Assignment no.

Submitted to:

Ar. Mahnoor Asim

Submitted by:

Ayesha Zahid

Roll no. 31651017

Sec-B

Date: 28 February, 2020

Architecture Department
Lahore College For Women University
Table of Contents
Abstract:...................................................................................................................3
Introduction:............................................................................................................4
Problem Statement:.................................................................................................4
Objectives:................................................................................................................4
Shading Devices:......................................................................................................5
Literature Review:...............................................................................................5
Designing Shading Systems:................................................................................6
Materials And Methods Of Construction:.........................................................7
Types of Shading Devices:...................................................................................7
Various Shading Devices and Their Geometries:..............................................8
Vertical Devices:...................................................................................................8
Horizontal Devices:..............................................................................................9
Egg-Crate Devices:...............................................................................................9
Case study:...............................................................................................................9
Conclusion:.............................................................................................................10
Abstract:

Shading is one of the most important sustainability strategies because almost all buildings in the
world overheat in the summer and the usual response is to get energy-guzzling air conditioners.
Consequently, the energy needed for air-conditioning will increase exponentially as more people,
especially in the developing world, can afford it.
Introduction:
There are many different reasons to want to control the
amount of sunlight that is admitted into a building. In warm,
sunny climates excess solar gain may result in high cooling
energy consumption; in cold and temperate climates winter
sun entering south-facing windows can positively contribute
to passive solar heating; and in nearly all climates controlling
and diffusing natural illumination will improve day lighting.
Well-designed sun control and shading devices can
dramatically reduce building peak heat gain and cooling
requirements and improve the natural lighting quality of
building interiors. Depending on the amount and location of
fenestration, reductions in annual cooling energy consumption of 5% to 15% have been reported.
Sun control and shading devices can also improve user visual comfort by controlling glare and
reducing contrast ratios. This often leads to increased satisfaction and productivity. Shading
devices offer the opportunity of differentiating one building facade from another. This can
provide interest and human scale to an otherwise undistinguished design.

Problem Statement:
Shading can be accomplished by exterior devices, by glazing, or
by indoor shading devices. Although indoor shading is almost
always movable, exterior shading can and often should be
movable. The goal of a shading design is not just to keep the sun
out but also to allow as much view as possible. After all, most
people agree that the most important function of a window is to
provide a view. The shading design guidelines presented here
help the designer preserve the view as much as possible.

Objectives:
As with passive solar systems, orientation is also critical
with shading. Each orientation requires a different
shading strategy. The horizontal overhang on south-
facing windows is very effective during the summer
because the sun is then high in the sky. Although less
effective, the horizontal overhang is also the best on the
east, southeast, devices on the east and west are to be
very effective, they will severely restrict the view. In
some cases, a combination of vertical and horizontal
elements can be used.
Shading Devices:
Literature Review:
Windows may contain several elements including shading devices. The design of these elements
reflects various functions including
thermal control. There are three tees of
shading devices - vertical horizontal
and egg-crate. The design of sun
shading devices for thermal comfort
involves four steps: determination of
when shading is required;
determination of the position of the
sun at the times when shading is
required; determination of the
dimensions and proportions of the
required shading device and finally the actual design of the shading device. The use of sun
control and shading devices is an important aspect of many energy-efficient building design
strategies. In particular, buildings that employ passive solar heating or day lighting often depend
on well-designed sun control and shading devices. During cooling seasons, external window
shading is an excellent way to prevent unwanted solar heat gain from entering a conditioned
space. Shading can be provided by natural landscaping or by building elements such as awnings,
overhangs, and trellises. Some shading devices can also function as reflectors, called light
shelves, which bounce natural light for day lighting deep into building interiors. The design of
effective shading devices will depend on the solar orientation of a particular building facade. For
example, simple fixed overhangs are very effective at shading south-facing windows in the
summer when sun angles are high. However, the same horizontal device is ineffective at
blocking low afternoon sun from entering west-facing windows during peak heat gain periods in
the summer. Exterior shading devices are particularly effective in conjunction with clear glass
facades. However, high-performance glazing are now available that have very low shading
coefficients (SC). When specified, these new glass products reduce the need for exterior shading
devices. In the summer, peak sun angles occur at the solstice on June 21, but peak temperature
and humidity are more likely to occur in August. Remember that an overhang sized to fully
shade a south-facing window in August will also shade
the window in April when some solar heat may be
desirable. To properly design shading devices it is
necessary to understand the position of the sun in the
sky during the cooling season. The position of the sun
is expressed in terms of altitude and azimuth angles.

 The altitude angle is the angle of the sun above

the horizon, achieving its maximum on a given
day at solar noon.
 The azimuth angle, also known as the bearing
angle, is the angle of the sun's projection onto
the ground plane relative to south.
  Shading devices can have a dramatic impact on building appearance. This impact can be
for the better or for the worse. The earlier in the design process that shading devices are
considered they more likely they are to be attractive and well-integrated in the overall
architecture of a project.

Designing Shading Systems:

Given the wide variety of buildings and the range of climates in which they can be found, it is
difficult to make sweeping generalizations about the design of shading devices. However, the
following design recommendations generally hold true:
1. Use fixed overhangs on south-facing glass to control direct beam solar radiation. Indirect
(diffuse) radiation should be controlled by other measures, such as low-e glazing.
2. To the greatest extent possible, limit the amount of east and west glass since it is harder
to shade than south glass. Consider the use of landscaping to shade east and west
exposures.
3. Do not worry about shading north-facing glass in the continental United States latitudes
since it receives very little direct solar gain. In the tropics, disregard this rule-of-thumb
since the north side of a building will receive more direct solar gain. Also, in the tropics
consider shading the roof even if there are no skylights since the roof is a major source of
transmitted solar gain into the building.
4. Remember that shading effects day
lighting; consider both simultaneously.
For example, a light shelf bounces
natural light deeply into a room through
high windows while shading lower
windows.
5. Do not expect interior shading devices
such as Venetian blinds or vertical
louvers to reduce cooling loads since the
solar gain has already been admitted into
the work space. However, these interior
devices do offer glare control and can
contribute to visual acuity and visual comfort in the work place.
6. Study sun angles. An understanding of sun angles is critical to various aspects of design
including determining basic building orientation, selecting shading devices, and
placing Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) panels or solar collectors.
7. Carefully consider the durability of shading devices. Over time, operable shading devices
can require a considerable amount of maintenance and repair.
8. When relying on landscape elements for shading, be sure to consider the cost of
landscape maintenance and upkeep on life-cycle cost.
9. Shading strategies that work well at one latitude, may be completely inappropriate for
other sites at different latitudes. Be careful when applying shading ideas from one project
to another.
Materials And Methods Of
Construction:
In recent years, there has been a dramatic
increase in the variety of shading devices and
glazing available for use in buildings. A wide
range of adjustable shading products is
commercially available from canvas awnings to
solar screens, roll-down blinds, shutters, and
vertical louvers. While they often perform well,
their practicality is limited by the need for
manual or mechanical manipulation. Durability
and maintenance issues are also a concern.
Require A&E professionals to fully specify all
glass. They should be prepared to specify glass
U-value, SC, and Tvis and net window U-value
for all fenestration systems. The shading
coefficient (SC) of a glazing indicates the
amount of solar heat gain that is admitted into a
building relative to a single-glazed reference
glass. Thus, a lower shading coefficient means
less solar heat gain. The visible transmittance
(Tvis) of a glazing material indicates the
percentage of the light available in the visible portion of the spectrum admitted into a building.
See also WBDG Windows and Glazing.
When designing shading devices, carefully evaluate all operations and maintenance (O&M) and
safety implications. In some locations, hazards such as nesting birds or earthquakes may reduce
the viability of incorporating exterior shading devices in the design. The need to maintain and
clean shading devices, particularly operable ones, must be factored into any life-cycle cost
analysis of their use.

Types of Shading Devices:

Openings, especially windows,

greatly influence the thermal
conditions within a building.
Windows usually contain several
elements, some of which are
adjustable. These elements perform
various functions, including the
following:

 Ventilation
 Day lighting
 Provision of privacy and security
 Prevention of glare
  Exclusion of rainfall
 Allowing a view out
 Exclusion of dust, noises, pollution and insects
 Exclusion of direct solar radiation.

External shading devices are only one of these elements. Others include curtains, glass, solid or
louvered shutters, security bars and mosquito screens. The functions of external shading devices
include:

 Allowing a view out

 Protection from rain
 Protection from direct solar radiation
 Protection from sky glare

It can be seen from the above that the design of openings can be very complex indeed. We shall
concentrate on the design of external shading devices but it can also be seen that the design of
these devices should enable them function in several ways. We shall therefore narrow down our
aim to the design of external shading devices for thermal comfort. In warm - humid areas, such
as Lagos and Calabar, it is often desirable to exclude the sun throughout the year. There are
however, other regions with composite climates, with ‘distinct hot and cold seasons. The design
of external shading devices in such areas must exclude solar radiation in the hot season and allow
progressively greater quantities of solar radiation to enter as the season becomes colder.

Various Shading Devices and Their Geometries:

There are three types of sun-shading devices. They are

 Vertical devices
 Horizontal devices
 Egg-crate devices

Windows without shading devices have some shading characteristics measured by their
horizontal and vertical shading angles.

Vertical Devices:

Vertical Shading Devices consist of pilasters, louver blades or projecting fins in 45" a vertical
position. Their performance is measured by the horizontal angle western 6 (delta). They are
commonly referred to as fins and are most effective on western and eastern elevation.
Horizontal Devices:

Horizontal Shading Devices are usually in the form of canopies, long verandas, movable
horizontal louver blades or roof overhangs. They are best suited to southern and northern
elevations and their performance is measured by the vertical shadow angle e (epsilon).

Egg-Crate Devices:

They are combinations of vertical and horizontal devices. They are usually in the form of grill
blocks or decorative screens. Their performance is determined by both the horizontal and vertical
shadow angles 6 and E.

Case study:
High Court, Chandigarh
Egg crate shading device

 The entire structure has resulted in

the use of double roof
 The upper roof cantilevered out of
the office block in the manner of
parasol shading the lower roof
  the space between the two roofs is left open to enable currents of air to move between the
flat roof of the office block and the underside of the parasol roof which slopes towards
center in the form of rows of arches
 In the plan the building took the form of abbreviated shaped with long façade facing the
capitol plaza to contain court rooms
 The building is a rectilinear frame within which the interior functions are defined.
 the eight court rooms are identically expressed on
the main façade and separated from the larger
high court by a monumental columned entrance
rising the height of the building
 building rises directly from the earth
 the main façade is defined by a full height
concrete brise soleil
 the arch form is restricted to the underside of the
parasol roof

Conclusion:
The ideal building from a shading point of view will have windows only on the north and south
facades, with some type of horizontal overhang protecting the south facing windows. The size
and kind of overhang will depend on the type of building, climate, and latitude of the building
site. Even if there are windows on all sides, as there often will be, a building should not look the
same from each direction. Each orientation faces a very different environment. James
M. Fitch, in his American Building; 2.The Environmental Forces That Shape It (1999), pointed
out that moving from the south side of a building to the north side is similar in climate change to
traveling from Florida to Maine. A building can still have unity without the various facades
being identical. Even the east and west facades, which are symmetrical from a solar point of
view, should not always be identical. They differ because afternoon temperatures are much
higher than morning temperatures and because site conditions are rarely the same (e.g., trees
toward the east butnot the west).