Repeaters 2024-Jee Main - Mathematics(Study Material)

CHAPTER - 01
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

A rectangular array of mn numbers in the form of horizontal lines (rows) and n vertical lines (columns)
is called a matrix of order mby n m n such an array in enclosed by [ ] or ( ) or || || or { }. An m  n matrix

 a11 a12 a1n 

 
A   a 21 a 22 a 2n 
is usually written as or A  a ij  mn . A matrix A  a ij  mn over the field of
a m a m2 
a mn 
 1
complex numbers is said to be
1) a rectangular matrix if m  n
2) a square matrix if m = n
3) a row matrix if m = 1
4) a column matrix if n = 1
5) a null (zero) matrix if aij = 0, for all i and j
6) a diagonal matrix if aij = 0 for i  j , m = n

7) a scalar matrix if m = n, aij = 0 for all i  j and a111 = a22 = a33 = ........ = ann

8) Unit (identity) matrix if m = n, aij = 0 for all i  j and aii = 1

9) Comparable matrix means same order
10) Equal matrices  same order and all the corresponding elements are equal
Addition: Let A and B be two matrices of same order then A + B is defined A + B = [aij + bij] m  n where
A  a ij  , B   bij  mn
m n

Scalar multiplication

a b   ka kb 
If A    then KA   
c d   kc kd 
Properties of addition
1) A  B  B  A (commutative)

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2)  A  B   C  A   B  C  (Associative)

3) A  0  0  A  0 (Zero matrix is the additive identity)

Subtraction of matrices
A - B = A+( -B)
Multiplication of matrices
Let A and B be two matrices such that the number of columns of A is same as the number of rows of B ie,
n

A   aijmn , B   bijnp . Then  AB   Cijmp , where Cij   aik bkj

k 1

Properties

 AB C  A  BC 
A  B  C   AB  AC

 A  B C  AC  BC

 A  B
2
 A 2  AB  BA  B2

 A  B
2
 A 2  AB  BA  B2

 A  B A  B   A 2  AB  BA  B2
AI = IA=A where I is the identity matrix A is square matrix.

A 2  A  A, A 3  A 2 .A

 cos  sin    cos n sin n 

If A      , then A       and A     A     A     
n

  sin  cos     sin n cos n 

 cos   sin  0 
 
If A      sin  cos  0  then A     A     A      .
 0 0 1 

Idempotent matrix (A): If A2 = A where A is a square matrix.

Involuntory matrix if A2 = I
Nilpotent matrix : Am = 0, m is called the index of the nilpotent matrix
If AB= A and BA= B then both A and B are idempotent.

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 Repeaters 2024-Jee Main - Mathematics(Study Material)

1 1
If A    then A n  2n 1 A
1 1

1 k  1 kn 
If A   , then A  
n
 
0 1  0 1 
Properties is transpose

a b  a c 
1) A TT  A . Let A   , A  A  
T
 
c d b d 

2)  A  B   A T  BT
T

3)  KA   KA T
T

4)  AB   BT A T
T

Orthogonal matrix A.

cos   sin  0
 cos  sin    sin  cos  0
If A.A T  A T .A  I , then A is orthogonal , example,  , 
  sin  cos    0 0 1 

Symmetric matrix A: if A T  A  aij  aji

skew symmetric A : if A T   A  aij  aji

If A is symmetric then A  A T is symmetrix, A n , A T , A and AAT are also symmetric . A  A T is skew

symmetric.
If A and B are symmetric matrixes of same order than AB + BA is symmetric and AB-BA is skew
symmetric. If A is skew symmetric matrix than An is skew symmetrix when n is odd and symmetric
when n is even.

a b
Determinant A  A  det A   ad  bc
c d

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Determinant of a matrix otherthan squarematrix does not exist

Properties of Determinant

a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
A  A , a 2 b2 c 2  b1 b2 b3
1)
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3

a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
a2 b2 c 2   a1 b1 c1
2)
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

a 1  a 2 a 3 a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3   b1 b 2 b3
3)
c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3

4) KA  K A where n is the order of A

n

5) A skew symmetric matrix of odd order has determinant value zero and that even odder is a perfect
square

a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c 2  0  R1  R 3
6)
ka1 kb1 kc1

a1  b1 a 2  b 2 a 3  b 3 a1 a2 a 3  b1 b 2 b3 

c1 c2 c3  c1 c2 c3   c1 c 2 c3 
7)
d1 d2 d3 d1 d 2 d3 d1 d 2 d3 

a1 b1 c1 a 1  a 2 b1  b 2 c1  c 2
a2 b2 c2  a2 b2 c2 R1  R 1  R 2
8)
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

9) AB  A B where A and B are square matrices of the same order..

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 Repeaters 2024-Jee Main - Mathematics(Study Material)

d f  x  g  x  f   x  g  x  f  x  g  x 
10)  
dx h  x  f  x  h  x    x  h   x    x 

n n n

 f r  g r  h r

n r 1 r 1 r 1 f r g r h r

11)
  r 
r 1
a1 a2 a3
where
  r   a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3 b1 b2 b3

Minors, Cofactors and adjoint of a square matrix

a11 a12 a13

a 21 a 22 a 23 a 22 a 23
Minor of a11 in is   M11
a 32 a 33
a 31 a 32 a 33

cofactor of aij = (-1)i+jmij = Aij or Cij

T
 A11 A12 A13 
Adjoint is the transpose of cofactor matrix ,
adjA   A 21 A 22 A 23 
 A 31 A 32 A 33 

A(adj A)  A I   adjA  A

adj  AB    adjB adjA 

adj  adjA   A
n 2
A

n 2  n 1 2
adj adj A  A A A

1 adjA
Inverse of A = A  A A 0

A  1 1
A

 AB 
1
 B 1A 1

adj  A 1    adjA 
1

 
n
If A is an orthogonal matrix and B is any square matrix of the same order of A then ABA T  ABn A T

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 
n
and ABA 1  ABn A 1
n 1
adj A  A where n is the order of A .

1 1
A 1  , (kA) 1  A 1
A k

Solution of linear equations by matrix method

Let a1x1  b1 y  c 1z  d1 , a 2 x  b 2 y  c 2 z  d 2 and a 3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d 3

a1 b1 c1  d1 
A  a2 b2 c2 B   d 2 
Let ,
a3 b3 c3  d 3 

x
B   y 
AX  B where
 z 
Test for consistency

Cramer’s Rule (Solution of Linear equation by determinant)

Let a1x  b1 y  c1z  d1 , a 2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2 and a 3 x  b 2 y  c3 z  d 3 and

a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
D  a2 b2 c 2 D1  d 2 b2 c2 D 2  a 2 d2 c2 D  a2 b2 d2
; and 3
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3

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 Repeaters 2024-Jee Main - Mathematics(Study Material)

Test for consistency by Cramer’s Rule (Non Homogeneous)

Homogeneous (d1 =d2 = d3 = 0)

If D  0 then the system is consistent and Trivial solution only. If D = 0, then the system is consistent
and infinite number of solutions. Singular matrix A : if A  0 ; for non singular A  0 . Minor of a111

Factor theorem

1 a a2
1 b b 2   a  b  b  c  c  a 
1 c c2

when a = b R1 and R2 are equal .

 a- b is a factor LHS degree 3 = RHS degree 3

1 1 1
a b c   a  b  b  c  c  a  a  b  c 
a3 b3 c3

LHS degree 4 = RHS degree 4.

Special Determinants

1 1 1
a b c
(i). = (a-b) (b-c) (c-a)
a2 b2 c2

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1 1 1
a b c
(ii) = (a-b) (b-c) (c-a) (a + b + c)
a3 b3 c3

1 1 1
a2 b2 c2
(iii) = (a-b) (b-c) (c-a) (ab+bc+ca)
a3 b3 c3

1 a 1 1
1 1 b 1 FG 1 1 1 IJ
(iv).
1 1 1 c H
= abc 1   
a b c K

12 22 32 42
(v) 22 32 42 52
0
32 42 52 62
42 52 62 72

12 22 32
(vi). 2 2 32 4 2  8
32 42 52

a b c
b c a
(vii). = -(a3+b3+c3-3abc)
c a b

= -(a+b+c) (a2+b2+c2-ab-bc-ac)

1
=
2
b
abc g b a  b g  b b  cg  b c  a g
2 2 2

b 2
gd 2
=  a  b  c a  bw  cw a  bw  cw id i

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 Repeaters 2024-Jee Main - Mathematics(Study Material)

a 2 ab ac
ba b2 bc  4a 2 b 2 c 2
(viii)
ac bc c 2

 b  c
2
a2 a2
c  a   2abc  a  b  c 
2 3
b2 b2
(ix)
a  b
2
c2 c2

a  b  2c a b
 2  a  b  c
3
c b  c  2a b
(x)
c a c  a  2b

a bc 2a 2a
2b   a  b  c 
3
2b bca
(xi)
2c 2c cab

a b bc ca a b c
(xii)
bc ca a b  2 b c a
ca a b bc c a b
PART I - (JEEMAIN LEVEL)
QUESTIONS
SECTION - I

 2  2  1   2 
1. If  2
 A 2  B  C, where A, B, C are matrices then B+ C=
1    3 1   
2

1 1 1 1  1 1  1 1

1)   2)   3)   4)  
4 1 4 1   4 1  4 1 

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3 2 
2. For the matrix A    , then values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ such that A 2  aA  bI  O are
1 1 

1) 2,3 2) 1,4 3) –4,1 4) –2,3

 2 2 2
 
3. If A   2 2 2  then A 3  35A 
 2 2 2

1) A 2) 2A 3) 3A 4) 4A

 1 2   3 6
If A   and f  t   t  3t  7 then f  A   
2
4.   is equal to
4 5   12 9 

1 0  0 0  0 1  1 1 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
0 1  0 0  1 0  0 0 

 ab b2 
5. If A    and A  O, then the minimum value of n is
n

 a ab 
2

1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5

6. Matrix A is such that A 2  2A  I, where I is the unit matrix. Then for n  2, A n 

3) 2 A   n  1 I
n 1
1) nA-(n-1) I 2) nA– I 4) 2n 1 A  I

1 2  a 0 
7. Let A    and B    , a, b  N then
3 4  0 b 
1) there exists exactly one B such that AB = BA
2) there exists infinitely many B’s such that AB = BA
3) there cannot exist may B such that AB = BA
4) there exists more than one but finite number of B’s such that AB = BA

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 1 0 0
 
8. Let P   4 1 0  and I be the identity matrix of order 3. If Q   q ij  is a matrix such that P50  Q  I,
16 4 1 

q 31  q 32
then equals
q 21
1) 52 2) 103 3) 201 4) 205

9. The values of  and  for which the system of linear equations

x yz 2
x  2 y  3z  5
x  3y   z  
has infinitely many solutions are, respectively
(1) 5 and 7 (2) 6 and 8 (3) 4 and 9 (4) 5 and 8

10. If the system of equations x  ky  z  0 , kx  y  z  0 , x  y  z  0 , has a non-zero solution,

then the possible values of k are
(1) – 1, 2 (2) 1, 2 (3) 0, 1 (4) – 1, 1

Assertion & Reasoning

1) If both Statement-I and Statement II are true and the reason is the correct explanaiton of the
statement I
2) If both Statement -I and Statement -II are true but reason is not the correct explanaiton of the
statement -I
3) If Statement-I is true but Statement -II is false
4) If Statement-I is fals ebut Statement-II is true
11. Statement - I: A is singular matrix of order n×n then adj A is singular
n 1
Statement - II: adjA  A

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1 1 1
 
12. Statement-I : If A  1 1 0  then A 3  A 2  A  I
1 0 1

Statement -II: If det  A  I   C0   C1  C2  C3  0 then C0 A 3  C1A 2  C 2 A  C3 I  O

3 2

 6 11
13. Matrix A is given by A    then the determinant of A 2015  6A 2014 is
2 4 

4)  9  2
2014
1) 22016 2) (–11).22015 3) 2 2015  7

xp  y x y
yp  z y z 0
14. The determinant if
0 xp  y yp  z

1) x,y,z are in A.P. 2) x,y,z are in G.P 3) x,y,z are in H.P 4) xy, yz, zx are in A.P

 0 1 1
 
15. If A   2 1 3  , then  A  adjA  A  A 
1

 3 2 1 

 3 0 0  6 0 0   0 1/ 6 1/ 6  1 0 0 
2 0 3 0  0 6 0  
 3) 1 / 3 1 / 6 1/ 2 
 0 1 0
1)  2)  4)  
0 0 3  0 0 6  1 / 2 1/ 3 61/ 6  0 0 1 

log a n log a n 1 log a n  2

log a n 3 log a n  4 log a n 5
16. If a1 , a 2 , a 3 ,....a n ,..... are in G.P, then the value of the determinant is
log a n 6 log a n  7 log a n 8

1) 0 2) –2 3) 2 4) 1

sin x cos x cos x

cos x sin x cos x  0  
17. The number of distinct real roots of in the interval   x  is
cos x cos x sin x 4 4

1) 0 2) 2 3) 1 4) 3

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 Repeaters 2024-Jee Main - Mathematics(Study Material)

2 b 1
A   b b  1 b 
 2 det  A 
18. Let , where b>0. Then the minimum value of is
 1 b 2  b

1) 3 2)  3 3) 2 3 4) 2 3

1 a2x 1  b  x 1  c  x
2 2

 2 and f  x   1  a  x 1  b x 1  c  x
2 2 2
19. If a 2  b 2  c 2 , then f(x) is a polynomial of degree

1  a x  1  b  x 1  c x
2 2 2

1) 1 2) 0 3) 3 4) 2

   
sin  cos  x   tan  x  
 4  4
   x
sin  x    cos   log   is zero
20. Statement-I : The value of determinant  4 2 y
   y
cot   x  log   tan 
4  x

Statement II: The value of skew-symmetric determinant of odd order equals to zero

1) If both Statement -I and statement II are true and the reason is the correct explanaiton of the
statement I
2) If both statement-I and statement II are true but reason is not the correct explanaiton of the state-
ment I
3) If statement-I is true but statement-II is false
4) If statement -I is false but statement-II is true

SECTION - II

Numerical Type Questions

a b    0 
21. Let A    and B       such that AB = B and a+d= 2021, then the value of ad-bc is
c d     0 

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 2 1
22. Let I be an identity matrix of order 2×2 and P    . Then the value of n  N for which
5   3
Pn  5I  8P is

x2 2x  3 3x  4
23. If   2x  3 3x  4 4x  5  Ax 3  Bx 2  Cx  D, then B  C is
3x  5 5x  8 10x  17

x x2 1  x3
2x 4x 2 1  8x 3  10 is
24. The total number of distinct x  R for which
3x 9x 2 1  27x 3

 1 tan x 
A f  x   det .  A T A 1 
1 
25. and f(x) is defined as then the value of
  tan x

 
f f f  f .....f  x   is  n  2 
 
n times

14