REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPRESSION MEMBERS CE Board Exam Review

DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS USING NSCP AXIAL STRENGTH 425.7.2. TIES
2015
422.4.2.1. The nominal axial strength, 𝑃% , for non-prestressed 425.7.2.1. Ties shall consist of a closed loop of deformed bar
410.6. REINFORCEMENT LIMITS columns is given by: or deformed wire with spacing in accordance with (a) and (b):
410.6.1.1. For non-prestressed columns and for pre-stressed a) For tied columns: 𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝑷𝟎 a) Clear spacing of at least 𝟒/𝟑 𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒈 .
columns with average 𝑓!" < 1.6 MPa, area of longitudinal b) For spiral columns: 𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝑷𝟎 b) Center-to-center spacing shall not exceed the least of
reinforcement shall be at least 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝑨𝒈 but shall not exceed 𝟏𝟔𝒅𝒃 of longitudinal bar, 𝟒𝟖𝒅𝒃 of tie bar, and smallest
𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝑨𝒈 . 422.4.2.2. The maximum available axial strength, 𝑃( , for non- dimension of member.

Minimum Concrete Cover prestressed members and composite steel and concrete 425.7.2.2. Diameter of tie bar or wire shall be at least (a) or
members is given by: (b):
420.6.1.3. Specified concrete cover to primary reinforcement,
stirrups, ties, spirals, and hoops for columns shall be at least 𝑷𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇*𝒄 j𝑨𝒈 − 𝑨𝒔𝒕 l + 𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕 a) 10-mm 𝜙 enclosing 32-mm 𝜙 or smaller longitudinal
40 mm. bars
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR b) 12-mm 𝜙 enclosing 36-mm 𝜙 or larger longitudinal
Minimum Reinforcement Spacing bars
For non-prestressed members under axial compression only,
425.2.3. For longitudinal reinforcement in columns, pedestals, the strength reduction factors are given by: 425.7.3. SPIRALS
struts, and boundary elements in walls, clear spacing between
bars shall be at least the greatest of: a) For tied columns: 𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 425.7.3.1. Spirals shall consist of evenly spaced continuous
b) For spiral columns: 𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 bar or wire with clear spacing conforming to (a) and (b):
a) 40 mm;
b) 1.5𝑑$ ; a) At least the greater of 25 mm and 𝟒/𝟑 𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒈 .
c) 4/3 Maximum Agreggate Size (M.A.S.) SOME NOTES: b) Not greater than 75 mm

Minimum Number of Longitudinal Reinforcement 1. 𝑃( is the maximum available axial strength, which is 425.7.3.2. For cast-in-place construction, spiral bar or wire
attained when both the concrete and steel reach full diameter shall be at least 10 mm.
410.7.3.1. For non-prestressed columns and for prestressed plastic state.
columns with average 𝑓!" < 1. .60 MPa, the minimum number 425.7.3.3. Volumetric spiral reinforcement ratio, 𝜌0 , shall
of longitudinal bars shall be (a), (b), or (c): 2. The nominal axial strength, 𝑃% , which is equal to 80 to 85 satisfy:
percent of 𝑃( , is also called the maximum usable axial
a) Three within triangular ties; 𝑨𝒈 𝒇*𝒄
strength. 𝝆𝒔 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 { − 𝟏| ∙
b) Four within rectangular or circular ties; 𝑨𝒄𝒉 𝒇𝒚𝒕
c) Six enclosed by spirals or for columns of special
moment frames enclosed by circular hoops

Kippap Education J.M.A. Guimba

REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPRESSION MEMBERS CE Board Exam Review

The actual volumetric spiral ratio can be calculated as follows: UNSYMMETRICAL COLUMNS PRACTICE PROBLEMS

𝟒𝒂𝒔 (𝑫𝒄 − 𝒅𝒔 ) Þ All eccentricities for columns must be measured from the Problem 1. A reinforced concrete tied column carries an axial
𝝆𝒔 = location of the plastic centroid dead load of 600 kN and an axial live load of 750 kN. Suppose
𝒔𝑫𝟐𝒄
that the steel ratio is not to exceed 3%. If 𝑓" = 24 MPa and 𝑓4 =
Where: Plastic Centroid 420 MPa, determine:
𝐴"3 - area of the concrete core, measured out-to-out of spiral The plastic centroid is the location of the resultant force 1. The dimension required for the column, in mm,
produced by the steel and concrete. When the load is applied considering a square cross-section. [350 x 350]
𝐷" – diameter of concrete core
through this point, the entire section is subjected under 2. The number of 20-mm 𝜙 bars to be used as longitudinal
𝑎0 – cross-sectional area of spiral bar uniform strain. reinforcement. [12]
3. The spacing required for the 10-mm 𝜙 lateral
𝑑0 – diameter of spiral bar For symmetric columns, the plastic centroid coincides with
reinforcement. [300]
the geometric centroid of the gross section.
𝑠 – pitch distance of spiral Problem 2. A circular spiral column is to support an axial dead
To locate the plastic centroid:
load of 1000 kN and an axial live load of 1350 kN. Assume that
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇*𝒄 𝑨𝒈 ∙ 𝒙𝒄 + j𝒇𝒚 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇*𝒄 l ∙ 𝑨𝒔𝒕 ∙ 𝒙𝒔 the longitudinal steel is limited at 2%. 𝑓"* = 28 MPa, 𝑓4 =
Š=
𝒙 420 MPa, and 𝑓43 = 275 MPa.
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇*𝒄 𝑨𝒈 + j𝒇𝒚 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇*𝒄 l ∙ 𝑨𝒔𝒕
1. What is the required diameter of the column, in mm? [475]
Or: 2. How many 25-mm 𝜙 longitudinal bars are needed? [8]
3. What is the required pitch, 𝑠, of the 10-mm spirals? [30]
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇*𝒄 𝑨𝒈 ∙ 𝒙𝒄 + j𝒇𝒚 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇*𝒄 l ∙ 𝑨𝒔𝒕 ∙ 𝒙𝒔
Š=
𝒙
𝑷𝟎 Problem 3. The corner column shown in Fig. RCD-01 is
supported by 12 25-mm 𝜙 longitudinal bars. Suppose that
Where: 𝑓"* = 24 MPa and 𝑓4 = 420 MPa.
𝑥" – location of the centroid of the gross concrete section 1. What is the location of the plastic centroid measured from
𝑥0 – location of the centroid of the steel reinforcement the x-axis? [246.114]
2. What is the location of the plastic centroid measured from
the y-axis? [201.979]
3. What is the moment induced by a factored load of 2000 kN
applied at a point 150 mm from the y-axis and 250 mm
from the x-axis? [214.886]

Kippap Education J.M.A. Guimba

REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPRESSION MEMBERS CE Board Exam Review

Fig. RCD-02

Fig. RCD-01

Problem 4. The cross-section of a column is shown in Fig. RCD-

02. It is to be reinforced by six 20-mm 𝜙 bars at the left side
and four 32-mm 𝜙 bars at the right side. Suppose that 𝑓"* =
21 MPa and 𝑓4 = 420 MPa.

1. What is the location of the geometric centroid of the gross

concrete area, measured from the leftmost face?
[248.529]
2. What is the location of the plastic centroid measured from
the leftmost face? Neglect the effects of displaced
concrete? [295.267]
3. What is the moment induced by a 2500 kN load applied at
a point 100 mm to the left of the geometric centroid?
[366.844]

Kippap Education J.M.A. Guimba

REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPRESSION MEMBERS CE Board Exam Review

SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE PROBLEMS:

Problem 1.

𝑃! = 1.2(600) + 1.6(750) = 1920 kN

𝑃! = 𝜙[0.80𝑃" ]
1920 = 0.65(0.80𝑃" )
𝑃" = 3692.308 kN

𝑃" = 𝐴# [0.85𝑓$% + 𝜌# ^𝑓& − 0.85𝑓$% `a

3692.308 ∙ 1000 = 𝐴# [0.85(24) + (0.03)^420 − 0.85(24)`a

𝐴# = 114,002.337 mm'

Calculating the required column dimension,

𝐴# = 𝑏'

114,002.337 = 𝑏'
𝑏 = 337.642 mm, say, 𝑏 = 350 mm

∴ Use 350 mm x 350 mm column. Ans. #1

𝐴() = 𝜌# 𝐴() = 0.03(350)'

𝐴() = 3675 mm'

𝐴() 3675
𝑛= =𝜋
𝐴* (20' )
4
𝑛 = 11.698, say, 12 bars

∴ Use 12 20 − mm ϕ longitudinal bars (4 each face). Ans. #2

Calculating the spacing of ties,

16𝑑* = 16(20) = 320 mm
𝑠 ≤ s 48𝑑( = 48(10) = 480 mm
least dimension = 350 mm
We take 𝑠 = 320 mm, or, say 𝑠 = 300 mm

∴ Use 10 − mm ϕ ties @ 300 mm o. c. spacing. Ans. #3

Problem 2.

𝑃! = 1.2(1000) + 1.6(1350) = 3360 kN

𝑃! = 𝜙[0.85𝑃" ]
3360 = 0.75(0.85𝑃" )

𝑃" = 5270.588 kN

𝑃" = 𝐴# [0.85𝑓$% + 𝜌# ^𝑓& − 0.85𝑓$% `a

5270.588 ∙ 1000 = 𝐴# [0.85(28) + (0.02)^420 − 0.85(28)`a

𝐴# = 166,138.830 mm'

Calculating the required dimension of the column,

𝜋 '
𝐴# = 𝐷
4
𝜋 '
166,138.530 mm' = 𝐷
4
𝐷 = 459.929 mm, say, 𝐷 = 475 mm

∴ Use 475 − mm ϕ circular spiral column. Ans. #1

Kippap Education J.M.A. Guimba

REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPRESSION MEMBERS CE Board Exam Review

𝜋
𝐴() = 𝜌# 𝐴# = 0.02 x y (475' ) = 3544.109 mm'
4
𝐴() 3544.109
𝑛= = 𝜋
𝐴* (25' )
4
𝑛 = 7.22, say, 8 bars
∴ Use 8 25 − mm ϕ longitudinal bars. Ans. #2

Calculating the required pitch of the spirals,

𝜋
𝐴# = (475' ) = 177,205.461 mm'
4
𝐷$ = 𝐷 − 2𝐶$ = 475 − 2(40) = 395 mm
𝜋 ' 𝜋
𝐴$+ = 𝐷 = (395' ) = 122,541.748 mm'
4 $ 4
𝜋 𝜋
𝑎( = 𝑑(' = (10' ) = 78.540 mm'
4 4
4𝑎( (𝐷$ − 𝑑( ) 𝐴# 𝑓$%
𝜌( = ≥ 0.45 } − 1~ ∙
𝑠𝐷$' 𝐴$+ 𝑓&)

4(78.540)(395 − 10) 177205.461 28

= 0.45 } − 1~ ∙
𝑠(395 )
' 122541.748 275
𝑠 = 37.928 mm, say, 𝑠 = 30 mm

𝑠,-. = 25 mm < 𝑠 = 30 mm < 𝑠,/0 = 75 mm ∴ OK!

∴ Use a pitch distance of 30 mm for the 10 − mm ϕ spirals. Ans. #3

Problem 3.

For locating the plastic centroid, we can use the STAT Mode of the calculator for more convenient calculation.
Initially, we try to decompose the figure into simpler component figures.

Note: Before toggling the STAT Mode of the calculator, make sure that Frequency is switched on. To do this on
Canon F-789SGA, just toggle SHIFT – MODE (Set-up) – Down Arrow – 4 (STAT) – 1 (Frequency ON)
Now, to toggle the Linear STAT Mode, just press Mode – 3 (STAT) – 2 (LIN)
For the entries, we set regions 1 and 2 to be the divisions of the gross concrete area. Regions 3 to 6, meanwhile,
represent the 4 rows of bars.

X Y Freq
1 300 125 0.85(24)(600)(250)
2 125 375 0.85(24)(250)(250)
𝜋
3 300 62.5 [420 − 0.85(24)](4) x y (25' )
4

Kippap Education J.M.A. Guimba

REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPRESSION MEMBERS CE Board Exam Review

𝜋
4 300 187.5 [420 − 0.85(24)](4) x y (25' )
4
𝜋
5 125 312.5 [420 − 0.85(24)](2) x y (25' )
4
𝜋
6 125 437.5 [420 − 0.85(24)](2) x y (25' )
4

Now, solving for the location of the plastic centroid,

[SHIFT – APPS – 5 (S-VAR) – 2]

𝑥̅ = 246.114 mm Ans. #2
[SHIFT – APPS – 5 (S-VAR) – 5]
𝑦‹ = 201.979 mm Ans. #1
Calculating the moment induced by the eccentric load,

𝑒 = •(246.114 − 150)' + (250 − 201.979)' = 107.443 mm

𝑀 = 𝑃𝑒 = 2000(107.443) ÷ 1000
𝑀 = 214.886 kN ∙ m Ans. #3

Problem 4.

For this problem, we take note that the reinforcements are placed symmetrically with respect to the vertical. Hence,
single-variable statistics will suffice here.
Decomposing the figure first,

Now, to toggle single-variable statistics, press MODE – 3 (STAT) – 1 (SD)

We set Region 1 to be the 400 x 250 rectangle, Region 2 to be 350 x 200, while Regions 3 to 6 are the columns of bars
from left to right.

Plugging in all corresponding values to locate the centroid of the gross concrete first,

X Freq
1 125 (400)(250)
2 425 (350)(200)

[SHIFT – APPS – 5 (S-VAR) – 2]

𝑥̅ = 248.529 mm Ans. #1
Now, modifying the entries to include the steel reinforcements,

X Freq
1 125 (0.85)(21)(400)(250)
2 425 (0.85)(21)(350)(200)

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REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPRESSION MEMBERS CE Board Exam Review

𝜋
3 60 (420)(3) x y (20' )
4
𝜋
4 190 (420)(3) x y (20' )
4
𝜋
5 466 (420)(2) x y (32' )
4
𝜋
6 534 (420)(2) x y (32' )
4

Locating the plastic centroid,

‹‹‹
𝑥1 = 295.267 mm Ans. #2

Solving for the induced moment,

𝑀 = 𝑃𝑒

𝑀 = 2500^295.267 − (248.529 − 100)` ÷ 1000

𝑀 = 366.844 kN ∙ m Ans. #3

Kippap Education J.M.A. Guimba