CLASS XI – MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 1 – SETS
SET

A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects. Well-defined collection means that there exists

a rule with the help of which it is possible to tell whether a given object belongs or does not belong

to given collection. Generally sets are denoted by capital letters A, B, C, X, Y, Z etc.

If a is an element of a set A, we say that “a belongs to A” the Greek symbol ∈ (epsilon) is used to

denote the phrase „belongs to‟. Thus, we write a ∈ A. If „b‟ is not an element of a set A, we write b

∉ A and read “b does not belong to A”.

REPRESENTATION OF SETS
There are two methods of representing a set

Roster or Tabular form

In the roster form, we list all the members of the set within braces { } and separate by commas.

Examples: (i) The set of all vowels in the English alphabet is {a, e, i, o, u}.

(ii) The set of all even positive integers less than 7 is described in roster form as {2, 4, 6}

Set-builder form

In the set-builder form, we list the property or properties satisfied by all the elements of the sets.

Example:

In the set, {a, e, i, o, u}, all the elements possess a common property, namely, each of them is a
vowel in the English alphabet, and no other letter possess this property. Denoting this set by V, we
write
V = {x: x is a vowel in English alphabet}

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 EXERCISE 1.1

1. Which of the following are sets? Justify your answer.

(i) The collection of all the months of a year beginning with the letter J.

(ii) The collection of ten most talented writers of India.

(iii) A team of eleven best-cricket batsmen of the world.

(iv) The collection of all boys in your class.

(v) The collection of all natural numbers less than 100.

(vi) A collection of novels written by the writer Munshi Prem Chand.

(vii) The collection of all even integers.

(viii) The collection of questions in this Chapter.

(ix) A collection of most dangerous animals of the world.

Solution

(i) The collection of all months of a year beginning with the letter J is a well-defined collection of

objects because one can definitely identify a month that belongs to this collection. Hence, this

collection is a set.

(ii) The collection of ten most talented writers of India is not a well-defined collection because the

criteria for determining a writer‟s talent may vary from person to person. Hence, this collection is

not a set.

(iii) A team of eleven best cricket batsmen of the world is not a well-defined collection because the

criteria for determining a batsman‟s talent may vary from person to person. Hence, this collection is

not a set.

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(iv) The collection of all boys in your class is a well-defined collection because you can definitely

identify a boy who belongs to this collection. Hence, this collection is a set.

(v) The collection of all natural numbers less than 100 is a well-defined collection because one can

definitely identify a number that belongs to this collection. Hence, this collection is a set.

(vi) A collection of novels written by the writer Munshi Prem Chand is a well-defined collection

because one can definitely identify a book that belongs to this collection. Hence, this collection is a

set.

(vi) The collection of all even integers is a well-defined collection because one can definitely

identify an even integer that belongs to this collection. Hence, this collection is a set.

(viii) The collection of questions in this chapter is a well-defined collection because one can

definitely identify a question that belongs to this chapter. Hence, this collection is a set.

(ix) The collection of most dangerous animals of the world is not a well- defined collection because

the criteria for determining the dangerousness of an animal can vary from person to person. Hence,

this collection is not a set.

2. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Insert the appropriate symbol ∈ or ∉ in the blank spaces:

(i) 5. . .A (ii) 8 . . . A (iii) 0. . .A

(iv) 4. . . A (v) 2. . .A (vi) 10. . .A

Solution

(i) 5 ∈ A (ii) 8 ∉ A (iii) 0 ∉ A

(iv) 4 ∈ A (v) 2 ∈ A (vi) 10 ∉ A

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3. Write the following sets in roster form:

(i) A = {x : x is an integer and –3 < x < 7}

(ii) B = {x : x is a natural number less than 6}

(iii) C = {x : x is a two-digit natural number such that the sum of its digits is 8}

(iv) D = {x : x is a prime number which is divisor of 60}

(v) E = The set of all letters in the word TRIGONOMETRY

(vi) F = The set of all letters in the word BETTER

Solution

(i) A = {x: x is an integer and –3 < x < 7}

The elements of this set are –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 only.

Therefore, the given set can be written in roster form as A = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

(ii) B = {x: x is a natural number less than 6}

The elements of this set are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 only.

Therefore, the given set can be written in roster form as B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

(iii) C = {x: x is a two-digit natural number such that the sum of its digits is 8}

The elements of this set are 17, 26, 35, 44, 53, 62, 71, and 80 only.

Therefore, this set can be written in roster form as C = {17, 26, 35, 44, 53, 62, 71, 80}

(iv) D = {x: x is a prime number which is a divisor of 60} 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5

The elements of this set are 2, 3, and 5 only.

Therefore, this set can be written in roster form as D = {2, 3, 5}.

(v) E = The set of all letters in the word TRIGONOMETRY

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There are 12 letters in the word TRIGONOMETRY, out of which letters T, R, and O are repeated.

Therefore, this set can be written in roster form as E = {T, R, I, G, O, N, M, E, Y}

(vi) F = The set of all letters in the word BETTER

There are 6 letters in the word BETTER, out of which letters E and T are repeated.

Therefore, this set can be written in roster form as F = {B, E, T, R}

4. Write the following sets in the set-builder form:

(i) {3, 6, 9, 12} (ii) {2, 4, 8, 16, 32} (iii) {5, 25, 125, 625}

(iv) {2, 4, 6, . . .} (v) {1,4,9, . . .,100}

Solution

(i) {3, 6, 9, 12} = {x: x = 3n, n∈ N and 1 ≤ n ≤ 4}

(ii) {2, 4, 8, 16, 32}

It can be seen that 2 = 21, 4 = 22, 8 = 23, 16 = 24, and 32 = 25.

∴ {2, 4, 8, 16, 32} = {x: x = 2n, n∈ N and 1 ≤ n ≤ 5}

(iii) {5, 25, 125, 625}

It can be seen that 5 = 51, 25 = 52, 125 = 53, and 625 = 54.

∴ {5, 25, 125, 625} = {x: x = 5n, n ∈ N and 1 ≤ n ≤ 4}

(iv) {2, 4, 6 …}

It is a set of all even natural numbers.

∴ {2, 4, 6 …} = {x: x is an even natural number}

(v) {1, 4, 9 … 100}

It can be seen that 1 = 12, 4 = 22, 9 = 32 ,…100 = 102.

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∴ {1, 4, 9… 100} = {x: x = n2, n ∈ N and 1 ≤ n ≤ 10}

5. List all the elements of the following sets:

(i) A = {x: x is an odd natural number}

(ii) B = {x: x is an integer, }

(iii) C = {x: x is an integer, }

(iv) D = {x: x is a letter in the word “LOYAL”}

(v) E = {x: x is a month of a year not having 31 days}

(vi) F = {x: x is a consonant in the English alphabet which precedes k}.

Solution

(i) A = {x: x is an odd natural number} = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9 …}

(ii) B = {x: x is an integer, }

It can be seen that, and

Hence, B =

(iii) C = {x: x is an integer, }

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Hence,

(iv) D = {x: x is a letter in the word “LOYAL”} =

(v) is a month of a year not having days

E = February, April, June, eptember, November

(vi) is a consonant in the English alphabet which precedes

F=

6. Match each of the set on the left in the roster form with the same set on the right described in set-

builder form:

(i) {1, 2, 3, 6} (a) {x: x is a prime number and a divisor of 6}

(ii) {2, 3} (b) {x: x is an odd natural number less than 10}
(iii) {M, A,T, H, E, I,C, S} (c) {x: x is natural number and divisor of 6}
(iv) {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} (d) {x: x is a letter of the word MATHEMATICS}

Solution

(i) {1, 2, 3, 6} (c) {x: x is natural number and divisor of 6}

(ii) {2, 3} (a) {x: x is a prime number and a divisor of 6}
(iii) {M, A,T, H, E, I,C, S} (d) {x: x is a letter of the word MATHEMATICS}
(iv) {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} (b) {x: x is an odd natural number less than 10}

EMPTY SET

A set which does not contain any element is called empty set or null set or void set. It is denoted

by or {}.

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SINGLETON SET

A set, consisting of a single element is called a singleton set.

FINITE SET

A set which consists of a definite number of elements is called finite set.

INFINITE SET

A set which is not finite is called infinite set.

EQUAL SETS

Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly the same elements and we write A = B.

Otherwise, the sets are said to be unequal and we write A ≠ B.

EXERCISE 1.2

1. Which of the following are examples of the null set

(i) Set of odd natural numbers divisible by 2

(ii) Set of even prime numbers

(iii) {x: x is a natural numbers, x < 5 and x > 7 }

(iv) {y: y is a point common to any two parallel lines}

Solution

(i) A set of odd natural numbers divisible by 2 is a null set because no odd number is divisible by 2.

(ii) A set of even prime numbers is not a null set because 2 is an even prime number.

(iii) {x: x is a natural number, x < 5 and x > 7} is a null set because a number cannot be

simultaneously less than 5 and greater than 7.

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(iv) {y: y is a point common to any two parallel lines} is a null set because parallel lines do not

intersect. Hence, they have no common point.

2. Which of the following sets are finite or infinite?

(i) The set of months of a year

(ii) {1, 2, 3, . . .}

(iii) {1, 2, 3, . . .99, 100}

(iv) The set of positive integers greater than 100

(v) The set of prime numbers less than 99

Solution

(i) The set of months of a year is a finite set because it has 12 elements.

(ii) {1, 2, 3 …} is an infinite set as it has infinite number of natural numbers.

(iii) {1, 2, 3 …99, 100} is a finite set because the numbers from 1 to 100 are finite in number.

(iv) The set of positive integers greater than 100 is an infinite set because positive integers greater

than 100 are infinite in number.

(v) The set of prime numbers less than 99 is a finite set because prime numbers less than 99 are

finite in number.

3. State whether each of the following set is finite or infinite:

(i) The set of lines which are parallel to the x-axis

(ii) The set of letters in the English alphabet

(iii) The set of numbers which are multiple of 5

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(iv) The set of animals living on the earth

(v) The set of circles passing through the origin (0, 0).

Solution

(i) The set of lines which are parallel to the x-axis is an infinite set because lines parallel to the x-

axis are infinite in number.

(ii) The set of letters in the English alphabet is a finite set because it has 26 elements.

(iii) The set of numbers which are multiple of 5 is an infinite set because multiples of 5 are infinite

in number.

(iv) The set of animals living on the earth is a finite set because the number of animals living on the

earth is finite (although it is quite a big number).

(v) The set of circles passing through the origin (0, 0) is an infinite set because infinite number of

circles can pass through the origin.

4. In the following, state whether A = B or not:

(i) A = {a, b, c, d} B = {d, c, b, a}

(ii) A = {4, 8, 12, 16} B = {8, 4, 16, 18}

(iii) A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} B = {x: x is positive even integer and x ≤ 10}

(iv) A = {x: x is a multiple of 10}, B = {10, 15, 20, 25, 30, . . .}

Solution

(i) A = {a, b, c, d}; B = {d, c, b, a}

The order in which the elements of a set are listed is not significant.

∴A=B

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(ii) A = {4, 8, 12, 16}; B = {8, 4, 16, 18}

It can be seen that 12 ∈ A but 12 ∉ B.

∴A ≠ B

(iii) A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

B = {x: x is a positive even integer and x ≤ 10} = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

∴A = B

(iv) A = {x: x is a multiple of 10} = {10, 20, 30,…..}

B = {10, 15, 20, 25, 30 …}

It can be seen that 15 ∈ B but 15 ∉ A.

∴ A≠B

5. Are the following pair of sets equal? Give reasons.

(i) A = {2, 3}, B = {x: x is solution of x2 + 5x + 6 = 0}

(ii) A = {x: x is a letter in the word FOLLOW}, B = {y: y is a letter in the word WOLF}

Solution

(i) A = {2, 3}, B = {x: x is solution of x2 + 5x + 6 = 0} = {-2, -3}

x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
∴A ≠ B
x2 + 2x + 3x + 6 = 0

x(x + 2) + 3(x + 2) = 0

(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0

x = -2 and x = - 3

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(ii) A = {x: x is a letter in the word FOLLOW} = {F, O, L, W}

B = {y: y is a letter in the word WOLF} = {W, O, L, F}

∴A = B

6. From the sets given below, select equal sets:

A = {2, 4, 8, 12}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {4, 8, 12, 14}, D = {3, 1, 4, 2}

E = {–1, 1}, F = {0, a}, G = {1, –1}, H = {0, 1}

Solution
It can be seen that

8 ∈ A, 8 ∉ B, 8 ∉ D, 8 ∉ E, 8 ∉ F, 8 ∉ G, 8∉H

⇒ A ≠ B, A ≠ D, A ≠ E, A ≠ F, A ≠ G, A≠H

Also, 2 ∈ A, 2 ∉ C

∴A≠C

3 ∈ B, 3 ∉ C, 3 ∉ E, 3 ∉ F, 3 ∉ G, 3∉H

∴ B ≠ C, B ≠ E, B ≠ F, B ≠ G, B≠H

12 ∈ C, 12 ∉ D, 12 ∉ E, 12 ∉ F, 12 ∉ G, 12 ∉ H

∴ C ≠ D, C ≠ E, C ≠ F, C ≠ G, C≠H

4 ∈ D, 4 ∉ E, 4 ∉ F, 4 ∉ G, 4∉H

∴ D ≠ E, D ≠ F, D ≠ G, D≠H

imilarly, E ≠ F, E ≠ G, E ≠ H, F ≠ G, F ≠ H, G ≠ H

The order in which the elements of a set are listed is not significant.

∴B=D and E=G

Hence, among the given sets, B = D and E = G.

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SUBSET

A set A is said to be a subset of a set B if every element of A is also an element of B.

In other words, A ⊂ B if whenever a ∈ A, then a ∈ B. It is often convenient to use the symbol “⇒”

which means implies. Using this symbol, we can write the definition of subset as follows:

A ⊂ B if a ∈ A ⇒ a ∈ B

We read the above statement as “A is a subset of B if a is an element of A implies that a is also an

element of B”. If A is not a subset of B, we write A ⊄ B.

Note

(i) Every set A is a subset of itself, i.e., A ⊂ A.

(ii) ince the empty set φ has no elements, φ is a subset of every set.

PROPER SUBSET AND SUPER SET

Let A and B be two sets. If A ⊂ B and A ≠ B, then A is called a proper subset of B and B is called

superset of A.

INTERVALS AS SUBSETS OF R

(i) An open interval denoted by (a, b) is the set of real numbers

(a, b) = {x: a < x < b}.

(ii) A closed interval denoted by [a, b] is the set of real numbers

[a, b] = {x: a ≤ x ≤ b}.

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(iii) Intervals closed at one end and open at the others are known as semi-open or semi-closed

interval and denoted by

(a, b] is the set of real numbers {x: a < x ≤ b}

[a, b) is the set of real numbers {x : a ≤ x < b}.

POWER SET

The collection of all subsets of a set A is called the power set of A. It is denoted by P(A). If the

number of elements in A i.e. n(A) = n, then the number of elements in P(A) = 2n.

UNIVERSAL SET

If all the sets under consideration are subsets of a large set U, then U is known as a universal set.

niversal set is the set which contains all the elements of the other sets.

EXERCISE 1.3

1. Make correct statements by filling in the symbols ⊂ or ⊄ in the blank spaces:

(i) {2, 3, 4} . . . {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

(ii) {a, b, c} . . . {b, c, d}

(iii) {x: x is a student of Class XI of your school}. . .{x: x student of your school}

(iv) {x: x is a circle in the plane} . . . {x: x is a circle in the same plane with radius 1 unit}

(v) {x: x is a triangle in a plane} . . . {x: x is a rectangle in the plane}

(vi){x: x is an equilateral triangle in a plane} . . . {x: x is a triangle in the same plane}

(vii) {x: x is an even natural number} . . . {x: x is an integer}

Solution

(i) ⊂

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(ii) ⊄

(iii) {x: x is a student of class XI of your school} ⊂ {x: x is student of your school}

(iv) {x: x is a circle in the plane} ⊄ {x: x is a circle in the same plane with radius 1 unit}

(v) {x: x is a triangle in a plane} ⊄ {x: x is a rectangle in the plane}

(vi) {x: x is an equilateral triangle in a plane} ⊂ {x: x in a triangle in the same plane}

(vii) {x: x is an even natural number} ⊂ {x: x is an integer}

2. Examine whether the following statements are true or false:

(i) {a, b} ⊄ {b, c, a}

(ii) {a, e} ⊂ {x: x is a vowel in the English alphabet}

(iii) {1, 2, 3} ⊂ {1, 3, 5}

(iv) {a} ⊂ {a, b, c}

(v) {a} ∈ {a, b, c }

(vi) {x: x is an even natural number less than 6} ⊂ {x: x is a natural number}

Solution

(i) False. Each element of {a, b} is also an element of {b, c, a}.

(ii) True. a, e are two vowels of the English alphabet.

(iii) False. 2 ∈ {1, 2, 3}; however, 2∉{1, 3, 5}

(iv) True. Each element of {a} is also an element of {a, b, c}.

(v) False. The elements of {a, b, c} are a, b, c. Therefore, {a} ⊂ {a, b, c}

(vi) True. {x: x is an even natural number less than 6} = {2, 4}

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{x: x is a natural number which divides 36} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36}

3. Let A = {1, 2, {3, 4 }, 5 }. Which of the following statements are incorrect and why?

(i) {3, 4} ⊂ A (ii) {3, 4} ∈ A (iii) {{3, 4}} ⊂ A (iv) 1 ∈ A

(v) 1 ⊂ A (vi) {1, 2, 5} ⊂ A (vii) {1, 2, 5} ∈ A (viii) {1, 2, 3} ⊂ A

(ix) φ ∈ A (x) φ ⊂ A (xi) {φ} ⊂ A

Solution

(i)The statement {3, 4} ⊂ A is incorrect because 3 ∈ {3, 4}; however, 3∉A.

(ii)The statement {3, 4} ∈A is correct because {3, 4} is an element of A.

(iii)The statement {{3, 4}} ⊂ A is correct because {3, 4} ∈ {{3, 4}} and {3, 4} ∈ A.

(iv)The statement 1∈A is correct because 1 is an element of A.

(v)The statement 1⊂ A is incorrect because an element of a set can never be a subset of itself.

(vi)The statement {1, 2, 5} ⊂ A is correct because each element of {1, 2, 5} is also an element of A.

(vii)The statement {1, 2, 5} ∈ A is incorrect because {1, 2, 5} is not an element of A.

(viii)The statement {1, 2, 3} ⊂ A is incorrect because 3 ∈ {1, 2, 3}; however, 3 ∉ A.

(ix)The statement Φ ∈ A is incorrect because Φ is not an element of A.

(x)The statement Φ ⊂ A is correct because Φ is a subset of every set.

(xi)The statement {Φ} ⊂ A is incorrect because Φ∈ {Φ}; however, Φ ∈ A.

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4. Write down all the subsets of the following sets

(i) {a} (ii) {a, b} (iii) {1, 2, 3} (iv) φ

Solution

(i) The subsets of A = {a} are P(A) = {Φ,{a}}.

(ii) The subsets of B= {a, b} are P(B) = {Φ, {a}, {b}, {a, b}}.

(iii) The subsets of C = {1, 2, 3} are

P(C) = {Φ, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {1, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}

(iv)The only subset of D = Φ is P(D) = Φ.

5. How many elements has P(A), if A = φ?

Solution

We know that if A is a set with m elements i.e., n(A) = m, then n[P(A)] = 2m.

If A = Φ, then n(A) = 0.

∴ n[P(A)] = 20 = 1

Hence, P(A) has one element.

6. Write the following as intervals:

(i) {x: x ∈ R, – 4 < x ≤ 6} (ii) {x: x ∈ R, – 12 < x < –10}

(iii) {x: x ∈ R, 0 ≤ x < 7} (iv) {x: x ∈ R, 3 ≤ x ≤ 4}

Solution

(i) {x: x ∈ R, –4 < x ≤ 6} = (–4, 6]

(ii) {x: x ∈ R, –12 < x < –10} = (–12, –10)

(iii) {x: x ∈ R, 0 ≤ x < 7} = [0, 7)

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(iv) {x: x ∈ R, 3 ≤ x ≤ 4} = [3, 4]

7. Write the following intervals in set-builder form:

(i) (– 3, 0) (ii) [6, 12] (iii) (6, 12] (iv) [–23, 5)

Solution

(i) (–3, 0) = {x: x ∈ R, –3 < x < 0}

(ii) [6, 12] = {x: x ∈ R, 6 ≤ x ≤ 12}

(iii) (6, 12] = {x: x ∈ R, 6 < x ≤ 12}

(iv) [–23, 5) = {x: x ∈ R, –23 ≤ x < 5}

8. What universal set(s) would you propose for each of the following:

(i) The set of right triangles. (ii) The set of isosceles triangles.

Solution

(i) For the set of right triangles, the universal set can be the set of triangles or the set of polygons.

(ii)For the set of isosceles triangles, the universal set can be the set of triangles or the set of

polygons or the set of two-dimensional figures.

9. Given the sets A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {2, 4, 6} and C = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}, which of the following may be

considered as universal set (s) for all the three sets A, B and C

(i) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (ii) φ

(iii) {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} (iv) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

Solution

(i) It can be seen that A ⊂ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} B ⊂ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

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However, C ⊄ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Therefore, the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} cannot be the universal set for the sets A, B, and C.

(ii) A ⊄ Φ, B ⊄ Φ, C ⊄ Φ

Therefore, Φ cannot be the universal set for the sets A, B, and C.

(iii) A ⊂ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

B ⊂ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

C ⊂ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

Therefore, the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} is the universal set for the sets A, B, and C.

(iv) A ⊂ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

B ⊂ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

However, C ⊄ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

Therefore, the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} cannot be the universal set for the sets A, B, and C.

VENN DIAGRAM

Venn diagrams are the diagrams, which represent the relationship between sets. In Venn-diagrams

the universal set U is represented by point within a rectangle and its subsets are represented by

points in closed curves (usually circles) within the rectangle.

A geometrical figure illustrating universal set, subsets and their operations is known as Venn-

Diagram.

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OPERATIONS ON SETS

Union of Sets

Let A and B be any two sets. The union of A and B is the set which consists of all the elements of A

and all the elements of B, the common elements being taken only once. The symbol „∪‟ is used to

denote the union. Symbolically, we write A ∪ B and usually read as „A union B‟.

The union of two sets A and B is the set C which consists of all those elements which are either in A

or in B (including those which are in both). In symbols, we write.

A ∪ B = {x: x ∈A or x ∈B}

Some Properties of the Operation of Union

(i) A ∪ B = B ∪ A (Commutative law)

(ii) (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C) (Associative law )

(iii) A ∪ φ = A (Law of identity element, φ is the identity of ∪)

(iv) A ∪ A = A (Idempotent law)

(v) U ∪ A = U (Law of U)

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Intersection of sets

The intersection of sets A and B is the set of all elements which are common to both A and B. The

symbol „∩‟ is used to denote the intersection.

The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of all those elements which belong to both A and B.

Symbolically, we write

A ∩ B = {x: x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.

Some Properties of Operation of Intersection

(i) A ∩ B = B ∩ A (Commutative law).

(ii) (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C) (Associative law).

(iii) φ ∩ A = φ, ∩ A = A (Law of φ and ).

(iv) A ∩ A = A (Idempotent law)

(v) A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) (Distributive law)

DISJOINT SETS

Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint, if .

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 EXERCISE 1.4

1. Find the union of each of the following pairs of sets:

(i) X = {1, 3, 5} Y = {1, 2, 3}

(ii) A = {a, e, i, o, u} B = {a, b, c}

(iii) A = {x: x is a natural number and multiple of 3} B = {x: x is a natural number less than 6}

(iv) A = {x: x is a natural number and 1 < x ≤ 6} B = {x: x is a natural number and 6 < x < 10}

(v) A = {1, 2, 3}, B = φ

Solution

(i) X = {1, 3, 5} Y = {1, 2, 3}

X ∪ Y= {1, 2, 3, 5}

(ii) A = {a, e, i, o, u} B = {a, b, c}

A ∪ B = {a, b, c, e, i, o, u}

(iii) A = {x: x is a natural number and multiple of 3} = {3, 6, 9 …}

B = {x: x is a natural number less than 6} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

A ∪ B = {1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 6, 9, 12 …}

(iv) A = {x: x is a natural number and 1 < x ≤ 6} = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

B = {x: x is a natural number and 6 < x < 10} = {7, 8, 9}

A ∪ B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} or A∪ B = {x: x ∈ N and 1 < x < 10}

(v) A = {1, 2, 3}, B = Φ

A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3}

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2. Let A = {a, b}, B = {a, b, c}. Is A ⊂ B? What is A ∪ B?

Solution

Here, A = {a, b} and B = {a, b, c} Yes, A ⊂ B.

A ∪ B = {a, b, c} = B

3. If A and B are two sets such that A ⊂ B, then what is A ∪ B?

Solution

If A and B are two sets such that A ⊂ B, then A ∪ B = B.

4. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6}, C = {5, 6, 7, 8} and D = {7, 8, 9, 10}; find

(i) A ∪ B (ii) A ∪ C (iii) B ∪ C (iv) B ∪ D

(v) A ∪ B ∪ C (vi) A ∪ B ∪ D (vii) B ∪ C ∪ D

Solution

(i)A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

(ii)A ∪ C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(iii)B ∪ C = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(iv) B ∪ D = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

(v)A ∪ B ∪ C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

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(vi)A ∪ B ∪ D = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

(vii)B ∪ C ∪ D = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

5. Find the intersection of each pair of sets of question 1 above.

(i) X = {1, 3, 5} Y = {1, 2, 3}

(ii) A = {a, e, i, o, u} B = {a, b, c}

(iii) A = {x: x is a natural number and multiple of 3} B = {x: x is a natural number less than 6}

(iv) A = {x: x is a natural number and 1 < x ≤ 6} B = {x: x is a natural number and 6 < x < 10}

Solution

(i) X = {1, 3, 5}, Y = {1, 2, 3}

X ∩ Y = {1, 3}

(ii) A = {a, e, i, o, u}, B = {a, b, c}

A ∩ B = {a}

(iii) A = {x: x is a natural number and multiple of 3} = (3, 6, 9 …}

B = {x: x is a natural number less than 6} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

A ∩ B = {3}

(iv) A = {x: x is a natural number and 1 < x ≤ 6} = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

B = {x: x is a natural number and 6 < x < 10} = {7, 8, 9}

A∩B=Φ

(v) A = {1, 2, 3}, B = Φ.

A∩B=Φ

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6. If A = { 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 }, B = {7, 9, 11, 13}, C = {11, 13, 15}and D = {15, 17}; find

(i) A ∩ B (ii) B ∩ C (iii) A ∩ C ∩ D

(iv) A ∩ C (v) B ∩ D (vi) A ∩ (B ∪ C)

(vii) A ∩ D (viii) A ∩ (B ∪ D) (ix) (A ∩ B) ∩ ( B ∪ C)

(x) (A ∪ D) ∩ (B ∪ C)

Solution

(i) A ∩ B = {7, 9, 11}

(ii) B ∩ C = {11, 13}

(iii) A ∩ C ∩ D = (A ∩ C) ∩ D = {11} ∩ {15, 17} = Φ

(iv) A ∩ C = {11}

(v) B ∩ D = Φ

(vi) A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) = {7, 9, 11}∪ {11} = {7, 9, 11}

(vii) A∩D=Φ

(viii) A ∩ (B ∪ D) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ D) = {7, 9, 11}∪ Φ = {7, 9, 11}

(ix) (A ∩ B) ∩ (B ∪ C) = {7, 9, 11} ∩ {7, 9, 11, 13, 15} = {7, 9, 11}

(x) (A∪D) ∩ (B ∪C) = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17) ∩ {7, 9, 11, 13, 15} = {7, 9, 11, 15}

7. If A = {x: x is a natural number}, B = {x: x is an even natural number}

C = {x: x is an odd natural number} and D = {x: x is a prime number}, find

(i) A ∩ B (ii) A ∩ C (iii) A ∩ D

(iv) B ∩ C (v) B ∩ D (vi) C ∩ D

Solution

A = {x: x is a natural number} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 …}

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B = {x: x is an even natural number} = {2, 4, 6, 8 …}

C = {x: x is an odd natural number} = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9 …}

D = {x: x is a prime number} = {2, 3, 5, 7 …}

(i) A ∩ B = {2, 4, 6,….} = {x: x is a even natural number} = B

(ii) A ∩ C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9 …} = {x: x is an odd natural number} = C

(iii) A ∩ D = {2, 3, 5, 7 …} = {x: x is a prime number} = D

(iv) B ∩ C = Φ

(v) B ∩ D = {2}

(vi) C ∩ D = {x: x is odd prime number}

8. Which of the following pairs of sets are disjoint?

(i) {1, 2, 3, 4} and {x: x is a natural number and 4 ≤ x ≤ 6}

(ii) {a, e, i, o, u } and { c, d, e, f }

(iii) {x: x is an even integer} and {x: x is an odd integer}

Solution

(i) {1, 2, 3, 4}

{x: x is a natural number and 4 ≤ x ≤ 6} = {4, 5, 6}

Now, {1, 2, 3, 4} ∩ {4, 5, 6} = {4}

Therefore, this pair of sets is not disjoint.

(ii) {a, e, i, o, u} ∩ (c, d, e, f} = {e}

Therefore, {a, e, i, o, u} and (c, d, e, f} are not disjoint.

(iii) {x: x is an even integer} ∩ {x: x is an odd integer} = Φ

Therefore, this pair of sets is disjoint.

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9. If A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21}, B = { 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 }, C = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 },

D = {5, 10, 15, 20 }; find (i) A – B (ii) A – C (iii) A – D (iv) B – A (v) C – A (vi) D – A (vii) B – C

(viii) B – D (ix) C – B (x) D – B (xi) C – D (xii) D – C

Solution

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)

(x)

(xi)

(xii)

10. If X= {a, b, c, d} and Y = {f, b, d, g}, find (i) X – Y (ii) Y – X (iii) X ∩ Y

Solution

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

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11 What is R – Q, if R is the set of real numbers and Q is the set of rational?

Solution

R: set of real numbers

: set of rational numbers

Therefore, is a set of irrational numbers.

12. State whether each of the following statement is true or false. Justify your answer.

(i) {2, 3, 4, 5} and {3, 6} are disjoint sets.

(ii) {a, e, i, o, u } and { a, b, c, d }are disjoint sets.

(iii) {2, 6, 10, 14} and {3, 7, 11, 15} are disjoint sets.

(iv) {2, 6, 10} and {3, 7, 11} are disjoint sets.

Solution

(i) False. Since {2, 3, 4, 5} ∩ {3, 6} = {3}

(ii) False. Since {a, e, i, o, u} ∩ {a, b, c, d} = {a}

(iii) True. Since {2, 6, 10, 14} ∩ {3, 7, 11, 15} = Φ

(iv) True. Since {2, 6, 10} ∩ {3, 7, 11} = Φ

DIFFERENCE OF SETS

The difference of the sets A and B in this order is the set of elements which belong to A but not to

B. Symbolically, we write A – B and read as “A minus B”.

∈ and ∉

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COMPLEMENT OF A SET

Let U be the universal set and A a subset of U. Then the complement of A is the set of all elements

of which are not the elements of A. ymbolically, we write A′ to denote the complement of A

with respect to U. Thus,

A′ = {x : x ∈ U and x ∉ A }. Obviously, A′ = – A.

SOME PROPERTIES OF COMPLEMENT SETS

1. Complement laws: (i) A ∪ A′ = (ii) A ∩ A′ = φ

2. De Morgan‟s law: (i) (A ∪ B)´ = A′ ∩ B′ (ii) (A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B′

3. Law of double complementation: (A′)′ = A

4. Laws of empty set and universal set φ′ = and ′ = φ.

EXERCISE 1.5

1. Let U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }, A = { 1, 2, 3, 4}, B = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } and C = { 3, 4, 5, 6 }. Find

(i) A′ (ii) B′ (iii) (A ∪ C)′ (iv) (A ∪ B)′ (v) (A′)′ (vi) (B – C)′

Solution

(i)

(ii)

(iii) ∪

∴ ∪

(iv ) ∪

∴ ∪

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(v)

(vi)

2. If U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}, find the complements of the following sets : (i) A = {a, b, c}

(ii) B = {d, e, f, g} (iii) C = {a, c, e, g} (iv) D = { f, g, h, a}.

Solution

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

3. Taking the set of natural numbers as the universal set, write down the complements of the

following sets:

(i) {x: x is an even natural number} (ii) {x: x is an odd natural number}

(iii) {x: x is a positive multiple of 3} (iv) {x: x is a prime number}

(v) {x: x is a natural number divisible by 3 and 5} (vi) {x: x is a perfect square}

(vii) {x: x is a perfect cube} (viii) {x: x + 5 = 8}

(ix) {x: 2x + 5 = 9} (x) {x: x ≥ 7}

(xi) {x: x ∈ N and 2x + 1 > 10}

Solution

: et of natural numbers

(i) is an even natural number is an odd natural number

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(ii) is an odd natural number is an even natural number

(iii) is a positive multiple of ∈ and is not a multiple of 3

(iv) is a prime number is a positive composite number and

(v) is a natural number divisible by and is a natural number that is not divisible by 3 or 5}

(vi) is a perfect square ∈ and is not a perfect square

(vii) is a perfect cube ∈ and is not a perfect cube

(viii) ∈ and

(ix) ∈ and

∈ and

(xi) ∈ and ∈ and

4. If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }, A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and B = { 2, 3, 5, 7}. Verify that

(i) (A ∪ B)′ = A′ ∩ B′ (ii) (A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B′

Solution

(i) ∪

∴ ∪

(ii)

∪ ∪

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∴ ∪

5. Draw appropriate Venn diagram for each of the following: (i) (A ∪ B)′ (ii) A′ ∩ B′ (iii) (A ∩ B)′

(iv) A′ ∪ B′

Solution

6. Let U be the set of all triangles in a plane. If A is the set of all triangles with at least one angle

different from 60°, what is A′?

Solution

is the set of all equilateral triangles.

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