INTEGRAL

EQUATIONS
MATH-418

PRESENTED TO By Olivia Wilson

MA'AM FAIZA
 GROUP-02
Sana Shahzadi
Fariha Riaz Sehresh Shoukat 22017109-046
22017109-12 22017109-008

Mehjabeen Shairwani
22017109-092

Shanza Afzal Amreen Anayat Saweer Noor

22017109-122 22017109-110 22017109-014
 TODAY'S AGENDA

Introduction Merits & Demerits

History Example 1

Derivation Example 2

Types Aplications
 Presented By

AMREEN ANAYAT
22017109-110
 INTRODUCTION
An integral equation is an equation in which the unknown function appears
under an integral sign. The unknown function is the solution to the equation,
and it is required to satisfy the equation for all values of the independent
variable.
Integral equations take the form:

f(x) = ∫K(x, t)u(t)dt

where:

- f(x) is the unknown function

- K(x, t) is the kernel function
- x and t are the independent variables
- ∫ denotes the integral operator

The kernel function K(x, t) determines the properties of the integral equation,
such as its linearity, homogeneity, and symmetry.
 LEAST SQUARE METHOD
The Least Square Method is the process of finding the best-fitting curve or line of best
fit for a set of data points by reducing the sum of the squares of the offsets (residual
part) of the points from the curve.

This method is said to be a standard approach for the approximation of sets of

equations having more equations than the number of unknowns.
 Adrien-Marie Legendre 1805
Carl Friedrich Gauss 1809

HISTORY
David Hilbert 20s

This method was first introduced by Mathematicians like David

Legendre in 1805 and later refined Hilbert, Erhard Schmidt, and
by Gauss in 1809. The method Stefan Banach developed the
gained further prominence with the theory of linear operators and
work of Adrien-Marie Legendre, functional analysis, which
who applied it to the problem of
further advanced least squares
determining the orbits of celestial
methods.t.
bodies.
 Presented By

SANA SHAHZADI
22017109-046
 40

TYPES 30

Polynomial Least Squares Method 20

Improved Least Squares Method

LSQR Method
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 Polynomial Least Squares
Method

The Polynomial Least Squares Method (PLSM)

for integral equations is a numerical method for
approximating the solution of an integral
equation by expanding the unknown function in
terms of orthogonal polynomials and minimizing
the residual in a least squares sense.
 PROS & CONS

PROS CONS
The PLSM has several advantages, including: The PLSM also has some limitations, such as:

- High accuracy for smooth solutions - Limited applicability to nonlinear integral

- Fast convergence rate equations
- Easy implementation - Sensitivity to the choice of orthogonal
- Flexibility in choosing the approximation polynomials and approximation space
space - Potential for oscillatory behavior if the
solution is not smooth.
 LSQR METHOD
The LSQR (Least Squares QR) method is an
iterative algorithm for solving linear integral
equations of the form

∫K(x, t) · y(t) dt = f(x)

LSQR method is an iterative algorithm, so it may

require multiple iterations to converge to the
solution. Also, the convergence rate and accuracy of
the method depend on the choice of the initial
guess, the kernel function, and the given function.
 PROS & CONS

PROS CONS
The LSQR method has several advantages, The LSQR method also has some limitations,
including: such as:

fast convergence Computer Intensive

High accuracy Sensitive to [arameters
Stability Not suitable forall equations
Flexibility Requires Experties
 Improved Least Squares
Method

The Improved Least Squares Method (ILSM) for

integral equations is a numerical method that
enhances the traditional Least Squares Method
(LSM) by introducing a regularization term to
improve the stability and accuracy of the solution.
 PROS & CONS

PROS CONS
The ILSM offers several advantages over the The ILSM also has some limitations, such as:
traditional LSM:
Computer Intensive
- Improved stability and accuracy Sensitive to [arameters
- Reduced oscillations and overshooting Not suitable forall equations
- Ability to handle noisy data Over smoothing
- Flexibility in choosing the regularization
parameter and weight function
 Presented By

SAWERA NOOR
22017109-014
 MERITS & DEMERITS

MERITS DEMERITS
Uniqueness of solution Ill-posedness
Stability Overfitting
Flexibility Computational complexity
Efficiency Choice of basis functions
Easy implementation Regularization
Convergence:
Non-uniqueness
Robustness
Noise sensitivity
Applicability
Boundary conditions
Accuracy
Well-established theory
Nonlinear integral equations
Convergence issues
 Merits
UNIQUENESS OF SOLUTION STABILITY
The least squares method ensures a unique solution for the integral The method is stable, meaning small errors in the data or calculations
equation. result in small errors in the solution.

FLEXIBILITY CONVERGENCE
The method can be applied to various types of integral equations, The method ensures convergence to the exact solution under certain
including linear and nonlinear equations. conditions.
 Demerits
ILL-POSEDNESS NON-UNIQUENESS

Integral equations can be ill-posed, meaning small errors in the data Integral equations can have non-unique solutions, making it difficult
or solution can lead to large errors in the solution. to determine the correct solution.

CONVERGENCE ISSUES
Ensuring convergence of the least squares method to the correct
solution can be challenging, especially for large-scale problems

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS NONLINEAR INTEGRAL EQUATIONS

Handling boundary conditions in integral equations can be Solving nonlinear integral equations using least squares methods
challenging, especially when using least squares methods. can be difficult due to the need for iterative solutions
 Summary
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 OBJECTIVE 1 OBJECTIVE 2
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 Presented By

SHANZA AFZAL
22017109-122
 Presented By

SHANZA AFZAL
22017109-122