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Study on Simulation of Biomass Gasification for Syngas Production in a Fixed

Bed Reactor

Article in International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology · December 2018
DOI: 10.32628/IJSRST18401131

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 © 2018 IJSRST | Volume 4 | Issue 11 | Print ISSN: 2395-6011 | Online ISSN: 2395-602X
Themed Section: Science and Technology
DOI : https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST18401131

Study on Simulation of Biomass Gasification for Syngas

Production in a Fixed Bed Reactor
Bedewi Bilal1, M. RaviKumar2
1, 2Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Samara University, Samara,

Afar, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT
This study was focusing on the simulation of the biomass (coffee bean husk and rice husk) gasification process
based on the kinetics of the gasifier and to investigate the produced syngas composition. The ASPEN PLUS
simulator was used to investigate the effect of operating parameters on composition of product gas. The
gasification process usually begins with the drying process, and then followed by pyrolysis. The pyrolysis
process leads to breaking down of the biomass into solid matter, gaseous mixture (mainly CO 2, CO, CH4 and H2)
and liquid matter. The main focus on biomass gasification process is to efficiently convert the entire char
constituent into gaseous product of the syngas by using either steam or CO 2. The simulations include;
gasification temperature, pressure, reactor volume, Equivalence ratio and moisture content have been
investigated. From the result of sensitivity analysis increase the temperature the production of H 2 and CO and
the increase of moisture content of the biomass the lower heating value of the producer gas decrease. Based on
the obtained result the maximum lower heating value of syngas was obtained at the gasification temperature of
8000C, steam to biomass ratio of 0.1, pressure of 1 bar, 0.05 of moisture content and 0.02 m3 of reactor volume.
Keywords: Fixed bed gasifier, biomass, equivalence ratio, ASPEN PLUS

I. INTRODUCTION gasifying agent that provides oxygen for the

formation of CO from solid carbon in the fuel. The
Biomass gasification is one of the most popular gasifying agents include air, oxygen, steam and CO2
processes which produce energy in the form of [5]. The gasification process usually begins with
syngas and as the same time it reduces the drying sub-zone and then followed by pyrolysis. The
environmental hazards of raw biomass. In addition, pyrolysis process leads the breaking down of the
being a renewable energy source, biomass gasification biomass into solid matter (charcoal), gaseous mixture
also helps reduction of net greenhouse gas emission (mainly CO2, CO, CH4 and H2) and liquid matter
and moderation of global warming [3]. Gasification is (tar). The main focus in biomass gasification process
a thermochemical process that converts organic or is to efficiently convert the entire char constituent
fossil based carbonaceous material into a combustible into gaseous product of the syngas by using either
gas by react the material under a certain range of steam or CO2 [6].Biomass gasifiers are complex
temperature with a controlled/starved amount of facilities, which make it difficult to investigate their
air/oxygen often with a combination of steam. various operating conditions. The characteristics of
Biomass as a product of photosynthesis is one of the biomass greatly influence the performance of a
most abundant renewable resource that can be used biomass gasifier. A proper understanding of the
for sustainable production of syngas (a mixture of CO physical and the chemical properties of biomass
and H2) [4].The gasification process requires some feedstock is essential for the design and operation of a

IJSRST18401131 | Received : 01 Dec 2018 | Accepted : 07 Dec 2018 | November-December-2018 [ 4 (11) : 139-149]
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biomass gasifier to be reliable. There are numerous 1. Biomass feedstock characterization:

models for biomass gasification has been developed. The raw materials used in this study are agricultural
These models can be categorized into thermodynamic residues (coffee bean husk and rice husk) locally
equilibrium models and kinetic models. The produced in Ethiopia’s farmlands. These materials
thermodynamic equilibrium models, also known as were collected from farmlands and local community
zero-dimensional models, are widely used among around Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. The chemistry of
researchers to predict the composition of the biomass gasification is similar to that of coal
produced syngas and the equilibrium temperature by gasification and the general chemical formula used
assuming that the chemical reactions reach for the coffee bean husk and the rice husk was
equilibrium. However, these models cannot provide CH1.76O0.78N 0.03 and CH1.64O0.95N 0.005
highly accurate results and also cannot provide the respectively. Therefore, stoichiometric air required
concentration or temperature profiles inside the for complete oxidation of coffee bean husk and rice
reactor. Kinetic models provide essential information husk can be calculated from the reaction and 4.58 kg
on kinetic mechanisms to describe the chemical and 4.26 kg of air was required for complete
reactions involved in the biomass gasification, which combustion of 1.5 kg of coffee bean husk and rice
is crucial in designing, evaluating and improving husk respectively.
gasifiers. These models are based on the chemical
reaction rates and are able to predict both overall and 2. Proximate Analysis:
profiles of producer gas yield and compositions with A sample of each biomass is taken randomly and
time and location within the gasifier. However, as the tested for proximate analysis to get the
models involve a number of reactions and transfer comprehensive details of biomass feed. Proximate
process, the models are computationally intensive analysis, which is a standardized procedure that gives
[7].Gasification is expected to be the future method an idea of the bulk components that make up a fuel,
of producing an energy carrier, and the production of was done to determine the average of the percentage
syngas from biomass or waste would require volatile matter content, percentage ash content,
gasification as an essential part of the overall process. moisture content and percentage content of fixed
Current Gasifiers can be classified into two types: carbon of the biomass obtained by using ASTM E872,
fixed-bed gasifiers and fluidized-bed gasifier [1]. ASTM D1102 and ASTM respectively.[7]
Fluidized bed gasification is often adopted for larger
capacity of biomass feedstock. Fluidized bed 3. Moisture Content (MC):
gasification is more complicated in constructing and The percentage moisture content (PMC) was found
operating, and also requires a higher investment. For by weighing of the biomass sample (B0) and oven
this study kinetic simulation of fixed bed gasification drying it at the temperature of 105°C until constant
is chosen because of the suitability for any type of weight of the sample (B1) was obtained. The loss in
biomass and the lower investment cost requirements. weight resulted in the amount of moisture present
Fixed bed gasification also has the advantage of a and sample left in the crucible are total solids present
small amount of fly ash, and the syngas from biomass in the sample. The change in weight (B2) was then
gasification can be used in various areas as clean used to determine the sample's percentage moisture
energy [8]. content by using the following equation:

PM=B2/B0 ×100 (1)

II. METHODS AND MATERIAL

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4. Volatile Matter (VM): flow rate 100 ml/min, oxygen flow rate 250 ml/min;
furnace temperature of 900 ℃ and oven temperature
The percentage volatile matter (PVM) was
of 75 °C.
determined by pulverizing the oven dried biomass
sample in a crucible and placing it at 550℃ for 10 8. Process Simulation Model Development:
minutes in a Box type resistance furnace Model BK –
In the area of process modelling and simulation, there
5 – 12GJ until a constant weight was obtained and
are a number of processes modelling software
weighed after cooling in desiccators.
packages available to develop computational model of
The PVM was then calculated by using the following gasification process and to perform simulation and
equation validation studies. From those types of software
packages researchers and professionals use Aspen
Plus, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD, composed
of GAMBIT and FLUENT), Chem-CAD and Mat Lab
5. Ash Content (AC):
to develop and optimize the gasification models.
The percentage ash content (PAC) was also From the above mentioned software packages, Aspen
determined by heating oven dried biomass samples in Plus is one of the sophisticated processes modeling
open silica crucible at 550℃ for minimum of 4 hours computer software packages which is familiar to
in Box type resistance furnace Model BK – 5 – 12GJ many users and has proven its capacity for
and weighed after cooling in a desiccator to obtain gasification model development and simulation [1]. It
the weight of ash (C). is a market leading comprehensive chemical process
modeling tool, used y the world’s leading chemistry
organization and related industries. It originated from
a joint called Advanced project System for Process
6. Fixed Carbon : Engineering (ASPEN) which is started by the
Massachusetts institute of Technology (MIT) and the
The percentage fixed carbon (PFC) was computed by US Department of engineering in the 97 ’s and
subtracting the sum of PVM and PAC from 100 as finished in 1981. Aspen Tech was found in the same
shown in the following equation: year and ASPEN project was commercialized Aspen
Fi ed ar on V Tech called Aspen Plus[8]Aspen Plus is used in the
industrial chemical process modeling, simulation,
7. Ultimate Analysis : optimization, sensitivity analysis and economic
evaluation. It provides a comprehensive physical
This analysis is important for determining the
property models and the library of unit operation
elemental composition (C, N, H, S, O etc.) of the
models, fast and reliable process simulation functions,
biomass fuels and the empirical formula of biomass as
and advanced calculation method. With the physical
CnHmOxNy in order to establish stoichiometric
property database and the operation models provided
equation for complete combustion of biomass and
by Aspen Plus, engineers are able to simulate actual
equivalence ratio for the gasification reaction. It was
plant behavior effectively and accurately thereby
carried out by using EA 1112 Flash CHNS/O-
improve the productivity and reduce the costs.[9]
analyzer. For the determination of elemental analysis
Due to its reliability and precise outcomes in process
of the biomass, the following condition was carried
modeling and simulation, Aspen Plus was used in this
out, Carrier gas flow rate of 120 ml/min, reference

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study to develop and simulate a fixed bed gasification Water gas reaction:
process for coffee bean husk and rice husk as feed ⁄
stocks. The simulations process was based on the
Methanation reaction:
mass-energy balance and chemical kinetics for the
overall process. It comprises several databases ⁄
containing physical, chemical and thermodynamic
Water gas shift reaction:
data for a wide variety of chemical compounds, as
well as a selection of kinetic models required for the ⁄
accurate simulation of any given system[10]. Methane reforming reaction:

⁄
In Aspen Plus, there is no particular gasifier model
ready for use, therefore to model a fixed bed gasifier, ⁄
it is necessary to separate the whole process into
9. Specifying Components:
different blocks. The process and the main unit
operations involved in the gasification of fixed bed In any types of simulation in Aspen Plus after flow
gasifier were drying, pyrolysis (decomposition), sheeting the process specifying the necessary
gasification and combustion) were simulated by using component is important to go the next process. In
the reactors RStoic, RYield and RCSTR. As the this fixed bed gasifier simulation process all the
simulation in this study is based on kinetic modeling, components were specified properly. Table 1 lists the
the reaction kinetic parameters are considered. The components modelled in the simulation. Because the
following assumptions were considered in modeling uncertainty of exact formulas of biomass and ash,
the gasification process. Process is isothermal and they were defined as nonconventional solid
steady state, particles are spherical and are not components. For these components, only enthalpy
affected in course of the reaction, the simulation is and density were calculated during the simulation.
carried with power-law kinetics, the residence time Aspen Plus includes special models for estimating
for reactants is sufficiently high to reach chemical both enthalpy and density for coal-derived materials.
equilibrium and liquid modeling is considered rather These models can be used to estimate biomass
than solid modeling for biomass due to unavailability properties as well since biomass can be considered as
of certain parameters. The gasification reactions coal-derived material.
which play a great role for the production of syngas
from the pyrolysis sub-zone to combustion sub-zone Table 1: Detailed data of the components modelled in
are the following. the simulation [1]

Oxidation reactions: Component Type Component name Formula

ID
⁄
BIOMASS Nonconventional _ _

⁄ ASH Nonconventional _ _

C Solid Carbon-Graphite C
⁄
H2 Conventional Hydrogen H2

Boudouard reaction: N2 Conventional Nitrogen N2

O2 Conventional Oxygen O2
⁄
Cl2 Conventional Chlorine Cl2

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CO Conventional Carbon-Monoxide CO husk and rice husk) was specified as non-

CO2 Conventional Carbon-Dioxide CO2 conventional stream and the ultimate and proximate
H2O Conventional Water H2O analyses, given in Table 3.2 were entered. The
CH4 Conventional Methane CH4 biomass lower heating value (LHV) was also specified
S Conventional Sulfur S with the HCOALGEN and DCOALIGT property
SO2 Conventional Sulfur-Dioxide O2S
models chosen to estimate the biomass enthalpy of
NH3 Conventional Ammonia NH3
formation, specific heat capacity and density based on
H2S Conventional Hydrogen-Sulfide H2S
the ultimate and proximate analyses. Finally, the
HCl Conventional Hydrogen- HCl
stream thermodynamic condition (1bar and 25 °C)
Chloride
and mass flow rate of 1.5kg/hr were used as an input
for the process model.The detailed specifications for
10. Physical Property Method: the inlet streams in this gasification process are listed
in table 2.
For this fixed bed gasifier simulation process,
Redlich-Kwong-Soave cubic equation of state with
Boston-Mathias alpha function property method was
Table 2 : The specifications for the inlet streams in
selected as the global property method for this model.
the process model
It has been used to estimate all physical properties of
the conventional components in the gasification Stream Component Pressure Temperature Mass
process. This property method is comparable to the flow
rate
Peng Robinson cubic equation of state with the
0
BIOMASS Specified as its 1bar 25 C 1.5
Boston-Mathias alpha function (PR-BM) property
proximate, Kg/hr
method. RKS-BM is recommended for gas-processing, ultimate and
refinery and petrochemical applications such as gas sulfur analysis
plants, crude towers and ethylene plants. This PRIMARY 21%O2 and 1bar 250C 0.3
79%N2
method is generally used for nonpolar or mildly polar AIR Kg/hr

mixtures, like hydrocarbons and light gases such as (mole fraction )

CO2, hydrogen sulfide and H2. Using RKS-BM, SECONDARY 21%O2 and 1bar 250C 0.001
79%N2
AIR Kg/hr
reasonable results can be expected at all temperatures
(mole fraction )
and pressures. The RKS-BM property method is
consistent in the critical region. The enthalpy and
density model selected for both feed and ash are non- III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
conventional components, HCOALGEN and
DCOALIGT. In this study, feed was defined as non- 1. Proximate and Ultimate analysis:
conventional components and the above model was
In the gasifying process of any type of biomass, it is
selected during the simulation process.
important to know the physical and chemical
properties of the biomass feedstock used. The biomass,
which is used for this study is coffee bean husk and
11. Specifying Feed stream: the rice husk was also characterized. The
After renaming the stream in the simulation process, determination is carried out duplication and the
it is important to specify all the necessary input average values are to be taken and the result obtained
streams. In this simulation the biomass (coffee bean

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is used for the simulation process of the fixed bed gasifier.

Table 3 : Proximate and Ultimate analysis of feed used in simulation

Proximate analysis (wt. %, dry base) Ultimate analysis (wt. %, dry base)

Moisture Fixed Volatile

feed stocks Ash C H O N S
Content Carbon Matter

Coffee husk 9.65 28.28 58.37 3.7 43.39 6.37 45.08 1.41 0.05
Rice husk 6.15 13.98 65.04 14.83 35.36 4.83 44.68 0.21 0.09

2. Gasification Temperature:

Gasification temperature is one of the most

influential factors affecting the product gas
composition and properties. The effect of gasifier
temperature on producing syngas composition is
shown in figure 1. The temperature considered varies
from 400℃ to 1400℃ when 1.5 kg/hr of the biomass
(coffee bean husk and rice husk) and 1 bar of pressure.
The concentration of CO is increased with the
increase of the gasification temperature while CO2 A
concentration followed an opposed manner. The CH4
concentration is also decreased as the gasification
temperature increased. And H2 is rise with the
increasing of gasifier temperature. The temperature
of the gasifier is playing a great role in the production
of H2 rich synthesis gas from biomass. As we examine
from the following figure the hydrogen gas is
increasing with increasing of temperature. These
tendencies can be attributed to the chemical reaction
laws; the higher temperature favoured the products
in endothermic reactions, and favoured the reactants
in exothermic reactions. B
Figure 1 : The effect of temperature on the syngas
composition (A) for coffee bean husk and (B) for rice
husk

3. Gasification pressure:

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Pressure is also one of the most gasification factors In this gasifier simulation process, the effect of air-
which influence on the composition of syngas biomass ratio on the product gas composition was
production. The effect of gasifier pressure on examined. The simulation results for the syngas
produced syngas composition is shown in figure 2. composition versus air to biomass ratios covered a
The pressure considered varies from 1 to 10 bars. The range of 0.2 to 1.0 the investigation was made at the
result is examined by varying the pressure of the value of biomass flow is fixed at 1.5 kg/hr and air
gasifier and making the other parameters kept mass flow is ranged between 1.67 to 5 kg/hr and the
constant. The amount of the concentration of H2 and other gasification parameters are unchanged
CO is increased at lower pressure in case of the two ( temperature and pressure). In figure 3 it is obvious
biomass feed stocks but as the increasing of the that the production of both H2 and CO decrease with
gasification pressure the concentration of CO2 and the increasing amount of air. Air to biomass ratio not
CH4 is increased. only represents the O2 quantity introduced into the
gasifier, but also affects the gasification temperature
under the condition of auto thermal operation.
Higher air to biomass rations can cause syngas quality
to lower because of an increasing oxidation reaction.
Alternatively, higher air to biomass ratio means a
higher gasification temperature, which can accelerate
the gasification and improve the product quality to a
certain extent.

B
Figure 1: The effect of pressure in the syngas
composition (A) for coffee bean husk and (B) for rice
husk
4. Equivalence Ratio, ER:

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B
Figure Error! No text of specified style in document. :
B The effect of biomass moisture content on the
composition of syngas (A) for coffee bean husk and (B)
Figure 2: The effect of air flow rate on the syngas
for rice husk.
composition (A) for coffee bean husk and (B) for rice
husk
6. Reactor volume:

5. Biomass moisture content

The reactor volume is also another factor in the
The moisture content of the biomass is another factor produced syngas composition. As we examined from
that affects the composition of syngas produced from figure 5 increasing the reactor volume the
gasification process. The effect of the biomass composition of the H2 and CO amount increased for
moisture content on the composition of syngas both biomass feed stocks. But the composition of CO2
produced from the gasifier was examined by varying and CH4 is produced in small amounts at a constant
the moisture content from 5% to 35%. The data composition as the volume of the reactor increased.
obtained from the moisture content of the biomass
were shown in figure 4. As examined from the figure
the amount of moisture content is increased the H2
and CO2 composition in the syngas is slightly
increased and CO and CH4 composition in the syngas
is decreased.

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concentration .At the lower concentration and the

lower temperature the heating value is increased fast.
After some time later both biomass heating value is
increased slightly. Both biomasses have the reaches
maximum heating value at the temperature of 8000C
and as the temperature increase the heating value are
increases slightly. As inspected from the following
figure the rice husk has heating value of
51,542.12kJ/kg and the coffee bean husk has
48,773.85kJ/kg.

B
Figure 3 : The effect of reactor volume in the syngas
composition (A) for coffee bean husk and (B) for rice
husk

7. Lower Heating value of produced gas (Syngas):

The LHV of syngas depends on the other operating

parameters of the gasifier. As the gas composition is
affected by temperature, this also significantly affects
the LHV of the produced gas. The best way to get a Figure 4 : The effects of temperature on the heating
LHV as high as possible is to produce a gas enriched value of syngas
in CO, CH4 and H2 which could be suitable for
energetic exploitation for instance in internal increase in a gasification pressure the methane
combustion engines and turbines for the production concentration is also increasing and the result implies
of power. The LHV of the gas has been calculated that the LHV of the syngas decreased as shown in
using the following equation[11] figure 7. The heating values of the biomass have been
reaching a maximum at the lower pressure and
( decrease as the increasing of the pressure.
)

Where and are the mole fraction of

producer gas. The Lower Heating Value of the
producer gas are LHVCO = 10,110 kJ/kg, LHVCH4 =
49,915 kJ/kg and LHV H2 =11,949 kJ/kg [12]. As we
observe from figure 4.6 the increasing the
temperature there is also increasing the heating value
of the biomass feed stocks. The concentration of H2
whose coefficient within the above equation is the
largest and this implies the increasing with Figure 5: The effect of pressure on the heating value
temperature there is the increasing of H2 and CO2 of syngas

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