Computer Programming with C - 102000110

Array & String

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 1
 Need of Array Variable
 Suppose we need to store rollno of the student in the integer variable.
Declaration
int rollno;

 Now we need to store rollno of 100 students.

Declaration
int rollno101, rollno102, rollno103, rollno104...;

 This is not appropriate to declare these many integer variables.

e.g. 100 integer variables for rollno.
 Solution to declare and store multiple variables of similar type is an array.
 An array is a variable that can store multiple values.

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 2
 Definition: Array
 An array is a fixed size sequential collection of elements of same data type grouped
under single variable name.

[0] [1] [2] … [99]

int rollno[100];

Fixed Size Sequential Same Data type Single Name

Here, the size of an It is indexed to 0 to 99 All the elements (0-99) All the elements (0-99)
array is 100 (fixed) to in sequence will be integer will be referred as a
store rollno variables common name rollno

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 3
 Declaring an array
Syntax  By default array index starts
data-type variable-name[size]; with 0.
 If we declare an array of size
5 then its index ranges from
Integer Array [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] 0 to 4.
int mark[5];
 First element will be store at
mark[0] and last element
integer will be stored at mark[4] not
mark[5].
Float Array [0] [1] [2] [3] [4]  Like integer and float array
float avg[5];
we can declare array of type
char.

float

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 4
 Initialing and Accessing an Array
Declaring, initializing and accessing single integer variable
int mark=90; //variable mark is initialized with value 90
printf("%d",mark); //mark value printed

Declaring, initializing and accessing integer array variable

int mark[5]={85,75,76,55,45}; //mark is initialized with 5 values
printf("%d",mark[0]); //prints 85
printf("%d",mark[1]); //prints 75
printf("%d",mark[2]); //prints 65
printf("%d",mark[3]); //prints 55
printf("%d",mark[4]); //prints 45

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4]

mark[5] 85 75 65 55 45

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 5
 Read(Scan) Array Elements
Reading array without loop Reading array using loop
1 void main() 1 void main()
2 { 2 {
3 int mark[5]; 3 int mark[5],i;
printf("Enter array element="); for(i=0;i<5;i++)
4 4
scanf("%d",&mark[0]); {
5 printf("Enter array element="); 5 printf("Enter array element=");
6 scanf("%d",&mark[1]); 6 scanf("%d",&mark[i]);
7 printf("Enter array element="); 7 }
8 scanf("%d",&mark[2]); 8 for(i=0;i<5;i++)
9 printf("Enter array element="); 9 {
10 scanf("%d",&mark[3]); 10 printf("%d",mark[i]);
11 printf("Enter array element="); 11 }
scanf("%d",&mark[4]);
12 12 }
13 printf("%d",mark[0]);
14 printf("%d",mark[1]);
15 printf("%d",mark[2]);
16 printf("%d",mark[3]); [0] [1] [2] [3] [4]
17 printf("%d",mark[4]); mark[5] 85 75 65 55 45
18 }

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 6
 Develop a program to count number of positive or negative
number from an array of 10 numbers.
Program
1 void main(){
2 int num[10],i,pos,neg; Output
3 pos = 0; Enter array element=1
4 neg = 0; Enter array element=2
5 for(i=0;i<10;i++) Enter array element=3
6 { Enter array element=4
7 printf("Enter array element="); Enter array element=5
8 scanf("%d",&num[i]); Enter array element=-1
9 } Enter array element=-2
10 for(i=0;i<10;i++) Enter array element=3
11 { Enter array element=4
12 if(num[i]>0) Enter array element=5
13 pos=pos+1; Positive=8,Negative=2
14 else
15 neg=neg+1;
16 }
17 printf("Positive=%d,Negative=%d",pos,neg);
18 }

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 7
 Develop a program to read n numbers in an array and print
them in reverse order.
Program
1 void main()
2 { Output
3 int num[100],n,i; Enter number of array
4 printf("Enter number of array elements="); elements=5
5 scanf("%d",&n); Enter array element=1
6 //loop will scan n elements only Enter array element=2
7 for(i=0;i<n;i++) Enter array element=3
8 { Enter array element=4
9 printf("Enter array element="); Enter array element=5
10 scanf("%d",&num[i]); 5
11 } 4
12 //negative loop to print array in reverse order 3
13 for(i=n-1;i>=0;i--) 2
14 { 1
15 printf("%d\n",num[i]);
16 }
17 }

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 8
 Develop a program to find largest array element in C.
Program
1 #include <stdio.h>
2 int main() { Output
3 int n;
4 double arr[100];
5 printf("Enter the number of elements (1 to 100):
6 "); Enter the number of
7 scanf("%d", &n); elements (1 to 100): 5
8 for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { Enter number1: 34.5
9 printf("Enter number%d: ", i + 1);
10 scanf("%lf", &arr[i]); Enter number2: 2.4
11 } Enter number3: -35.5
12 // storing the largest number to arr[0] Enter number4: 38.7
13 for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
14 if (arr[0] < arr[i]) { Enter number5: 24.5
15 arr[0] = arr[i]; Largest element = 38.70
16 } }
17 printf("Largest element = %.2lf", arr[0]);
return 0;}

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 9
 Practice Programs
1) Develop a program to calculate sum of n array elements in C.
2) Develop a program to calculate average of n array elements in C.
3) Develop a program to print sum of second and second last element of an array.
4) Develop a program to copy array elements to another array.
5) Develop a program to count odd and even elements of an array.

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 10
Multi Dimensional Array
 Declaring 2 Dimensional Array
Syntax  A two dimensional array can
data-type variable-name[x][y]; be seen as a table with ‘x’
rows and ‘y’ columns.
Declaration  The row number ranges from
int data[3][3]; //This array can hold 9 elements 0 to (x-1) and column
number ranges from 0 to
(y-1).
int data[3][3];
Column-0 Column-1 Column-2

Row-0 data[0][0] data[0][1] data[0][2]

Row-1 data[1][0] data[1][1] data[1][2]

Row-2 data[2][0] data[2][1] data[2][2]

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 12
 Initialing and Accessing a 2D Array: Example-1
Program
1 int data[3][3] = {
2 {1,2,3}, //row 0 with 3 elements
3 {4,5,6}, //row 1 with 3 elements
4 {7,8,9} //row 2 with 3 elements
5 }; Column-0 Column-1 Column-2
6 printf("%d",data[0][0]); //1
7 printf("%d",data[0][1]); //2 Row-0 1 2 3
8 printf("%d\n",data[0][2]); //3
9 Row-1 4 5 6
10 printf("%d",data[1][0]); //4
11 printf("%d",data[1][1]); //5 Row-2 7 8 9
12 printf("%d\n",data[1][2]); //6
13
14 printf("%d",data[2][0]);//7
15 printf("%d",data[2][1]); //8
16 printf("%d",data[2][2]); //9
1 // data[3][3] can be initialized like this also
2 int data[3][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};
Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 13
 Initialing and Accessing a 2D Array: Example-2
Program
1 int data[2][4] = {
2 {1,2,3,4}, //row 0 with 4 elements
3 {5,6,7,8}, //row 1 with 4 elements
4 };
5 printf("%d",data[0][0]); //1
6 printf("%d",data[0][1]); //2 Col-0 Col-1 Col-2 Col-3
7 printf("%d",data[0][2]); //3
8 printf("%d\n",data[0][3]); //4 Row-0 1 2 3 4
9
10 printf("%d",data[1][0]); //5 Row-1 5 6 7 8
11 printf("%d",data[1][1]); //6
12 printf("%d",data[1][2]); //7
13 printf("%d",data[1][3]); //8

1 // data[2][4] can be initialized like this also

2 int data[2][4]={{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8}};

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 14
 Read(Scan) 2D Array Elements
Program
1 void main(){
2 int data[3][3],i,j;
3 for(i=0;i<3;i++)
4 {
5 for(j=0;j<3;j++)
6 { Output
7 printf("Enter array element="); Enter array element=1
8 scanf("%d",&data[i][j]); Enter array element=2
9 } Enter array element=3
10 } Enter array element=4
11 for(i=0;i<3;i++) Enter array element=5
12 { Enter array element=6
13 for(j=0;j<3;j++) Enter array element=7
14 { Enter array element=8
15 printf("%d",data[i][j]); Enter array element=9
16 } 123
17 printf("\n"); 456
18 } 789
19 }
Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 15
 Develop a program to count number of positive, negative and
zero elements from 3 X 3 matrix
Program
1 void main(){
2 int data[3][3],i,j,pos=0,neg=0,zero=0; Output
3 for(i=0;i<3;i++) Enter array element=9
4 { Enter array element=5
5 for(j=0;j<3;j++) Enter array element=6
6 { Enter array element=-3
7 printf("Enter array element="); Enter array element=-7
8 scanf("%d",&data[i][j]); Enter array element=0
9 if(data[i][j]>0) Enter array element=11
10 pos=pos+1; Enter array element=13
11 else if(data[i][j]<0) Enter array element=8
12 neg=neg+1; positive=6,negative=2,zero=1
13 else
14 zero=zero+1;
15 }
16 }
17 printf("positive=%d,negative=%d,zero=%d",pos,neg,zero);
18 }

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 16
 Practice Programs
1. Develop a program to perform addition of two matrix.
2. Develop a program to perform multiplication of two matrix.

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 17
String
(Character Array)
 Definition: String
 A String is a one-dimensional array of characters terminated by a null('\0').

[0] [1] [2] … [9]

char name[10];

 Each character in the array occupies one byte of memory, and the last character
must always be null('\0').
 The termination character ('\0') is important in a string to identify where the
string ends.

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
name[10] D A R S H A N \0

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 19
 Declaring & Initializing String
Declaration
char name[10];

Initialization method 1:
char name[10]={‘C’,’O’,’M',’P',’U',’T',’E',’R’,’\0’};

Initialization method 2:
char name[10]=“COMPUTER";
//'\0' will be automatically inserted at the end in this type of declaration.

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
name[10] C O M P U T E R ‘\0’

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 20
 Read String: scanf()
Program
Output
1 void main()
2 { Enter name: Computer
3 char name[10]; Name=Computer
4 printf("Enter name:"); Output
5 scanf("%s",name);
Enter name: CE Computer
6 printf("Name=%s",name);
Name=CE
7 }

 There is no need to use address of (&) operator in scanf to store a string.

 As string name is an array of characters and the name of the array, i.e., name
indicates the base address of the string (character array).
 scanf() terminates its input on the first whitespace(space, tab, newline etc.)
encountered.

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 21
 Read String: gets()
Program
1 #include<stdio.h> Output
2 void main() Enter name:MBIT Institute
3 { Name=MBIT Institute
4 char name[10];
5 printf("Enter name:");
6 gets(name); //read string including white spaces
7 printf("Name=%s",name);
8 }

 gets(): Reads characters from the standard input and stores them as a string.
 puts(): Prints characters from the standard.
 scanf(): Reads input until it encounters whitespace, newline or End Of File(EOF)
whereas gets() reads input until it encounters newline or End Of File(EOF).
 gets(): Does not stop reading input when it encounters whitespace instead it
takes whitespace as a string.

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 22
 C program to find the length of a string
Program

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() Enter the String: Geeks

{ Length of Str is 5
char Str[1000];
int i;

printf("Enter the String: ");

scanf("%s", Str);

for (i = 0; Str[i] != '\0'; ++i);

printf("Length of Str is %d", i);

return 0;
}

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 23
 to concatenate two strings without using strcat in c
Program #include<stdio.h>
void main(void)
{
char str1[25],str2[25];
int i=0,j=0; Enter First String: Hello
printf("\nEnter First String:"); Enter Second String: World
gets(str1); Concatenated String is : HelloWorld
printf("\nEnter Second String:");
gets(str2);
while(str1[i]!='\0’)
i++;
while(str2[j]!='\0’)
{
str1[i]=str2[j];
j++;
i++;
}
str1[i]='\0’;
printf("\nConcatenated String is %s",str1); }

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 24
 String Handling Functions : strlen()
 C has several inbuilt functions to operate on string. These functions are known as
string handling functions.
 strlen(s1): returns length of a string in integer

Program
1 #include <stdio.h> Output
2 #include <string.h> //header file for string functions Enter string: CE Darshan
3 void main() 10
4 {
5 char s1[10];
6 printf("Enter string:");
7 gets(s1);
8 printf("%d",strlen(s1)); // returns length of s1 in integer
9 }

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 25
 String Handling Functions: strcmp()
 strcmp(s1,s2): Returns 0 if s1 and s2 are the same.
 Returns less than 0 if s1<s2.
 Returns greater than 0 if s1>s2.
Program
1 void main() Output
2 { Enter string-1:Computer
3 char s1[10],s2[10]; Enter string-2:Computer
4 printf("Enter string-1:"); Strings are same
5 gets(s1);
6 printf("Enter string-2:"); Output
7 gets(s2); Enter string-1:Computer
8 if(strcmp(s1,s2)==0) Enter string-2:Computer
9 printf("Strings are same"); Strings are same
10 else
11 printf("Strings are not same");
12 }

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 26
 String Handling Functions
For examples consider: char s1[]="Their",s2[]="There";
Syntax Description
strcpy(s1,s2) Copies 2nd string to 1st string.
strcpy(s1,s2) copies the string s2 in to string s1 so s1 is now “There”. s2
remains unchanged.

strcat(s1,s2) Appends 2nd string at the end of 1st string.

strcat(s1,s2); a copy of string s2 is appended at the end of string s1.
Now s1 becomes “TheirThere”

strchr(s1,c) Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of a given character in the string s1.
printf("%s",strchr(s1,'i'));
Output : ir

strstr(s1,s2) Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of a given string s2 in string s1.
printf("%s",strstr(s1,"he"));
Output : heir

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 27
 String Handling Functions (Cont…)
For examples consider: char s1[]="Their",s2[]="There";
Syntax Description
strrev(s1) Reverses given string.
strrev(s1); makes string s1 to “riehT”
strlwr(s1) Converts string s1 to lower case.
printf("%s",strlwr(s1)); Output : their
strupr(s1) Converts string s1 to upper case.
printf("%s",strupr(s1)); Output : THEIR
strncpy(s1,s2,n) Copies first n character of string s2 to string s1
s1=""; s2="There";
strncpy(s1,s2,2);
printf("%s",s1); Output : Th
strncat(s1,s2,n) Appends first n character of string s2 at the end of string s1.
strncat(s1,s2,2);
printf("%s", s1); Output : TheirTh
Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 28
 String Handling Functions (Cont…)
For examples consider: char s1[]="Their",s2[]="There";
Syntax Description
strncmp(s1,s2,n) Compares first n character of string s1 and s2 and returns similar result as
strcmp() function.
printf("%d",strcmp(s1,s2,3)); Output : 0
strrchr(s1,c) Returns the last occurrence of a given character in a string s1.
printf("%s",strrchr(s2,'e')); Output : ere

https://www.scaler.com/topics/c/string-functions-in-c/

Computer
Prof.Programming
Nilesh Gambhava with C(102000110) #3110003 (PPS) – Array and Strings 29


Thank you