Equation:

Ax 2  Bx  Cy  D  0
Ay 2  By  Cx  D  0

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 1
For the parabola 4(2  x)  ( y  3) 2 , find the vertex, focus and directrix. Hence,
sketch the graph showing all the above points.

4(2  x)  ( y  3) 2
( y  3) 2  4(2  x)
( y  3) 2  4( x  2)

( y  k ) 2  4 p ( x  h )
 k  3
h  2
 4 p  4
p 1
Vertex (2,3)
Focus, F (1,3)
Directrix , x  3

EXAMPLE 2
Write down the equation 4 x  4  ( y  2) 2 in standard form. Hence find the vertex,
focus, and directrix of the graph. Sketch the graph.

4 x  4  ( y  2) 2
( y  2) 2  4 x  4
( y  2) 2  4( x  1)
Comparing ;
( y  k ) 2  4 p ( x  h)
k  2
h  1
p 1
Vertex , V (1,2)
Directrix : x  2
Focus , F (0,2)

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

40
 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 3
Write down the equation ( x  1) 2  8 y  8 in standard form. Hence find the vertex,
focus, and directrix of the graph. Sketch the graph.

( x  1) 2  8 y  8
( x  1) 2  8( y  1)
comparing ;
( x  h) 2  4 p ( y  k )
h 1
p2
k 1

Vertex , V (1,1)
Focus , F (1,3)
Directrix ; y  1

EXAMPLE 4
Sketch the parabola with its vertex at (0 ,3) and focus at (0,5). Then write down the
equation of the parabola in standard form.

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 5
Given the parabola with its vertex at (-3, -1) and directrix x=-8.
a) Sketch the parabola
b) State the focus
c) Write down the equation of the parabola in standard form.

a)

b)
Focus, F( 2, -1 )

c)
 y  k 2  4 p ( x  h )
 y  (1) 2  4(5)( x  (3))
 y  1) 2  20( x  3)

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

42
 MAT133 PRE CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1: COORDINATES, GRAPHS AND LINES
EXAMPLE 6
Write the equation of the parabola with the given vertex at (1,4) and passes through
the points (-8, 0) and (10, 0). Sketch the graph.

 x  h  2  4 p ( y  k )
x  1) 2  4 p( y  4)
 8  1) 2  4 p(0  4)
81  4 p (4)
81  16 p
81
p
16

 x  h 2  4 p ( y  k )
 81 
x  12  4 ( y  4)
 16 
x  12   81 ( y  4)
4
x  12   81 y  81
4

DR. NURMARNI ATHIRAH ABDUL WAHID

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