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Effect of Material Nonlinearity on Deflection of Beams and Frames

Article in Indian Journal of Science and Technology · July 2016

DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i28/92375

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 ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(28), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i28/92375, July 2016 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645

Efect of Material Nonlinearity on Delection of

Beams and Frames
K. K. Riyas Moideen* and U. K. Dewangan
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur - 492010, Chhattisgarh, India;
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
Background/Objectives: To examine the effect of material nonlinearity of mild steel on the total deflection of beams and
frames. Method of Analysis: In the linear analysis, value of Young’s modulus is same in all over the analysis, hence the
load-deflection plot is also linear, whereas in material nonlinear analysis of structures the elastic modulus is constant upto
yield stress and it decreases thereafter. In the present study linear and material nonlinear analysis of beams and frames
are carried out using ANSYS mechanical APDL software. The linear deflection of the structures is also computed using a
finite element based MATLAB code. Material nonlinearity is incorporated using bilinear stress-strain curves with tangent
modulus E/65. E is the elastic modulus of the material. It has been found that the tangent modulus of stress-stress curve
of mild steel is more resemble to E/3, so this value is also considered separately for the nonlinear analysis. In this paper
cantilever beam with an end load and a two storey building frame with horizontal load is considered with above tangent
modulus. The loads are applied incrementally, deflection and stress at each load increment is computed. Findings: In
linear analysis the full strength of the material is not utilized and it is assumed that material will fail after reaching the
yield stress. In material nonlinear analysis the strain hardening property is considered by taking the tangent modulus after
the yield stress. The linear analysis is giving linear variation of deflection and stress with respect to load, but for material
nonlinear (bilinear) the deflection and stress will be same as that of linear upto yield point and after that the deflection is
found more and stress value found less than that of linear values. Application/Improvements: For the economical usage
of materials nonlinear analysis is preferred over the linear analysis, because it is giving the actual behavior of structures
and we are utilizing the maximum capacity of the material.

Keywords: Bilinear Stress-strain Curve, Finite Element Method, Linear Analysis, Load-Deflection Behavior, Nonlinear
Analysis

1. Introduction ysis is not easy for manual computation, so inite element

based computer sotware’s like ANSYS is used for nonlin-
A linear inite element analysis is used when the stress is ear analysis.
directly proportional to the strain, which means it follows Linear inite element formulation is based on two
Hook’s law of elasticity. Linear analysis is carried out by assumptions
using equation {F} = [K]{Δ}, where F is the force matrix 1. Stress-strain relation is linear throughout the analy-
and Δ is the delection and K is the stifness matrix. It sis.
means that the correlation of force and displacement is 2. Strain displacement relation is linear
linear. But for materials like steel the stress-strain behav- here are mainly two important types of nonlinearity
iour is linear upto some point (yield point), thereater it related to structures. hey are material nonlinearity and
behaves non-linear nature. In order to obtain the accu- geometrical nonlinearity. he above two assumptions are
rate and realistic nature of material behaviour, nonlinear for neglecting these two nonlinearities and for making
analysis is preferred over linear analysis. Non-linear anal- analysis simple. he irst assumption, stress-strain rela-

*Author for correspondence

 Efect of Material Nonlinearity on Delection of Beams and Frames

tion is linear throughout the analysis is neglecting the procedure. Both material and geometric nonlinearities
efect of material nonlinearity and the second assumption in frame structures was considered by the suggested
that strain displacement relation is linear is neglecting the model7 studied about the performance of deep beam for
geometrical nonlinearity. numerous span/depth ratio by using inite element based
In material nonlinear analysis the structure will not ANSYS under 2-point loading of 50 KN and also studied
recover its real shape ater the removal of load. Material about the stress distribution of deep beam. Finite element
nonlinearity is related with the inelastic characteristics of formulation for material and geometric nonlinear model
materials like steels. Inelastic behavior is characterized for outwardly prestressed beams was demonstrated by 8.
by a force-deformation relationship. he general force- he numerically replicated behaviour was conirmed by
deformation relationship shows that once a structure evaluation with experimental tests existing for steel con-
accomplishes its yield strength, supplementary loading crete composite beams and concrete beams.
will cause response to deviate from the preliminary tan- Analytical model for the steel frame for conducting the
gent stifness. Nonlinear behaviour may then increase nonlinear dynamic analysis was explained by 9. Kinematic
(hardening) to an ultimate point before decreasing strain hardening characteristic was modeled by using
(sotening) to a remaining strength value. Material non- the bounding surface idea. he analysis was executed by
linearity is due to nonlinear constitutive matrix [D]. For means of the super minicomputer and computer graphics.
most of the materials nonlinear stress strain curves are Material nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete beams
obtained experimentally by conducting uniaxial tension/ by taking efect of the tension sotening branch and the
compression tests. hese results are enough to carry out efect of bond slip was studied by 10. Moment–curvature
nonlinear analysis of homogeneous materials like steel. characteristics of reinforced concrete sections formerly
Material nonlinearity is incorporated using bilin- created by the means of section analysis was used for the
ear stress-strain curves with tangent modulus E/65. E is analysis11 developed a computer program for the analy-
the elastic young’s modulus of the material. he value of sis of the structural problems by taking the account for
strain-hardening rate was attained through a huge num- the efect of nonlinear situations of material behaviors
ber of elastic-plastic large delection investigation made by under increasing loads. he second order efects were
1
. Geometric and material non-linear analysis technique also considered for the analysis. he matrix replacement
for frames by means of a solution procedure of diminish- method was used for the development of the computer
ing the remaining displacements was presented by 2. his program. he method used for analysis takes the efects
nonlinear solution procedure was assumed to be opti- of axial forces on the stifness of the structural member
mum in Newton Raphson method because it tracks the by means of the stability functions and the efects of plas-
easiest way for achieving the convergence. He introduced tic hinges by methodically varying the stifness matrix in
the idea of the operative tangent stifness matrix and it each existence of the plastic hinges. A non-linear analysis
was found to be well-organized, logical and simple in of 3-Dimensional steel frames was established by 12. he
handling the nonlinear analysis of structures3 performed analysis was considered for both geometric and mate-
an analytical simpliied technique for creation of the aver- rial nonlinearities. Material nonlinearity takes the steady
age stress–average strain connection of lawed steel plates yielding related with member forces and geometric non-
by considering the efect of both material and geometric linearity comprises the second order efects. he material
nonlinearities. Idealized bilinear stress–strain model was nonlinearity at a section of the structure was measured
used for the analysis4 gives the results of an examination by means of the thought of P–M hinges13 presents a non-
of the post-buckling characteristic and ultimate strength linear inite element computer program, ANSYS version
behaviour of lawed pitted steel plates used in ship and 12.0 developed for the analysis of steel-concrete com-
other marine structures. Ideal bilinear stress–strain curve posite beam. A 3-Dimensional inite element model was
model was used for the analysis of their structures. established and the analytical outcomes of load-delection
Nonlinear analysis of torsion efect in RC structural response was compared with available experimental tests.
members ater getting the preliminary crack was per- Parametric studies were carried out to investigate the efect
formed by 5,6 developed an innovative inite element of some important material and geometrical parameters.
layered model used for beam-column elements in RC In the present research paper material nonlinearity efect
frame structures by means of an automatic incremental on the total delection and stress of building structures

2 Vol 9 (28) | July 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 K. K. Riyas Moideen and U. K. Dewangan

were discussed. he methodology process is explained in and delection and stresses are noted at each load step. For
the coming sections. nonlinear analysis we are considering constant young’s
modulus upto yield stress and ater that tangent modu-
lus is considered, while for linear analysis same young’s
2. Methodology modulus is used throughout the analysis.
he material nonlinearity is considered for the analysis
of beams and frame structures. For checking the efect of 25 kN
material nonlinearity on delection and stress of struc-

3000 mm
tures, load is given gradually and at every load addition,
delection and stresses are noted. Initially linear analysis
of beams and frames are carried out using FEM based
MATLAB code. Cantilever beam with tip point load is
formulated by considering two nodes at each end of the

3000 mm
beam and two storey frame is formulated by taking nine
nodes as shown in Figures 1 and 2 respectively. Material
properties used for nonlinear analysis of beams and
5000 mm 5000 mm
frames are shown in Table 1.
Figure 2. Two storey building frame with horizontal load.
Table 1. Material properties used for nonlinear
analysis of beams and frames
Material properties Values

Elastic modulus (E) 2.1 x 105 N/mm2 Y.S E/65

2
Yield stress 250 N/mm
Stress

Poisson’s ratio 0.3

E
Tangent modulus (Et) for E/65 3231 N/mm2

Tangent modulus (Et) for E/3 7 x 104 N/mm2

Strain
Figure 3. Bilinear model of stress–strain curve with tangent
60kN
modulus E/65.

70 mm
500 mm 70 mm

Figure 1. Cantilever beam with point load.

E/3
Y.S
Nonlinear analysis of beams and frames are carried
out using inite element based sotware ANSYS mechani-
Stress

cal APDL. For nonlinear analysis, bilinear stress-strain

curve with young’s modulus E upto yield point and ater
E
that straight line with tangent modulus E/65 and E/3 is
considered as shown in Figures 3 and 4 respectively.
Material model adopted for the present study is deined
as nonlinear » inelastic » rate independent » von-mises Strain
» isotropic hardening plasticity » bilinear stress strain Figure 4. Bilinear model of stress–strain curve with tangent
(Given in Ansys sotware). he load is applied step by step modulus E/3.

Vol 9 (28) | July 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 3
 Efect of Material Nonlinearity on Delection of Beams and Frames

Table 2. Stress and delection of cantilever steel beam with point load at the tip
Load in Delection Under the Load (mm) Maximum Stress in Beam (N/mm2)
KN Nonlinear Nonlinear Linear Linear Nonlinear Nonlinear Linear
analysis E/65 analysis E/3 analysis using analysis using analysis E/65 analysis E/3 analysis using
Ansys matlab Ansys
1 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 8.31 8.31 8.31
5 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.50 41.55 41.50 41.50
10 1.01 1.01 1.01 0.99 83.10 83.10 83.10
20 2.02 2.02 2.02 1.98 166.18 166.18 166.18
30 3.03 3.03 3.03 2.98 249.27 249.27 249.27
40 4.60 4.12 4.04 3.97 332.36 297.38 297.37
50 15.52 5.89 5.05 4.96 415.45 318.48 310.05
60 47.32 8.06 6.06 5.95 498.54 376.27 348.14

Table 3. Delection and stress of two-storey steel frame with horizontal load
Load in Horizontal Delection of the Frame (mm) Maximum Stress in Frame (N/mm2)
KN Nonlinear Nonlinear Linear Linear Nonlinear Nonlinear Linear
analysis E/65 analysis E/3 analysis using analysis using analysis E/65 analysis E/3 analysis using
Ansys matlab Ansys
2 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.02 38.00 38.00 38.00
4 38.00 38.00 38.02 38.04 76.13 76.13 76.13
6 57.10 57.10 57.00 57.06 114.20 114.20 114.20
8 76.00 76.00 76.00 76.08 152.27 152.27 152.27
10 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.09 190.34 190.34 190.34
12 114.24 114.24 114.00 114.11 228.40 228.40 228.40
13 123.76 123.76 123.58 123.62 247.60 247.60 247.44
14 133.30 133.30 133.00 133.13 266.67 266.67 266.47
16 152.36 152.36 152.00 152.15 304.78 304.78 304.54
18 175.68 172.80 171.12 171.17 307.13 303.20 342.60
20 211.45 195.20 190.13 190.19 284.96 297.60 380.68
22 262.37 221.65 209.14 209.21 304.29 314.80 418.75
24 353.14 251.50 228.16 228.23 294.00 338.56 456.80
25 446.14 266.67 237.66 237.73 305.00 350.50 475.85

3. Results and Discussions he delection of the cantilever steel beam with end
point load is same for linear and nonlinear case upto a
Linear Analysis of beam and frame is carried out using load of 30 KN and the stresses at that time is nearly 250
inite element based ANSYS mechanical APDL sotware N/mm2 which is identical to the yield stress of the mate-
and a MATLAB code established using inite element rial (Given in Table 1). In linear analysis of mild steel
technique, whereas material nonlinear analysis is carried maximum level of stress before failure is its yield stress
out by using Ansys APDL. he nonlinear and linear stress (250 N/mm2) and it is assumed that the material will fail
and delection of cantilever beam is shown in Table 2 and ater reaching the yield stress. For considering the strain
building frame is shown in Table 3. hardening property of mild steel this study considered

4 Vol 9 (28) | July 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 K. K. Riyas Moideen and U. K. Dewangan

two models, one with tangent modulus one by sixty-ive

of young’s modulus and other with tangent modulus one-
third of young’s modulus. In irst case we are not using
that much reserved strength of material but second case
is more resembles to the original stress strain behavior of
mild steel. From the tables it is clear that bilinear curve
with lesser tangent modulus is showing greater value of
delection and lesser value stress when compared to other
model. In case of beam with 60 KN load gives a delection
of 48 mm and stress 498 N/mm2 for model with tangent
modulus E/65, whereas it is 8 mm and 375 N/mm2 for
model with tangent modulus E/3, which resembles more
with actual behavior. Linear delection and stresses for 60 Figure 7. Load vs delection diagram for frame with
KN load is 6 mm and 350 N/mm2 which is near to the horizontal load.
model with tangent modulus E/3. he nature of delection
and stress in frame is also similar to the beam. he load-
delection and load-stress diagram for beam is shown in
4. Conclusions
Figure 5 and Figure 6 respectively and load-delection his research article studies the efect of material non-
diagram for frame is shown in Figure 7. linearity of mild steel on total delection and stresses of
beams and frames. he studies on inite element based
sotware Ansys and theoretical outcomes related with
them lead to the succeeding conclusions:
• Strain hardening parameter (Tangent modulus)
is efecting signiicantly on total delection and
stress. If we are considering the higher value for
tangent modulus, the stress will be less and the
delection will be more.
• he linear analysis is showing linear variation of
delection and stresses with respect to applied
loads.
• Nonlinear analysis the delection and stress is
Figure 5. Load vs delection diagram for cantilever beam found the same as that of linear upto yielding
with end load. and thereater the delection is found more and
stress is less as compared to the linear value.
• Linear delection that we obtained from Ansys
sotware and FEM based code by MATLAB val-
ues are almost same

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