UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL

BIOENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY REPORT SUBMISSION FORM

SECTION A – Filled up by Student

Subject & Code ORGANIC & ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY CLD 10803

SYNTHESIS & CHARACTERIZATION OF ALKANE, ALKENE, & ALKYNE
Title of Experiment (SATURATED & UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON)

Date of Experiment 19/03/2024 Section

Group Members ID No.
1) NUR NAJMA AQILAH SAHRUL AZMAN 55104323027
2) HUMAYRA ABDUL AZIZ 55104323061
3) NURHAZIQAH EZANI 55104323028
4) NUR SYAZWINA NASIHAH MOHAMMAD FAZLI 55104323041
Name of Lecturer DR. NOR NADIAH BINTI MOHAMAD YUSOF

SECTION B – Filled up by Lecturer

VERY VERY
POOR GOOD EXCELLENT
CRITERIA POOR GOOD
2 3 5
1 4
1.0 INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVES (1 PAGE 3 6 9 12 15
ONLY) (TOTAL: 15%)
1. State the background to the experiment
conducted.
2. Summary of theories including formulations
related to the experimental work.
3. State the objectives of the experiment (point
form)
2.0 PROCEDURE (1 PAGE ONLY) (TOTAL: 15%) 3 6 9 12 15
1. Explain step by step used in performing this
experiment. (Include reasons for respective step if
there is any)
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS (MAXIMUM 3 8 16 24 32 40
PAGES) (TOTAL: 40%)
1. Data are presented as deemed suitable with
complete label and units in tables and/or graphs.
2. Explanations of the referred tables and/or
graphs are presented after it.
3. Discuss on the findings and relations to the
theory and objective of experiment.
4.0 CONCLUSIONS (TOTAL: 15%) 3 6 9 12 15
1. Summary of the results to relate the findings or
results with the theory applicable to the
experiment.
5.0 ANALYSIS QUESTIONS (TOTAL: 10%) 2 4 6 8 10
6.0 REFERENCES (TOTAL: 5%) 1 2 3 4 5

Acknowledgement of Received
Received Date :

-------------------------------------------------
Student’s Copy ---------------
Lecturer Chop / Sign
Submitted by :
Experiment No. :
Subject : General Chemistry CLD10003 & CLD12003
 INTRODUCTION

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that are entirely made up of only two kinds of atoms –
carbon and hydrogen. Typically, hydrocarbons are colourless gases that have very weak odours. The
carbon atoms join together to form the framework of the compound, and the hydrogen atoms attach
to them in many different configurations. Nineteenth-century chemists classified hydrocarbons as
either aliphatic or aromatic on the basis of their sources and properties.

Accordingly, it was found that aliphatic hydrocarbons were derived from the chemical degradation
of fats or oils where they are divided into alkanes have only single bond, alkenes contain a carbon-
carbon double bond, and alkynes contain a carbon-carbon triple bond .
METHODS:
Part A

Preparation of Methane by reduction of chloroform

1. 10 g of zinc dust were added into a 50 ml round – bottom flask mounted in a ring stand.

2. 10 ml of ethanol and water were added.

3. The flask with the rubber stopper and a delivery tube were fitted for collection of the gas over
water.

4. Then, the mixture of 5 ml of chloroform and 1 ml of 10% copper sulphate solution were added.

5. The reaction required several minutes to start. If the reaction were too rapid, the flask would be
cool in a pan of cool in a pan of cold water.

6. At least 6 tubes of methane were collected by keeping the bottles (or test tube) inverted over the
water after the air in flask had been displaced.

Preparation of Ethene

1. Rocksil wool at the bottom of the test tube were placed and dropped 8 – 10 of ethanol until the
rocksil wool were soaked with ethanol.

2. Placed 1 g of aluminium halfway along the tube.

3. A delivery tube and a cork were fitted to the test tube and heated the aluminium oxide with a
gentle flame.

4. At least 6 test tubes of ethene were collected by displacement of water.

Preparation of Ethyne

1. 2 or 3 small pieces of calcium dicarbide were placed in a test tube and arranged the apparatus for
collection of ethyne.

2. 2 or 3 drops of water were added one at a time.

3. At least 6 test tubes of ethyne were collected by displacement of water.

 Part B

Characterization Tests for Methane, Ethene and Ethyne

1. FIVE sets of tubes, each consist of 3 test tubes containing methane, ethane, and ethyne were
prepared.

2. For set 1A and 1B, 1ml of 4% solution of bromine in carbon tetrachloride were set. Stopper all the
test tube. Placed one set of tubes (set 1A) contained methane, ethene and ethyne in the drawer for 15
minutes and the other set (set 1B) were leaved in a bright light (preferably sunlight). After 15
minutes, results were observed. Opened the stopper and blowed a breath across the mouth of each
tube. Note and recorded any differences.

3. For set 2A, swirled about 2ml of a 0.3% solution of potassium permanganate in a test tube.

contained methane, ethene and ethyne. Then, the observation was recorded.

4. Set 2B; the tubes contained methane, ethene and ethyne were shacked with alkaline potassium
permanganate solution (made by dissolved about 0.1g of anhydrous sodium carbonate in 1 cm^3 of
1% potassium permanganate solution). Observation was recorded.

5. Set 2C; 1 cm^3 of acidified potassium permanganate (by added 1 cm^3 of sulphuric acid to 0.5 ml
of 1% potassium permanganate solution). Observation was recorded.
 FLOW CHART [10 Marks]

(Hints: Draw a flow chart of the experiment in this page, simplify the procedure & include the
calculation of dilution)
 RESULTS [20 Marks]

Observation

No Test
Methane Ethene Ethyne

SET 1A

1 Tubes left in darkness No reaction No reaction No reaction

SET 1B

2 Tubes left in a bright Bubbles Cloudy No reaction

light

SET 1A & 1B

3 Blowing across the mouth of No reaction No reaction No reaction

each of the test tubes

SET 2A

4 2 ml of 0.3% potassium Purple colour Red colour A little bit brownish colour
permanganate solution

SET 2B

5 1 ml alkaline potassium Still purple colour Still purple colour Dark brown colour
permanganate

SET 2C

6. 2 ml acidified potassium Light brown colour Light brown colour Dark purple colour
permanganate solution

**NOTE: GIVE REASON FOR EACH OBSERVATION.

 DISCUSSION [30 Marks]

(Hints: Discuss your findings and relate to your theory and objective of experiment)

In this experiment, synthesis and characterization of Alkane, Alkene, and Alkyne will be examined. Aliphatic
hydrocarbons are divided into three classes which are, alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only
carbon-carbon single bonds while alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon
double bond, and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.

According on the result for methane is member of alkanes family there is no reaction in the dark but in bright
or sunlight the bromine colour is discharged and the solution become colourless. When blow the breath across
the mouth test tubes both solution turn cloudy because the present of Hydrogen bromide (HBr). Alkenes and
alkynes both have very reactive multiple carbon bonds and behave similarly in most reactions. The alkenes do
not need light to react with bromine. This reaction provides a way to test for alkenes or alkynes. Solutions of
bromine in CCl4 have an intense red colour. When Bromine in CCl4 is mixed with a sample of an alkane, no
change is initially observed. When it is mixed with an alkene or alkyne, the colour of Bromine rapidly
disappears. An additional test to determine whether or not a compound is an unsaturated hydrocarbon is known
as the Baeyer Test. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is purple. When added to an unsaturated hydrocarbon,
the purple colour will change to a brown colour (MnO4) that indicates a reaction has taken place.
 CONCLUSION [10 Marks]

(Hints: Conclusion should contain summary of the results and relate in brief the findings /
results with the theory)

The overall objectives of this experiment is to identify the synthesis and characterization of alkanes, alkenes and
alkynes. The hydrocarbons were to be tested according to their reduction of any halogenated derivatives of
alkanes, bromine dissolved in carbon tetrachloride and Baeyer test. To elaborate, they were categorized and
from the results were inferred whether saturated and unsaturated. Hydrocarbons may be saturated which means
that each carbon is bonded to four other atoms through single covalent bonds, thus it creates the maximum
number of hydrogen in a compound due to the absence of any substituent. Hydrogen atoms usually occupy all
available bonding positions after the carbons have bonded to each other. While, unsaturated
hydrocarbons contain either double or triple bonds. Alkenes as unsaturated compounds are also called olefins
and they form oily liquids on reaction with halides like bromine gas.
 RECOMMENDATION [10 Marks]

(Hints: Suggest improvements in apparatus or measurement procedure, or experimental

procedures for future)

There are several errors found in this experiment such as the error in the ratio of the organic compound to the
solvent used in this reaction. Sometimes it could be an error or incorrect calibration of the equipment required to
facilitate such reactions. However, safety first is recommended before experimenting such as wearing safety
goggles, face mask, and gloves. It was because used some strong chemicals in that experiment. Next, when
collecting gas over the water should tread carefully because gas can easily be exposed to the air, and make sure
to close the test tube cork as fast as possible so that not allowed gas does not escape and to avoid excessive gas
use. Last but not least, make sure all labels on each test tube are the correct ones to use for each experiment for
collecting different gases. With these improvements, can avoid errors to get better results in this experiment.
 TUTORIALS [10 Marks]

1. What do ‘saturated’ and ‘unsaturated’ mean when applied to hydrocarbon? Give examples of a saturated
hydrocarbon and an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

A saturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon in which there is only a single bond between carbon atoms in the
hydrocarbon chain such as alkane. Meanwhile, an unsaturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon is a
hydrocarbon in which there is a double or triple bond between any adjacent carbon atoms. For example,
alkenes and alkynes.

2. Give five sources of methane.

Methane is emitted from a variety of anthropogenic ( human-influenced) and natural sources. Anthropogenic
emission sources include landfills, oil, and natural gas systems, agricultural activities, wastewater
management, and coal mining.

3. Describe reactions that are characteristics of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.

Alkanes are relatively due to their strong carbon-carbon and hydrogen carbon-carbon. They undergo
combustion reactions in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. On the other hand, the
most common reaction of alkenes is electrophilic addition reactions. Addition reactions add something to
each carbon of the double bond. Since double bonds are electron strong than alkane, atoms that are electron
weak are attracted to them. Lastly, alkynes are more reactive than alkenes due to the presence of both carbon
triple bonds. Alkynes undergo addition reactions similar to alkenes, where triple bond breaks and new atoms
are added to form saturated compounds. The reaction typically proceeds similarly to the halogenation of
alkenes.

4. Write a balanced equation for the reaction in which methane was obtained by the reduction of
chloroform.

CHCI3 + 6H2  CH4 + 3HCI

5. Provide two other methods of collecting gas that can be used in this experiment.

Gas Syringe and Gas bag methods. In this method, gas Syringe offers precise control over the volume of gas
and minimizes the risk of gas escaping into the atmosphere, making it suitable for these experiments where
accurate measurements are crucial. Next, the Gas bag method is used for a gas-tight bag or ballon to collect
gas produced in a reaction. This method is particularly useful when dealing with large volumes of gas or
when the gas is produced at a slow rate over an extended period.
 REFERENCES [5 Marks]

(Hints: Write down any sources such as your textbook, the Internet, electronic encyclopedia,
books, etc. that you used)

 Gloria Lotha, what is hydrocarbon?

https://www.britannica.com/science/hydrocarbon/additional-info
 Jason F., Thomas J. C., Pete R., Hydrocarbon: Definition, companies, types and uses.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hydrocarbon.asp
 Jason R., TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND COMPOSITION | Aliphatic Hydrocarbons.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/aliphatic-hydrocarbon
 APPENDICES [5 Marks]

(Hints: Attach all the printed data from this experiment and jotter notes at this page)
JOTTER NOTES:- (Syazwina)
JOTTER NOTES:- (Humayra)
JOTTER NOTES:- (Najma)
JOTTER NOTES:- (Haziqah)
 FLOWCHA

Add 10g of zinc dust, 10ml of ethanol and 10ml of water into a 50ml round bottomed flask mounted
in a ring stand. Then, fit the flask with a rubber stopper and a delivery tube for the collection of gas over
water. Add the mixture of 5ml of chloroform and 1ml of 10% copper sulfate solution. After the
reaction done, cool the flask in a basin of cold water. After the air in the flask has been displaced,
collect at least 5 test tube of the gas.

Rocksil woll was placed at the bottom of test tube. 8 to 10 drops of ethanol was dropped. About 1g
of aluminium oxide was placed halfway along the tube. A cork and delivery tube was fitted to the
test tube and the aluminium oxide was heated with a gentle flame. At least 5 test tubes of ethene gas
was collected by displacement of water.

2 or 3 small pieces of calcium carbide was placed and the apparatus for collection of ethyne was
arranged . 2 or 3 drops of water was added at a time. At least 5 test tubes of ethyne was collected by
displacement of water.

Five sets of test tubes was prepared which is each set consists of 3 test tube that containing methane,
ethane, and ethyne.

To set 1A and 1B, 1ml of 4% solution of bromine was added into carbon tetrachloride. One set of tubes
(Set 1A) containing methane, ethene, and ethyne was placed in the drawer for 15 minutes. The other set was
leaved (Set 1B) in bright light. The result was observe after 15 minutes. The stopper was opened and
was blowed across the mouth of each tube.

For set 2A, about 2ml of a 0.3% solution of potassium permanganate in test tubes containing methane,
ethene, and ethyne was swirled. Observations was recorded.
 FLOWCHA
Set B, the tubes containing methane, ethene and ethyne with alkaline potassium permanganate solution was shacked. Observ

Set C, 1𝑐𝑚3 at acidified potassium permanganate was added to 0.5 ml of sulphuric acid. Observation was
recorded.