TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION.........................................................................................................................I
APPROVAL.................................................................................................................................................II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................III
LISTOFFIGURES.......................................................................................................................................IV
LISTOFTABLES.........................................................................................................................................V
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................VI
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................... 1
Overture………………………………………………………………………………………….2
Engineering Problem Statement………………………………………………………………...3
Related Research Works………………………………………………………………………...5
Earlier Research………………………………………………………………………………...6
Recent Research………………………………………………………………………………...9
Critical Engineering Special list Knowledge.................................................................................................9
Stakeholders................................................................................................................................10
Objective of this Work................................................................................................................10
Primary objectives……………………………………………………………………………..13
Secondary Objective …………………………………………………………………………..14
Organization of Book Chapters…………………………………………………………….....16
PROJECT MANAGEMENT.................................................................................................................. 17
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................17
S.W.O.T. Analysis of the Project...............................................................................................18
Schedule Management.................................................................................................................................19
Cost Analysis..............................................................................................................................19
P.E.S.T. Analysis........................................................................................................................21
Professional Responsibilities......................................................................................................22
Norms of Engineering Practice…………………………………………………………………24
Individual Responsibilities and Function as effective team member…………………………..26
Management principles and economic models............................................................................................28
Summary 28
METHODOLOGY AND MODELING…………………………………………………………….…….19
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................19
Block Diagram and Working Principle......................................................................................21
Modeling 22
Summary....................................................................................................................................22
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION…………………………………………………………………..………23
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................23
Required Tools and Components.................................................................................................................24
Implemented Models..................................................................................................................25
I
 Simulation Model……………………………………………………………………………….25
Hardware Model………………………………………………………………………………...25
Summary 25
RESULTS ANALYSIS & CRITICAL DESIGN REVIEW……………………………………………...26
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................26
Results Analysis.........................................................................................................................26
Simulated Result………………………………………………………………………………..26
Hardware Results……………………………………………………………………………….27
Comparison of Results................................................................................................................27
Summary 27
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................2
8
Summary of Findings.................................................................................................................28
Novelty of the work....................................................................................................................28
Cultural and Societal Factors and Impacts.................................................................................28
Engineering Solution in accordance with professional practices...............................................28
Future Scopes.............................................................................................................................29
Sustainability..........................................................................................................................…29
Economic and Cultural Factors..................................................................................................29
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................29
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................29

II
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.0: Prototype Design Of Wireless Transmission[8]…………………………………………………...…3

Figure 1.1: Flux Lines Generated In The Bipolar Transmitte [9]………………………………………………...4

Figure 1.2: Timeline Diagram Of Development Of The Wireless [10] …........................................................... 4

Figure 1.3: Basic Diagram Of Dynamic Wireles [11] …………………………………………………….…..... 5

Figure 1.4: Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer For 12] ……………………………………………................... 6

Figure 1.5: Wireless Power Transfer (Wpt) [13] ........................................... …………………………………...7

Figure 1.6: Modern Advances In Wireless Power Transfer Systems For Roadway Powered Electric Vehicles
[14] ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8

Figure 1.7: Dwpt System Of Vlr [15] ................................................................................................................... 9

Figure 1.8: Base Station Along With Ground Station [16] ................................................................................. 10

Figure 1.9: Block Diagram Of The Wireless Power[17] ……………………………….............….................... 11

Figure 1.10: The Detailed Diagram Of The Transmitter Array [18]…...………………………………………..12

Figure 1.11: Schematic Diagram Of The Long-Track Dynamic Wireless Power Transmission
[19] ............................................................................................................................................................................
.. 12

Figure 1.12: Wireless Power Charging In Electrical Vehicles [20] …………………………………………….13

Figure 1.13: Models And Magnetic Field Distribution Of 2d, 4d, And 6d Racetracks [21] ……………………14

Figure 1.14: Example Of Dynamic Vehicle Routing Problem With 7 Static Requests [22] …………………...15

Figure 1.15: An Example For Dynamic Problem [23]……….…………………………………………….……16

Figure 2.0: S.W.O.T Analysis [30]……………………………………………………………………………....21

III
 ABSTRACT

This paper details the planning and design of a solar-powered charging system for electric vehicles, offering
a solution to the dual problems of expensive gasoline and harmful emissions. The number of countries with
electric vehicles on the road is steadily rising. In addition to helping the environment, electric vehicles have
proven useful in cutting down on transportation costs by substituting expensive fuel with much more
affordable power. Here, we present a novel and effective solution to this problem by designing an electric
vehicle charging infrastructure.

There is no need to stop for charging because the EV can do so while it is in motion; the system is powered
by solar energy, eliminating the need for an additional power source. For its construction, the system
employs a solar panel, battery, transformer, regulator circuitry, copper coils, AC to DC converter, atmega
controller, and LCD display. This technology follows the ideology that charging electric vehicles can be
done without having to pull over to a charging station. Thus, the technology proves the viability of a road-
integrated, solar-powered wireless charging system for EVs.

IV
 INTRODUCTION

Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a groundbreaking concept in transportation, poised to

dominate the automobile market in the near future. Despite the anticipated surge in EV
adoption, careful regulation of the charging process is essential to safeguard power networks'
integrity. Paradoxically, the proliferation of EVs will result in a substantial surplus of stored
energy in batteries, potentially revolutionizing grid autonomy and fostering the development of
future smart grids.

The EV's appeal is bolstered by its capacity to significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions
and its growing competitiveness against conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.
However, challenges persist, including the high initial vehicle cost and the scarcity of fast-
charging stations and all-electric vehicle options.

Electric vehicles encompass two categories: fully electric and hybrid models. Beyond their
economic and environmental advantages, EVs offer unparalleled efficiency and are poised to
become the primary mode of transportation in the future, particularly as charging infrastructure
improves.

Addressing concerns about charging accessibility, portable EV chargers have been developed,
leveraging renewable energy sources to reduce charging times. This study proposes a hybrid
power system to cater to the needs of long-distance EV drivers, especially in areas lacking
charging facilities. Wireless EV chargers emerge as a promising solution for individuals seeking
convenient and eco-friendly charging options.

The competitive edge of electric vehicles over traditional counterparts continues to grow, driven
by escalating fossil fuel prices and declining CO2 emissions. Despite previous barriers to
adoption, including high costs and charging infrastructure limitations, electric vehicles are
gaining traction due to their low operating costs and minimal environmental impact.

Our project integrates a solar panel, battery, transformer, regulator circuits, copper coils, AC to
DC converter, atmega controller, and LCD display to create a comprehensive charging system.
Notably, this system enables EVs to charge while in motion, eliminating the need for frequent
stops. A charge controller facilitates the connection between the battery and solar panel, storing
DC electricity for subsequent use. To convert DC to AC power for transmission, a transformer
is employed, ensuring seamless power delivery.

1
Engineering Problem Statement

One or more electric motors, or traction motors, are used to propel an electric vehicle (EV). It is
possible for an electric vehicle to be self-contained using a battery, solar panels, fuel cells, or an
electric generator that converts gasoline to energy to be fueled by an off-vehicle collector
system. There are many different types of electric vehicles, such as hybrid and all-electric cars,
trucks, trains, ships, planes, and spacecraft. Electricity was a popular mode of vehicle propulsion
during this historical period, which provided a level of comfort and operational convenience not
possible in gasoline-powered vehicles at that time. Although modern internal combustion
engines have dominated vehicle propulsion for more than a century, electric power is still widely
used in trains and other small vehicles.

Related Research Works

The need for electric vehicle (EV) charging technology dates back to the mid-19th century
when disposable batteries were initially used in electric vehicles, and "charging" technology
emerged as a means to revive depleted batteries. However, the absence of mass-produced EVs
and limited recharging infrastructure hindered their widespread adoption. One major obstacle
was the lack of charging points, particularly in homes built before the early 20th century when
electricity was not yet commonplace. Electrifying homes became imperative to make EVs
accessible to the general public, thereby boosting their adoption rates. By the early 1900s, 38
percent of vehicles in the United States were electrically powered, with charging methods
involving either on-board batteries or external charging stations.

Earlier Research

An examination of historical timelines reveals the scientific breakthroughs leading to the

development of solar energy and its evolution into a viable source for electric vehicle charging.
Despite the potential of solar panels as a power source, their full utilization has been slow.
During the 1973 oil embargo, solar energy emerged as a promising alternative due to fuel
shortages, prompting increased demand for energy independence and the implementation of
solar incentive programs across various states.

Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer in Electric Vehicles

To power electric motors or charge the on-board Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS),
hybrid or fully electric vehicles can utilize a force-move system. While stationary, batteries can
be charged via remote force-move technology using charging pads, enabling convenient
charging both at home and on the road. We propose a wireless charging system for electric
vehicles that is environmentally friendly and allows for continuous charging while in motion on
roads. This method can be implemented in garages, parking lots, and malls. Furthermore, solar

2
PV systems and wind turbines installed alongside roadways can supplement electrical energy
for the proposed charging infrastructure. Microgrids formed by linking renewable energy
sources like solar panels and wind turbines can provide electricity for essential services such as
wireless charging. Excess power generated can be fed back into the main power system or used
to illuminate streetlights. The wireless charging system includes an air-core transformer buried
in the road, with its secondary winding connected to the vehicle, facilitating battery charging
wirelessly. Rectifiers and DC-DC converters are employed to convert the secondary winding's
alternating current into voltage and current suitable for charging the battery pack.

Figure1.0: Proto type design of wire less transmission[8]

Effect of Coil Dimensions on Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for

Electric Vehicles
Utilizing state-of-the-art simulation tools, this study investigates how variations in the size and
layout of the receiver coil affect power transfer efficiency and operational costs. The paper
demonstrates that the coupling coefficient exhibits a non-monotonic dependence on the coil
size, attributed to the spatial distribution of the magnetic field. Consequently, identifying the
optimal coil size, at which the coupling coefficient reaches its maximum, becomes a critical
design parameter influencing the overall system performance, as illustrated in Figure 1.1 [9].
Additionally, the paper discusses strategies for integrating these findings into a multi-objective
optimization algorithm.

Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles

Gasoline currently fuels 56% of all vehicles, with the transportation sector consuming 29% of
total energy. However, gasoline usage contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, posing
environmental concerns. Electric vehicles (EVs) offer a promising alternative, alleviating some

3
of the strain on conventional resources. Despite their potential, EV implementation faces
challenges, notably limited range.

A large battery capacity is crucial for extending EV driving range, but Dynamic Wireless Power
Transfer (DWPT) presents a potential solution. Charging EVs while in motion can significantly
reduce battery energy storage requirements. This thesis explores the obstacles and solutions
associated with implementing DWPT for EVs.

Two approaches are considered: using small, segmented coils laid on the road or employing long
rails for DWPT. While long tracks offer continuous power transfer, they suffer from lower
efficiency, require sophisticated power electronics, and exhibit a lower coupling coefficient. In
contrast, segmented DWPT boasts higher efficiency and requires simpler power electronics due
to its higher coupling coefficient. Overcoming obstacles associated with segmented coil
construction is crucial for successful DWPT implementation.

The paper investigates various magnetic couplers, adjusting coupling coefficients and
misalignment with and without protective shields. It compares reactive compensation circuits for
tolerance to misalignment, load independence, power factor, and efficiency. Implementing
DWPT poses challenges, including automatic EV identification to maintain efficiency and
safety. The paper proposes a novel approach to coil detection for segmented DWPT. Upon EV
approach, the transmitter embedded in the road activates to provide seamless, instantaneous
power transfer (see Figure 1.2). Reliable power transmission is ensured, even at low speeds,
through communication. However, detecting EVs at high speeds requires minimizing
communication lag time without increasing expense or power consumption. To address this, the
paper introduces a unique orthogonal coil arrangement.

In conclusion, the dissertation outlines a method for optimizing Wireless Power Transfer (WPT)
efficiency by considering load impedance. A proposed algorithm modulates both frequency and
phase shift of the inverter output voltage to reduce input power while maintaining constant
output power via the output side DC-DC converter. This converter regulates the voltage and
current supplied to the battery, improving overall system performance.

Figure1.2:Time line diagram of development of the Wire less Power Transfer

.
4
Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles: Technology
and Infrastructure Integration Challenges
The concept of wirelessly charging a moving vehicle using resonant inductive power transfer is
known as "dynamic wireless charging." This involves installing source coils in the road and a
pickup coil in the vehicle, connecting the two to transfer energy efficiently. Dynamic wireless
charging systems offer a potential solution to the limitations of EV batteries by providing
virtually unlimited range and enabling the use of smaller, lighter batteries, thus reducing costs
and weight. However, the widespread implementation of dynamic wireless charging will be
constrained by the availability and cost of charging infrastructure.

This paper aims to explore the technology challenges associated with the transition from
stationary to dynamic wireless charging and the implementation challenges related to
infrastructure. A literature review is presented, focusing on recent advancements in stationary
and dynamic wireless power transfer for EV charging. This review addresses issues such as
power limitations, electromagnetic interference regulations, communication challenges, and
interoperability, as illustrated in Figure 1.3.

Figure1.3:Basic diagram of dynamic wire less electric vehicle charging system [11]

Communication Requirements for Dynamic Wireless Power

Transfer for Battery Electric Vehicles
The emerging technology of dynamic wireless power transfer (WPT) enables the wireless
extension of an electric vehicle's power source while in motion, effectively increasing the
vehicle's range. This necessitates wireless communication between the Road Side Charger (RSC)
and the On-Board Charger (OBC). However, current networking technologies are insufficient to
handle the unique requirements of dynamic WPT systems. Thus, a novel approach to network
architecture is essential to address these challenges.

5
To ensure the deterministic behavior required for real-time control loops in dynamic WPT
systems, the network must allow mobility while reserving resources for critical data streams.
This may involve configuration adjustments, administrative measures, and protocol actions.
Standardization of communication protocols is crucial to meet the demands of real-time control
loops effectively.

This paper underscores the importance of standardizing communication protocols for dynamic
WPT systems and outlines the characteristics that communication systems must possess to
support real-time, in-motion control applications. By elucidating these requirements, this paper
aims to guide the design of WPT communication protocols and system architectures tailored to
the unique needs of dynamic WPT technology.

Figure1.4: Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for battery electric[12]

Overview of Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging

This study offers a comprehensive review of existing wireless power transfer (WPT)
technologies, focusing on their potential application in the wireless charging of electric vehicles

6
(EVs). Fundamental concepts of each WPT technology are elucidated [13]. The technologies are
categorized based on their suitability for charging electric vehicles, and an in-depth analysis of
their respective advantages and disadvantages is provided. This article presents a thorough
overview of promising technologies, including coupled magnetic resonance and magnetic gear
technology, as depicted in Figure 1.5. It also highlights recent discoveries, major technical
challenges, obstacles, and cutting-edge research studies in the field, along with emerging trends.

Figure 1.5: Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) [13]

Advances in Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Roadway-

Powered Electric Vehicles
Roadway-powered electric vehicles (RPEVs), which can efficiently receive power while
traveling along roads, hold promise for the future of transportation. This work delves into the
history of inductive power transfer systems (IPTSs), which have proven instrumental in
wirelessly powering RPEVs [12]. The evolution of IPTSs is traced back to the 1890s, when the
first RPEV was developed, up to the present day. Significant advancements have been made in
IPTS technology over the past century, including improvements in size, weight, efficiency, air
gap, lateral tolerance, electromagnetic force, and cost, leading to the increased
commercialization of RPEVs, as depicted in Figure 1.6. This paper provides a historical
overview of key events in the development of IPTSs and RPEVs, with a special focus on recent
advancements, such as the introduction of online electric cars, the first of which became
available for purchase in 2013.

7
 Figure1.6:ModernAdvancesinWirelessPowerTransferSystemsforRoadwayPoweredElectric
Vehicles [14]

Development of Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer System for

Vehicle Logistics Robot
In manufacturing, the reduction of human labor is paramount. A yard serves as a staging area in
an automobile assembly line, where finished vehicles await shipment. To automate the yard
alignment process, this research proposes the use of an autonomous vehicle-loading robot instead
of human drivers. A dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system between vehicles and
roadside infrastructure is suggested [15]. Through simulation and real-world measurements, it is
demonstrated that the transmitter coil can support the robot's weight reliably. Additionally,
significant eddy current loss due to the reinforcement bars of the road structure, as well as loss
due to coil resistance, is observed. However, utilizing a frequency control system and an
automated coil detection system, the setup achieves a DWPT of 1.8 kW in a manufacturing
environment.

8
 Figure 1.7: DWPT system of VLR [15]

Recent Research
Recent research, typically not exceeding 5 years or 2 years old, complements the proposed
project methodology. This article comprehensively describes the development process of a
dynamic wireless power transfer (WPT) system for charging electric vehicle (EV) batteries. The
development procedure commences with an analysis of the system's electrical requirements,
progresses to the design of power stages, and concludes with validation tests [16]. The design
phase entails specifying the electrical size of power stage components, defining the coupling set
structure, coil layout, conversion stage configuration, and compensation network topology. In the
verification phase, the setup and outcomes of experimental testing conducted with a roving
pickup along the track are discussed.

9
 Figure1.8:Base station along with ground station [16]

Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer in Electric Vehicles using

Magnetic Resonance: A Case of Developing Countries
The concept of wireless power distribution predates the notion of wirelessly charging electric
automobiles, originating in the 19th century [17]. Today, wireless power transfer (WPT)
technology enables the creation of power pads specifically designed for wirelessly charging
electric vehicles (EVs). This technology addresses major issues concerning EV charging,
providing a solution for EV owners.

Wireless charging can be achieved through two main methods: magnetic induction or radio
frequency. In a static or dynamic wireless power transfer system, magnetic induction is utilized
to power the charging pads. These pads convert electrical energy into magnetic energy, enabling
transmission over an air gap, typically over short to mid-range distances. Alternatively, radio
waves can be directed using parabolic dishes, leveraging radio frequency (or microwave)
technology, as depicted in Figure 1.9. Radio waves offer a significantly greater range compared
to magnetic induction.

The implementation of wireless power transfer systems introduces two distinct charging
methods: stationary wireless power transfer (SWPT) and dynamic wireless power transfer
(DWPT). With SWPT, a vehicle can be charged while stationary, allowing the driver to simply
park and depart. Conversely, with DWPT, the driver of an electric vehicle (EV) can charge the
vehicle while driving and switch lanes once the EV is fully charged. Dynamic wireless power
transfer thus describes this phenomenon.

10
 Figure1.9:Block diagram of the wireless power transfer system [17].

This paper aims to introduce a stable charging method suitable for high-power applications by
elucidating advancements in a segmented dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system
designed for electric vehicles (EVs). The integrated design presented in this study incorporates
improvements in the switching sequence, reduced size of segmented transmitters, and parallel
inverter technology to cater to high-power demands.

In this integrated design, power distribution is optimized based on the location of the pickups,
which are distributed among three adjacent transmitters installed on the rail. These transmitters,
arranged in a QDDQ configuration, consist of a Q-shaped coil, a DD-shaped coil, and another Q-
shaped coil, respectively [18]. Employing the QDDQ configuration as the elementary energized
group helps minimize the impact of output voltage fluctuations and maximize the efficiency of
the energized transmitters.

Finite element analysis (FEA) is utilized for the comprehensive design of the DWPT system,
allowing for the examination of several circuit topologies. The performance of a dynamic
charging experimental prototype is verified, demonstrating close alignment with theoretical
analysis as depicted in Figure 1.10. The experimental prototype comprises five transmitters and
one receiver, with all measurements provided in units of 500 millimeters.

Through experimental validation, the suggested system achieves a constant output voltage of 500
V with an estimated efficiency of 85% for DC-DC conversion, when subjected to a load ranging
from 100 to 200. At a load of 100, the maximum output power reaches 2.5 kW.

11
 Figure1.10:The detailed diagram of the transmitter array [18].

Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer: Potential Impact on Plug-in

Electric Vehicle Adoption

This research endeavors to establish a quantitative understanding of the correlation between the
widespread implementation of dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) technology and the
growing acceptance of plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) hybrids. By elucidating the social value of
DWPT and rationalizing investments in its research, development, demonstration, and rollout,
this study aims to provide valuable insights.

Spatial connections between charging infrastructure availability and DWPT deployment are
estimated for four major cities, offering insights into the relationship between DWPT
availability and PEV adoption [19]. To incorporate the consumer value of DWPT into a
validated consumer choice model, where PEV sales are treated as exogenous variables, the
study defines the consumer value of DWPT based on key deployment characteristics.

The results reveal that the deployment of DWPT significantly influences PEV sales, even with a
modest coverage of 0.5% of road length projected by 2050. However, there is considerable
variance in these effects, with greater impact observed for battery electric vehicles (BEVs)
compared to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), shorter-range BEVs compared to longer-
range ones, and users facing charging difficulties, such as limited access to convenient charging
infrastructure at home or work, or those with high daily mileage.

Furthermore, when DWPT availability reaches a threshold of approximately 0.8%, it becomes a

viable alternative for consumers who lack access to home or workplace chargers, potentially
leading to a significant expansion of the PEV customer base.

12
 Figure1.11:Schematic diagram of the long-track dynamic wireless power
transmission[19]

Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications

The technology of magnetic resonance wireless power transfer (WPT) holds the potential to
liberate us from the constraints of cables permanently. Grounded in the fundamental concept of
inductive power transfer, which has undergone refinement for over three decades, WPT has
witnessed significant advancements in recent years [20]. These advancements have enabled the
transmission of kilowatts of power over distances ranging from millimeters to hundreds of
meters, rendering WPT increasingly viable for both static and dynamic electric vehicle (EV)
charging applications.

In this study, an extensive survey of the WPT landscape was conducted to identify technologies
suitable for wireless EV charging. The implementation of WPT in EVs presents solutions to
challenges such as recharging time, range, and cost, thus making WPT an attractive option for
the widespread adoption of EVs. With battery technology becoming outdated in the context of
selling EVs in large quantities, researchers are urged to draw inspiration from the state-of-the-
art achievements in WPT and EV technology to drive further innovation in this field.

13
 Figure1.12:Wireless Power Charging in Electrical Vehicles [20]

Segmental Track Analysis in Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer

The severe oil crisis and environmental concerns have propelled electric vehicles into the
spotlight. Despite this attention, the market growth and expansion of electric vehicles have been
hindered by several drawbacks, including limited range, costly batteries, and challenging
charging infrastructure. Realizing on-road wireless power transfer technology holds the promise
of efficiently addressing these issues, extending the driving range, prolonging battery service
life, and reducing the dependence on onboard batteries.

In this research, we begin by examining the compensation topology and charging mode of
wireless power transfer technology. Subsequently, we construct an analogous circuit model of a
segmental wireless power transfer system [21]. By simulating a magnetic field and varying the
track's shape and length, we aim to predict the experimentally observed coupling coefficient.
This analysis sheds light on the potential of segmental track configurations to optimize dynamic
wireless power transfer systems for electric vehicles.

14
 Figure1.13:Models and magnetic field distribution of2d,4d,and6dracetracks [21]

Dynamic Electric Vehicle Routing Problem

The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates the development of new services
for efficient vehicle charging and usage. One such challenge is the dynamic electric vehicle
routing problem, which involves selecting charging stations while driving. This paper examines
the complexities associated with providing this service and proposes a multi-criteria dynamic
programming approach after surveying current research.

Figure1.15: An example for dynamic vehicle routing problem [23]

Dynamic Electric Vehicle Routing: Heuristics and Dual Bounds

This study explores the electric vehicle routing problem with a public-private recharging
strategy, allowing vehicles to recharge en route at both public charging infrastructure and a

15
privately owned depot. To address the unpredictability of demand at public charging stations,
routing policies are developed to anticipate station queue dynamics. Using decomposition,
desirable routing policies are identified, and dual boundaries are set to assess their performance.
Computational studies demonstrate that the proposed policies outperform traditional routing
schemes, showcasing the potential for dynamic and stochastic routing problems.

Critical Engineering Specialist Knowledge

Dynamic charging offers a solution to key challenges in EV adoption, allowing vehicles to be
charged wirelessly while in motion using magnetic induction. Unlike static charging, which
requires the vehicle to be parked, dynamic charging enables continuous charging while driving.
With the right infrastructure, dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) technology has the
potential to significantly boost the electric vehicle industry. This paper discusses current traction
battery technologies, charging methods, and system requirements for DWPT, emphasizing the
need for standardization and interoperability.

Stakeholders
The deployment of charging infrastructure is critical for the widespread adoption of electric
vehicles, but stakeholders hold divergent views on its rollout and governance. Policymakers face
challenges in balancing various interests and technologies, such as battery swapping and smart
charging. Q-methodology is utilized to uncover stakeholders' predictions for the future of
charging infrastructure, providing insights into contentious areas that require attention.

Objectives
The primary objectives of this work include building a solar charging system, increasing fuel
efficiency, storing charge in the storage, and examining electrical vehicles. Secondary objectives
involve ensuring the health and safety of individuals by maintaining electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC), electromagnetic interference (EMI), and frequency levels within
acceptable ranges.

Organization of Book Chapters

Chapter 2 focuses on project management, including a Gantt chart and analysis of project
strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities. Chapter 3 discusses the methodology and modeling
approach, Chapter 4 covers the implementation of the project, Chapter 5 presents results analysis
and critical design review, and Chapter 6 concludes the book.

16
 PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Introduction
Project management is a fundamental approach utilized to ensure the success of any project. It
involves clearly defining project objectives, identifying necessary resources, and executing plans
to achieve those objectives. Effective project management includes planning, execution, risk
identification and control, budgeting, and cross-organizational communication. Project schedules
are often managed using tools like Gantt charts, and cost savings can be achieved through
efficient data manipulation. Project management requires critical managerial skills, including
planning, scheduling, and regulating actions to meet specific goals within allocated timeframes
and budgets.

S.W.O.T. Analysis
The SWOT framework provides a method for analyzing a project's strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats. Internal analysis focuses on identifying project strengths and
weaknesses across various aspects such as finance, management, infrastructure, procurement,
production, distribution, marketing, reputation, and innovation. This analysis helps pinpoint
areas of competitive advantage and areas for resource development to keep teams motivated.
External analysis involves evaluating opportunities and threats in the surrounding environment,
including competition, industry dynamics, and economic factors. The competitive landscape is
assessed by analyzing the capabilities and assets of competitors, while industry external factors
are examined using the Five Forces Model. External environmental factors such as political,
economic, sociological, technological, environmental, demographic, ethical, and regulatory
influences are also considered. The objective of conducting a SWOT analysis is to inform
strategic development by identifying strengths and weaknesses relative to the specific context of
the project.

P.E.S.T. Analysis
The PEST analysis is a valuable tool for evaluating a project's current situation, future prospects,
and strategic direction. It considers political, economic, social, and technological factors, with
some analyses expanding to include legal and environmental considerations.

Political Analysis
Political analysis examines the structures, institutions, ideas, and processes through which
political decisions are made and changed. For this project, government approval is not required,
and there are no apparent restrictions on implementation.

Economic Analysis

17
Economic analysis involves assessing projects based on their financial sustainability and
equitable resource distribution. The objective is to determine the project's affordability and its
overall benefit to people. Cost considerations are crucial throughout the project execution.

Social Analysis
Social analysis entails understanding stakeholder perspectives and involving relevant
stakeholders in the development process. It considers socio-cultural, institutional, historical, and
political contexts. As a team project, this initiative may be influenced by societal trends,
behaviors, or attitudes.

Technological Analysis
Technological analysis focuses on advancements in technology and their impact on the project.
For example, wireless vehicle technologies enhance driver awareness and safety. Modern
automobiles incorporate advanced safety features, and smart vehicles often utilize app-based
authentication systems for security.

Management Principles and Economic Models

Economists utilize models to simplify descriptions of economic behavior and generate testable
hypotheses. Economic models vary in nature and can be theoretical or empirical. Theoretical
models deduce provable implications about economic behavior based on the premise that agents
maximize specified objectives within defined constraints. Empirical models, on the other hand,
attempt to translate qualitative predictions from theoretical models into concrete numerical
outcomes.

Summary
This section covers the project's objectives, budget, task management, and SWOT analysis, along
with potential risks and advantages. Researchers can draw confidence from past initiatives and
expense estimations, enabling them to proceed with the study. With specified stakeholders, many
more individuals will have access to a wide range of new opportunities.

18
 METHODOLOGY AND MODELING
Introduction
The proposed vehicle is relatively simple in terms of complexity compared to traditional gas-
powered cars. Its construction is straightforward, comprising essential components such as two
motors and their controllers, a reversing circuit, a battery pack, a solar photovoltaic (PV) module
with a charge controller, and a speed controller. Both motors share a common accelerator, and
brake switches halt their operation when applied. Additionally, motors shutdown when the
vehicle changes direction, facilitated by the switching of two phases and two control wires. A
reverse button is conveniently located on the steering column for ease of use.

The adoption of magnetic resonance technology has revolutionized wireless power transmission
(WPT), which operates on the same principle as inductive power transfer. WPT has undergone
significant advancements in recent years, with power transmission increasing from milliwatts to
kilowatts and the transfer distance extending from a few millimeters to several hundred
millimeters, achieving higher load efficiency. This progress has made WPT increasingly
attractive for both stationary and dynamic EV charging applications.

Technologies discussed in this session focus on Wide Power Transmission (WPT), offering
solutions to the limitations of EVs such as limited range, high costs, and inconvenient charging
methods. With EVs reaching critical mass and battery technology no longer a bottleneck, the
implementation of WPT holds promise for overcoming these challenges. It is anticipated that
these advancements will inspire researchers to further innovate in the fields of WPT and EV
technology.

Figure3.1:Block Diagram of the project

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The transmitter coils are charged by a solar panel, which in turn charges the battery. The charged
battery is then stored in the regulator to avoid energy waste. To establish a connection between
the primary and secondary coils of a transformer, a magnetic field must be directed by the
transformer's core. An induced electric current is then recorded by the receiver coil as the net
magnetic flux from the stimulated spin system oscillates, effectively wirelessly charging the
receiver coil. The Atmega controller is powered by the DC power generated by the AC to DC
converter once the AC power has been converted. Additionally, the vehicle's initials can be
displayed on an integrated LCD screen as part of the system's functionality. That's just how the
system works.

Figure3.2: 3D model of Vehicle

Figure3.2 illustrates the front view of the vehicle which is built in this project
along with the used components and equipment.

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 Figure 3.3:3D Prototype for Road Figure 3.3 illustrated the total project summary.

Figure3.4:Receiving Coil

Infusion360 Model Development

A three-dimensional model was developed using Infusion360 to provide a detailed illustration of
the entire mechanism. This comprehensive 3D model covers all necessary components,
hardware, and their respective locations within the system. Additionally, movable components
essential to the project are included in the hardware model. The components of the car are
illuminated by an LED arranged in a circular shape.

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Summary
The pressing need to address fuel dependency and combat severe environmental pollution from
carbon-based vehicles underscores the urgency of adopting alternative energy sources like solar
power. Solar power offers advantages of being inexpensive, efficient, inexhaustible, and
environmentally beneficial. Solar-powered electric vehicles (SPEVs) operate without burning
fuel or emitting exhaust, rendering them entirely risk-free. These vehicles produce no emissions,
operate silently and odorlessly, and can be conveniently charged almost anywhere. Moreover,
they have fewer potential points of failure and require less maintenance compared to
conventional vehicles, offering excellent value. Potential markets for SPEVs include industries,
college campuses, theme parks, and more. The technological advancements in SPEVs contribute
to promoting green transportation.

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
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Introduction
Vehicle dynamics, a field of engineering, focuses on the study of vehicle motion in practical user
operations, particularly in automobiles. It encompasses mechanical engineering, machine design,
control/signal engineering, and human behavioral science.

Required Tools and Components

Figure 4.1: Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno, an ideal board for learning embedded systems coding, offers an excellent
starting point for beginners. This open-source platform provides access to the entire PCB layout
and schematic online. The Arduino Software Development Environment (IDE) is free and
available for Windows, Linux, and Mac computers. Third-party mobile apps for Arduino board
programming are rumored to be available, adding convenience.

The TP4056 1A Li-Ion Battery Charging Board Micro USB with Current Protection is suitable
for safely charging single cell 3.7V 1 Ah or higher lithium-ion (Li-Ion) cells without their
protection circuit. Equipped with the TP4056 charger IC and DW01 battery protection IC, this
module offers a continuous 1A charge current and safeguards against over-voltage and reverse
polarity connections.

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 Figure 4.3: Wireless Coil

The 5V 2A Large Current Wireless Charger Module Transmitter Receiver Charging Coil Module
is compact, efficient, and cost-effective. It is suitable for various applications, including mobile
phone wireless charging, digital devices, machine learning, healthcare, and more. Waterproof
and dustproof, it provides contactless charging.

Designed for transparent wireless serial communication, the HC-06 Bluetooth module facilitates
seamless operation once paired with a master Bluetooth device like PCs, smartphones, or tablets.
It ensures immediate transmission of all data received through the serial input over the air.

Figure 4.5: LCD Display

This LCD Display with yellow and blue lighting is compatible with Arduino-based projects.
With a 16x2 standard display, it can present plain text, numeric values from sensors, or even
cycle counts executed by the Arduino. Easy to connect, it enhances the functionality of Arduino
projects.

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Engineering Solution in Accordance with Professional Practices
In pursuit of the objective, a thorough process was followed. Utilizing computer-assisted design
(CAD) and complementary software, the various vehicle components were conceptualized,
modeled, simulated, and analyzed. The vehicle's subsystems were categorized into mechanical
and electrical engineering domains, considering factors such as cost, design adaptability,
manufacturability, assembly purposes, and overall safety to determine the optimal concepts.
Models were developed based on the selected designs for the subsystems, ensuring compatibility
and addressing any potential assembly-stage clearance issues. Some components, like the chassis
and transmission, underwent comprehensive simulation testing before procurement or
production. The construction of these subsystems was facilitated with direct assistance, while
further simulation and analysis are necessary for the remaining subsystems to ensure their safety
before production proceeds as scheduled.

Summary
The project emphasizes meticulous attention to both mechanical and electrical technical details,
all of which must align with the concept category of the Shell Eco-urban marathon. Raw
materials will be sourced, and components will be custom-made to meet the project's
requirements.

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 RESULTS ANALYSIS & CRITICAL DESIGN REVIEW

Introduction
Conductive charging, the traditional method of power delivery involving physical connection,
presents several drawbacks. Bulky charging cables and plugs, manual attachment of both power
source and device being charged, and the risk of electric shock due to insulation breakdown are
among the issues associated with tethered charging solutions. Utilizing a large number of
batteries or swapping spent ones for fully charged ones can reduce charging time and associated
risks, as well as extend a vehicle's range. However, batteries themselves pose challenges, being
expensive, cumbersome, and requiring frequent replacement. The weight of batteries also limits
the practicality of transporting large quantities. Improvements in energy storage devices may
address these issues in the future. Alternatively, dynamic wireless power transfer (WPT) systems
offer a solution by eliminating the need for large batteries and reducing system costs. WPT is
user-friendly and practical, especially in comparison to manually plugged-in charging systems.
Its potential applications span various industrial and engineering domains, including electric
vehicles (EVs) and electronic gadgets.

The DC output voltage and current for the best-case scenario are 5 volts and 0.018 amperes.
Using the power equation
P=V×I, we find:

Power = 5 × 0.018 = 0.09 watt or 0.1 watt

Power=5×0.018=0.09 watt or 0.1 watt

Similarly, for the worst-case scenario with a DC output voltage of 0.39 volts and a current of
0.015 amperes:

Power = 0.39 × 0.015 = 0.006 watt

Power=0.39×0.015=0.006 watt

Summary
The increase in the use of electric vehicles and corresponding charging stations in the near future
underscores the crucial need for effective charging solutions. The lack of a widespread charging
network remains a significant obstacle to increasing EV demand. In this context, the
development of portable EV chargers utilizing renewable energy presents a promising solution to
shorten the recharging period for electric vehicles, particularly for long-distance travelers.
However, the lack of convenient charging sites along interstates and highways poses challenges.
To address this issue, the adoption of wireless EV chargers emerges as the best option,
eliminating the need for physical plug-ins and offering a convenient solution for charging
electric automobiles.

26
Conclusion
Electric cars (EVs) have emerged as essential vehicles in the present era, especially considering
the significant degradation of the environment. Governments worldwide have initiated plans to
completely phase out diesel cars by the year 2030. However, the widespread adoption of EVs
faces a major obstacle: the time-consuming process of charging these vehicles. Rapid charging
technology and the development of charging stations are crucial for the widespread acceptance
of EVs. Establishing a reliable charging network will be pivotal for the success of this transition.

Moreover, the broad adoption of EVs has the potential to disrupt the reliability of the power grid.
To address this challenge, innovative solutions such as a renewable energy system, specifically
the "solar-based wireless EV charging" initiative, have been proposed. This initiative utilizes
lead-acid batteries to store electricity generated from the sun. The Battery Management Unit
(BMU) facilitates the installation of a completely wireless charging infrastructure, utilizing saved
power to refuel EVs.

Novelty of the Work

Remote charging offers various benefits, including providing true freedom to drivers, eliminating
the need for traditional charging stations, and allowing for the development of miniature battery
packs. As self-driving cars are still in the development stages, remote charging can enhance their
applicability and utility. With remote charging, drivers can go about their day without worrying
about remembering to charge their vehicles, as the vehicles will autonomously take care of the
charging process.

Cultural and Societal Factors and Impacts

The development of solar roads presents a significant opportunity to strengthen the economy
through infrastructure development, especially in developing countries. Utilizing wireless
dynamic charging technology can significantly increase an electric vehicle's range while in
motion, eliminating the need to locate traditional charging stations. Furthermore, advancements
in wireless power transmission systems enhance the efficiency and quality criteria of cars,
contributing to a sustainable transportation ecosystem.

Limitations of the Work

Despite the benefits of EVs, challenges remain in wirelessly charging EV batteries. This study
conducts a comprehensive analysis of various wireless EV battery charging methods, including
static and dynamic charging techniques. While static charging methods free up operators' hands,
dynamic charging offers greater adaptability and efficiency.

Future Scopes
To ensure the sustainable rise of EV ownership, it is essential to focus on developing
technologies, materials, and theories to enhance wireless electric vehicle charging (WEVC). By

27
leveraging modern materials and power electronics, WEVC systems can become more
competitive and efficient. Additionally, advancements in dynamic charging technologies pave
the way for scalable development, including tram-based and on-road varieties.

Social, Economic, Cultural, and Environmental Aspects

The sustainability of inductive chargers, which utilize wireless power transfer, is underscored by
their ability to minimize energy loss and environmental impact. By eliminating the need for
conventional chargers, wireless charging technology reduces energy consumption and waste
production. Moreover, dynamic charging technologies alleviate range anxiety and contribute to
weight and cost savings for electric vehicles.

Conclusion
In conclusion, electric vehicles represent the transportation of the future, maximizing the
efficiency of charging stations. However, the lack of convenient charging infrastructure remains
a challenge. The wireless EV charger emerges as the best option for charging electric
automobiles, offering a novel solution to address the evolving needs of modern transportation
systems.

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