Provide the common types of operands with an example.

Operands are values used in arithmetic or logical operations.

Example: In the operation x = y + z
y and z are the operands. The computer retrieves their values from memory, performs the
addition, and stores the result in x.
Specify the role of the fetching phase in a machine cycle.

The CPU fetches instruction and data from

memory.

Highlight the advantages of hardwired realization in the control unit design of a

microprocessor.

1. Speed
2. Low latency
3. Security
4. Parallelism
Specify the purpose of subroutine call in computer programming.

The purpose of a subroutine call in computer

programming is to execute a specific sequence of
code that performs a particular task or function.

Explore the role of the decoding phase in a machine cycle.

The control unit decodes the instruction.

Illustrate the cause of structural hazards in pipelining.

1. Resource contention
2. Limited hardware resources
3. Instruction overlap.
4. Memory access conflicts
Explore the significance of a microprocessor in modern computing devices.

1. Processing Power
2. Versatility
3. Integration (System-on-Chip)
4. Energy Efficiency
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Draw the illustration of subroutine call and return mechanism in computer programming.

List the characteristics of a multicycle implementation in processor design.

1. Reuse of Hardware Components

2. Variable Execution Time
3. Control Logic Complexity
4. Efficiency and Performance
Identify and categorize different types of RAM according to their characteristics.

Formulate cache performance and its purpose.

1. Cache Performance is,

Number of cache hits
Hit Ratio =
Number of searches

2. Cache memory speeds up computer programs by storing frequently accessed data in a

faster location closer to the CPU.
Summarize potential reasons for buffering in IOoperations.

1. Hardware Limitations
2. Speed Mismatch
3. Resource Competition
4. Data Volume
5. Network and File System Factors
Highlight various policies of cache data replacement.

1. Least Recently Used (LRU)

2. First-In, First-Out (FIFO)
3. Random Replacement
4. Least Frequently Used (LFU)
5. Most Recently Used (MRU)
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 6. Optimal Replacement

List the various data transfer methods in IOcommunication.

1. Programmed I/O (PIO)

2. Interrupt-Driven I/O
3. Direct Memory Access (DMA)
4. Memory Mapped I/O
Represent the use of virtual memory in computersystem.

1. Running larger programs

2. Multitasking Support
3. Memory Extension
4. Memory Sharing
5. Memory Protection
Identify and list some of the secondary storage devices.

Specify the role of memory cell in the context of memory organization.

Memory cells store binary data (0s and 1s) and serve as the fundamental units for data storage
and retrieval in memory organization.
Summarize various Asynchronous Data Transfer methods.

1. Strobe Control: Syncs data transfer with one signal, indicating when to exchange data.
2. Handshaking: Sender says "ready," receiver confirms, ensuring reliable communication.

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CO-3 TERMINAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Discuss the data transfer and arithmetic logic instruction sets with examples.
Data Transfer Instructions: Arithmetic instruction:

Illustrate the micro-programmed realization in CPU design, detailing its architecture.

1. Micro-programmed control units operate as basic logic circuits.

2. They execute instructions by generating control signals and sequencing through
microinstructions.
3. Microprograms stored in fast memory, termed control store or control memory, dictate the
sequence of control signals for each instruction, facilitating efficient execution.
Analyze the role and significance of IO devices in computer systems with examples.

1. Keyboard: Facilitates textual input for tasks such as typing documents or entering
commands.
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2. Monitor: Displays visual output, including text, images, videos, and graphical user
interfaces.
3. Printer: Produces hard copies of digital documents or images for physical distribution or
archival.
4. Magnetic Disk: Provides high-capacity, non-volatile storage for operating systems,
applications, and user data, allowing quick access to stored information.
Illustrate the hardwired realization in CPU design,detailing its architecture.

1. Hardwired control units execute instructions by generating control signals at the right time
and sequence.
2. Faster than micro-programmed units, they use PLA circuit and state counter to generate
control signals.
3. Hardware-based, they employ circuitry to produce control signals needed by the CPU for
operation.
Illustrate the architecture of a CPU and its constituent blocks, elaborating on their functions.

1. Control Unit (CU): Fetches and decodes instructions, generates control signals for CPU
operations.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations on data as
directed by the control unit.
3. Memory Unit (MU): Stores data and instructions, comprising internal registers for fast,
temporary storage, and main memory for larger capacity storage.
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CO-3 TERMINAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Differentiate hardwired realization and micro- programmed realization in the design of
control units within a CPU.

Develop the model of CISC architecture, detailing its design philosophy, key features.

Identify the various pipelining hazards in processor design, detailing the types of hazards,
their causes.
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Model the structures of different instruction formats and provide illustrative examples
foreach.

Consider a scenario where you are developing a simple combinational circuit of basic logical
operations. Make use of the related instruction sets and accomplish the task.

Let us consider the expression 𝐹 = 𝐴. 𝐵 + 𝐶′. 𝐷 to develop using the Logical instruction set.
Load input values
LOAD R0, A ; Load input A into register R0
LOAD R1, B ; Load input B into register R1
LOAD R2, C ; Load input C into register R2
LOAD R3, D ; Load input D into register R3
Perform logical operations
AND R5, R0, R1 ; Compute A AND B and store the result in R5
NOT R6, R2 ; Compute the complement of C and store it in R6
AND R7, R6, R3 ; Compute (NOT C) AND D and store the result in R7
OR R4, R5, R7 ; Compute (A AND B) OR ((NOT C) AND D) and store the result in R4
In order to determine the city with the most consistently warm temperatures from a large
weatherdataset, which parallel processing architecture (SISD,SIMD, MISD, MIMD) would
be best suited for efficient analysis and why?
For determine the city with the most consistently warm temperatures from a large weather
dataset, most appropriate architecture would be MIMD (Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data)
due to following reasons.
 Independent Processing
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CO-3 TERMINAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
 Flexibility and Scalability
 Complexity of Analysis
 Data Distribution and Communication
SISD SIMD

MISD MIMD

Examine the concepts of immediate, direct, and indirect addressing modes in computer
architecture.
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Consider a scenario where you are developing a simple calculator application for a mobile
device. You want to implement basic arithmetic operations. Make use of the related
instruction sets and accomplish the task.

Develop the model of RISC architecture, detailing its design philosophy, key features.

Design the operational flow for a pipelined processor with four stages, outlining each stage's
function and how instructions progress through the pipeline.
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CO-4 TERMINAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Differentiate between the concepts of temporal and spatial locality in memory access
patterns.

Describe the virtual memory system, focusing on the role of page tables.

1. Virtual memory provides alternate memory addresses for programs, which are converted
to real addresses during execution.
2. Page Table, a data structure in the operating system, maps virtual to physical addresses.
3. It provides frame numbers, indicating where each page is stored in main memory,
facilitating memory management.

Describe the importance of temporal and spatial locality with respect to memory.

1. Temporal locality:
 Recent access predicts future access, a principle vital for caching mechanisms.
 Caching stores recently accessed data in faster memory layers like CPU caches.
 Enhances performance by reducing access times for frequently accessed data.

2. Spatial locality:
 Access of one storage location indicates likely access to nearby addresses.
 Programs typically access data sequentially, benefiting from spatial locality.
 Fetching adjacent data into faster storage layers optimizes data retrieval by exploiting
this principle.
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CO-4 TERMINAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Investigate the significance and impact of "Hit" and "Miss" events in cache memory,
detailing how theseoccurrences influence system performance.

In cache memory, "Hit" and "Miss" events refer

to the outcome of the CPU's attempt to access
data:
 In cache memory, a "hit" occurs when the CPU
finds the needed data in the cache, enabling
quick retrieval without accessing main memory.
 A "miss" happens when the data is not found
in the cache, requiring the CPU to fetch it from
slower main memory, resulting in slower
execution.
Investigate the hierarchical organization of memory in computing systems with examples.

 Memory hierarchy in computing: Memory in computing systems is organized

hierarchically into multiple levels, with each level offering different characteristics in
terms of speed, capacity, and cost.
 Cache Memory: Fast, small memory integrated into CPU, stores frequently accessed data
for rapid retrieval.
 Main Memory (RAM): Larger but slower than cache, holds executing programs and data
temporarily.
 Secondary Storage: Hard drives, SSDs, etc., offer large storage but slower access than
RAM, used for long-term data storage.
Elaborate role and architecture of IO buses and interface modules with diagram.

The bus typically consists of three main types of lines:

1. Data bus: These carry the actual data being transferred between the CPU and devices.
2. Address bus: These specify the location (address) of the data on the device or in memory.
3. Control bus: These carry control signals for synchronization and coordination (e.g.,
read/write, start/stop).
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Evaluate the types and functionality of secondary memory devices exploring their role in
data storage.

Hard Disk Drives (HDDs):

 Store data magnetically on rotating platters.
 Commonly used for long-term storage in computers and servers.
Solid State Drives (SSDs):
 Store data using flash memory chips.
 Provide faster access times and higher data transfer rates compared to HDDs.
USB Flash Drives:
 Portable storage devices that use flash memory.
 Used for transferring files between computers and carrying data on the go.
External Hard Drives:
 Similar to internal HDDs but housed in external enclosures.
 Provide additional storage capacity for backups and large data sets.

Designing a gaming console with a focus on cache memory efficiency, outline and exemplify
three mapping procedures, each tailored to specific scenarios to optimize performance in
gaming console architecture.
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Analyze handshaking with its types in the context of IO communication.

Handshaking Signals:
 These are dedicated control lines that carry information about the data transfer status.
 Common handshaking signals include:
o Request: Sent by the receiver to indicate it's ready to receive data.
o Acknowledge: Sent by the receiver after successfully receiving data.
o Grant: Sent by the sender to inform the receiver that data is being sent.
o Busy: Sent by the receiver to indicate it's not ready to receive data.
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Compare and contrast Volatile and Non-volatile memory types.

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Analyze the role and significance of external storage solutions in computing systems.

External storage devices come in various forms, each with a specific role:
 HDDs: High-capacity workhorses for bulk data (movies, archives) at a lower cost.
 SSDs: Blazing-fast for frequently accessed data (applications, games) but pricier per
gigabyte.
 USB Drives: Compact and portable for data transfer and booting certain systems (limited
capacity).
 Portable SSDs: Speedy and portable for data transfer on the go (more expensive than USB
drives).
 NAS: Centralized network storage for sharing files across devices or backing up small
businesses.
 Cloud Storage: Virtual storage accessed from anywhere for off-site backups and file
synchronization (requires internet).
Utilizing interrupt driven I/O, build a flow diagram for the purpose of sensing data from
external devices in a data acquisition system.

1. System Setup: Configure I/O and enable interrupts for

the sensor device.
2. Main Loop: Perform non-critical tasks (wait for
interrupts).
3. Interrupt (Sensor Data Ready): Read sensor data,
store, set data ready flag.
4. Main Loop (continued): Check data ready flag. If data
ready: process data (calculations, display).
5. Loop: Repeat steps 2-4.
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Identify the types and functionality of primary memory devices exploring their role in data
storage.

Primary memory, directly accessible by the CPU, offers fast speeds but limited capacity. Here's
a breakdown:
1. RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile (loses data on power off). Stores:
o Running programs
o Operating system
o Temporary data
Benefits: Fast access, random access
2. ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile (data persists). It Stores essential startup
programs.
ROM Classification:
 Masked ROM: Data permanently programmed during manufacturing.
 PROM (Programmable ROM): One-time programming with a special device.
 EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM): Erasable with ultraviolet light, then
reprogrammable.
 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM): Electrically erasable
and reprogrammable.
Identify various cache replacement policies that are useful to manage the cache
memory.
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Interpret the operation of cache memory contribute to improving the performance of a
processor, and what advantages does it offer in terms of speed and efficiency?

 Cache memory is a speedier, smaller section of memory with an access time that is
comparable to registers.
 Cache memory has a shorter access time than primary memory in a memory hierarchy.
Since cache memory is typically relatively little, it serves as a buffer.
 Cache provides faster access.
 It acts as buffer between CPU and main memory (RAM).
 Cache primary role is to reduce the average time taken to access data, thereby improving
overall system performance.
Analyze buffering with its types in the context of IO operations.
 Buffering creates a synchronization between two devices having different processing
speed. For example, if a hard disc (supplier of data) has high speed and a printer (accepter
of data) has low speed, then buffering is required.
 Buffering is also required in cases where two devices have different data block sizes.

 Single Buffering: Simple, but CPU stalls if receiver isn't ready.

 Double Buffering: Smoother data flow but requires more memory and can overflow.
 Circular Buffer: Efficient memory usage, avoids overflow, but adds complexity.
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Illustrate the concepts of source-initiated and destination-initiated strobe pulses in data
transmission.

 Source-initiated strobe pulses are signals sent by the transmitting device to indicate the beginning
or end of data transmission, helping synchronize communication between devices.
 Destination-initiated strobe pulses are signals generated by the receiving device to acknowledge the
receipt of data or to request more data, facilitating reliable and efficient data transmission in digital
communication systems.