08 DiaSys Masetto

DIASYS DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS
Challenges in developing IVD tests for

innovative biomarkers: what an IVD
manufacturer needs for accurate
measurements
Thomas Masetto
Immunoassay Project Leader – DiaSys Diagnostic Systems GmbH
[email protected]
EURAMET Workshop on Measurement Challenges – Laboratory Medicine

November, 10th, 2021
IVDR (EU) 2017/746
DiaSys
Annex I – Chapter II “Requirements regarding performance, design and manufacture”
9.3 Where the performance of devices depends on the use of calibrators and/or control materials, the
metrological traceability of values assigned to calibrators and/or control materials shall be assured
through suitable reference measurement procedures and/or suitable reference materials of a higher
metrological order. Where available, metrological traceability of values assigned to calibrators and
control materials shall be assured to certified reference materials or reference measurement procedures.
©Copyright 2021 DiaSys Diagnostic System GmbH. All rights reserved. TM 2021-11-10 2
Direct effects of a (missing) standardisation
Analytical range
100 µM
DiaSys
Analytical range
200 µM
Reactivity
Reactivity
LOQ 4 µM
LOQ 2 µM
Standardisation 1 Standardisation 1
Standardisation 2 Standardisation 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 50 100 150 200 250
Concentration [µM] Concentration [µM]
Procalcitonin
Chemiluminescence Immunoassay
(CLIA) technology
DiaSys
+ + +
Substrate
addition
Chemiluminescence
Biotin-labelled antibody
Streptavidin labelled-magnetic beads
Antigen
Detection system labelled-antibody (Acridinium-ester, Ruthenium, Luminol, etc.)
Substrate
©Copyright 2021 DiaSys Diagnostic System GmbH. All rights reserved. Courtesy of Leoni Wey TM 2021-11-10 5
Particle Enhanced Turbidimetric
Immunoassay (PETIA) technology
DiaSys
Incident light
Reagent Particle-Ab Transmitted light

(measured photometrically)
Antigen
CLIA vs. PETIA – Example PCT
Parameter CLIA PETIA
Precision ++ +
DiaSys
(CV% ca. 2% @0.49 µg/L) (CV% ca. 7% @0.45 µg/L)
Functional sensitivity (LOQ) ++ (0.06 µg/L ca.) + (0.2 µg/L ca.)

Analytical range (Δ linearity-
++ (up to 100 µg/L) + (50 µg/L)
LOQ)
Interferences ++ +
Stability ++ ++
Cost structure High Low
Sample volume High (average ca. 100 µL) Small (ca. 10-15 µL)
No disposable
Waste production Disposable materials
materials needed
Applicability Low Very high

(instrument specific) (every photometric system)
Time-to-result Longer (18-40 min) Short (10 min)

Influence of the Antibody – pAbs vs. mAbs
BRAHMS PCT Sensitive Kryptor
DiaSys
mAb – XL665
Y
N-terminal (1-57) Calcitonin (60-91) Katacalcin (96-116)
YYYYY pAb – Cryptate
Thermo-BRAHMS package insert

DiaSys PCT FS (PETIA)
DiaSys
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
pAb
Architect BRAHMS PCT (Abbott)
DiaSys
mAb (mouse) – Acridinium (tracer)

Y
(23-101)
Y
mAb (rat) – Mag Beads (capture)
Abbott 510K, K170652

Elecsys BRAHMS PCT (Roche Diagnostics)
DiaSys
mAb (mouse) – Ruthenium (tracer)

Y
?
Y?
mAb (mouse) – Mag Beads (capture)
Huynh H. et al., 2021
©Copyright 2021 DiaSys Diagnostic System GmbH. All rights reserved. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2021.01.004 TM 2021-11-10 11
Lumipulse G BRAHMS PCT (Fujirebio)
DiaSys
Liaison BRAHMS PCT II Gen (Diasorin)

mAb – Alkaline phosphatase (tracer)
mAb – Mag Beads (capture)
Y
mAb – Mag Beads (capture)

Y
mAb – Isoluminol (tracer)

©Copyright 2021 DiaSys Diagnostic System GmbH. All rights reserved. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2021.01.004 TM 2021-11-10 12
DiaSys
Calibrator standardization on an already
existing immunoassay (used as reference)
DiaSys
Gravimetric value
CLIA A [ng/mL] CLIA B [ng/mL]
[ng/mL]
Level 5 53.52 26.01 27.10
Level 4 26.58 15.41 11.92
Level 3 12.65 7.74 5.60
Level 2 5.08 2.27 2.21
Level 1 1.15 0.46 0.54
Level 0 0.00 0.00 0.03
Uncertainty unknown
Harmonization through EQAs
DiaSys
1. Interlaboratory CVs are highly heterogeneous

across the different surveys
2. Materials with varying concentrations of PCT and

various types of matrices (fresh, frozen,
lyophilized, spiked with recombinant PCT or not)
were used
3. Are these materials commutable?

©Copyright 2021 DiaSys Diagnostic System GmbH. All rights reserved.
https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2021-0566 TM 2021-11-10 15
IFCC PCT Standardisation Working Group
DiaSys
SARS-CoV-2
DiaSys
Differences between WHO-standarised tests
DiaSys
R = 0.88 R = 0.83 R = 0.80 R = 0.82

y = 82.5 + 15.54 x y = 33.4 + 2.18 x y = 39.6 + 0.32 x y = 12.3 + 0.65 x
R = 0.90 R = 0.90 R = 0.90

y = 24.5 + 0.13 x y = 34.5 + 0.02 x y = 6.2 + 0.04 x
R = 0.91 R = 0.94
y = 30.5 + 0.16 x y = 0.31 x
Perkmann et al., 2021

Anti-Spike Protein Assays to Determine SARS-CoV-2 Antibody
Levels: a Head-to-Head Comparison of Five Quantitative Assays R = 0.91
https://doi.org/10.1128/Spectrum.00247-21 y = -50.9 + 1.78 x
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA)
DiaSys
+ + +
Analyte (anti SARS-CoV-2 antibody)

Plate immobilised antibody
Antigen (SARS-CoV-2 protein)
Detection antibody, bound to POD
Substrate (TMB)
DiaSys
Additional efforts shall also be made for improving harmonization,

standardization and comparability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serology.
Plebani et al., 2021

SARS-CoV-2 antibody assay after vaccination: one size does not fit all
https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2021-0703
Calprotectin
Non-homogeneity of measurement
procedures
DiaSys
Greatest problem is the matrix itself: stool

• Stool is highly inhomogene in comparison to serum / plasma
• Interferences by host proteins, salts / ions, bacterial proteins, lipids etc.
• Process of dissolution in specific matrix tedious and not standardized
Stool sample tubes for clinical analyzers

• Differences by manufactures in sizes, forms, amount of stool and
collecting systems
• Amount of stool collected reproducible?
• Handling of stool samples varies with tube (e.g. vortex), preparation
and dilution factor
Influence of the stool tubes
DiaSys
©Copyright 2021 DiaSys Diagnostic System GmbH. All rights reserved. Courtesy of Tobias Becker TM 2021-11-10 24
IFCC Fecal Immunochemical Testing (WG-
FIT)
DiaSys
Total Bile Acids 21 FS
DiaSys vs. commercial tests P&B regression
DiaSys
Bile acids composition of plasma samples
34 %
DiaSys
28 %
14 %
10 %
Danese et al., 2017

Analytical evaluation of three enzymatic assays for measuring total bile acids in plasma using a fully-automated clinical chemistry platform
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179200
Bile acids composition of calibrators of three
commercial assays
DiaSys
Futher parameters
The long and winding road…
Parameter Standardisation / measurement issues
DiaSys
β-Hydroxybutyrate No reference material/method; different Enzymes used by

manufacturer + D/L impurity of calibration material
LpPLA2 No reference material; Enzyme activity vs. mass
ACE No reference material, method; different matrices; enzyme vs.

mass
Cys-C No commutable reference material on diverse matrices (serum /
urine)
Presepsin No reference material, method
D-Dimer No reference material, method; update
APOs Update of reference material, method
Conclusions
- Regulations and guidelines, e.g. the new IVDR 2017/746 (EU), strengthen the traceability aspects
DiaSys
“through suitable reference measurement procedures and/or suitable reference materials of a higher
metrological order”
- Standardisation (recovery) issues do affect assay parameters (e.g. LOQ) and development process
(e.g. reaction enhancer, beads concentrations, etc.)
- Different conditions (mAb-pAntibodies, epitopes, labelling, detection systems, techniques) or

enzymes can lead to different quantitations  importance of the specificity
- Absence of reference material (CRM) implies harmonization / standardisation of results through

different methods (EQA, etc.)
- Defining the sample matrix (blood, stool, liquor, urine) and the commutability
Thank you for your attention

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DIASYS DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS

Challenges in developing IVD tests for

EURAMET Workshop on Measurement Challenges – Laboratory Medicine

Annex I – Chapter II “Requirements regarding performance, design and manufacture”

Concentration [µM] Concentration [µM]

Reagent Particle-Ab Transmitted light

(CV% ca. 2% @0.49 µg/L) (CV% ca. 7% @0.45 µg/L)

Functional sensitivity (LOQ) ++ (0.06 µg/L ca.) + (0.2 µg/L ca.)

Applicability Low Very high

Time-to-result Longer (18-40 min) Short (10 min)

YYYYY pAb – Cryptate

Thermo-BRAHMS package insert

N-terminal (1-57) Calcitonin (60-91) Katacalcin (96-116)

mAb (mouse) – Acridinium (tracer)

N-terminal (1-57) Calcitonin (60-91) Katacalcin (96-116)

Abbott 510K, K170652

mAb (mouse) – Ruthenium (tracer)

Liaison BRAHMS PCT II Gen (Diasorin)

mAb – Mag Beads (capture)

Huynh H. et al., 2021

1. Interlaboratory CVs are highly heterogeneous

2. Materials with varying concentrations of PCT and

3. Are these materials commutable?

Huynh H. et al., 2021

R = 0.88 R = 0.83 R = 0.80 R = 0.82

R = 0.90 R = 0.90 R = 0.90

Perkmann et al., 2021

Analyte (anti SARS-CoV-2 antibody)

Additional efforts shall also be made for improving harmonization,

Plebani et al., 2021

Greatest problem is the matrix itself: stool

Stool sample tubes for clinical analyzers

Danese et al., 2017

β-Hydroxybutyrate No reference material/method; different Enzymes used by

ACE No reference material, method; different matrices; enzyme vs.

D-Dimer No reference material, method; update

APOs Update of reference material, method

- Different conditions (mAb-pAntibodies, epitopes, labelling, detection systems, techniques) or

- Absence of reference material (CRM) implies harmonization / standardisation of results through

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