MAT 161 - DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

LECTURE 2: GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA

LECTURE C24-1-2 :: WED., FEB. 07, 2024 11:00 AM (WAT) - WED., FEB. 07, 2024
6:00 PM (WAT)

Prepared by Dr. Akinwale Lewis OLUTIMO

Email: [email protected] | Phone: 08139718341
Mathematics Department, Lagos State University.

0:16
 Data Presentation:
Graphs and Charts: Visual representations to convey information effectively.
Tables: Organized format for presenting numerical data.

0:16
 Bar Chart
Bar chart data are represented by a series of parallel bars of equal width. The
length of each bar is proportional to the sizes of the items of interest in the
tabulated data. The distance between adjacent bars should be equal. Bars may
be presented vertically or horizontally, but they must start from the same
baseline.

0:16
 Example 1
The table below shows the number of admitted students into year one for the
academic session 1999 for a College.

Social
Faculty Arts Education Law Management Science
Science
No. of
Students 850 1000 200 1800 700 950
Admitted
Draw a bar chart to illustrate this information.

0:16
 For the data above a suitable scale is 1cm for 100 students The length of the
bar
representing Arts is = 8.5cm
850 850

100 100

Similarly, the lengths of the other bars are respectively: 10cm, 18cm,
20cm, 7cm
and 9.5cm.

0:16
Source: Dean of Student Affairs.
Remember the Title of the graph, Labels, and Legends.

0:16
Component bar chart
This is a special bar chart in which each bar is subdivided into components. It
is a chart of a complex type of table.

Example: Consider Mr. Ahmadu's expenditure in Naira for the first three weeks
of the year namely January, February, and March

Item/Month 1st Week 2nd Week 3rd Week

Food 5000 3000 5000
Fuel 2000 800 1000
Health 400 1500 5000
House Rent 7000 10000 7000
Travel 2500 250 500
Others 2500 1000 800

0:16
 House Rent 7000 10000 7000
Travel 2500 250 500
Others 2500 1000 800
Represent this information in component bar chart

0:16
0:16
Pie Chart
The method of data presentation in the pie chart consists of an area of a circle
divided into sectors which are proportional to the respective sizes of items
they represent in the data. Each sector angle is a fraction of 360 360o and o

may be obtained by:

item value o
sector angle = × 360
total sum of all the value

item value o
sector angle = × 360
total sum of all the value

The sum of all the sector angles representing the items must be 360 360o . A o

pie chart usually should not contain more than 7 items and each sector be
labeled.

0:16
For the data in Example 1 on Bar Chart the total sum of all the item values is:
850 + 1000 + 200 + 1800 + 700 + 950 = 5500,
The sector angle for Arts=
850 o o
× 360 = 55.6
5500

The sector angle for Education=

1000 o o
× 360 = 65.5
5500
200
The sector angle for Law= 5500
× 360
o
= 13.10
o

1800
The sector angle for Management= o o
× 360 = 117.80
5500

The sector angle for Science=

700 o o
× 360 = 45.80
5500

The sector angle for Social Science=

950 o o
× 360 = 62.20
5500

Total = 360o

0:16
Representing this information on a pie chart gives

0:16
 Pictogram
In pictograms item values or data are represented by pictures. A symbol is
used to represent the value of the item tabulated.
Item Expenditure (N)
Housing 350,000
Feeding 200,000
Energy 100,000
Transport 150,000
Medication 50,000
Miscellaneous 100,000
Mr. Ahmadu's Expenditure

0:16
Fractions of the symbol are used, where fractions of the basic value of items or
data.

☺
Pictogram of Mr. Ahmadu's Expenditure

☺☺☺☺☺☺☺
For the data above symbol would be N50, 000 for every

☺☺☺☺
Housing

☺☺
Feeding

☺☺☺
Energy

☺
Transport

☺☺
Medication
Miscellaneous

0:16
 Histogram
A histogram describes a frequency distributing. It consists of rectangles drawn
on a continuous base. The area of each rectangle is proportional to the
frequency of the class it represents. Unlike in bar chart, the rectangles do not
have to be of equal width but their bases must be proportional to the class
widths. The boundaries of the base of each rectangle are the lower class
boundary (u.c.b) and upper class boundary (u.c.b) of the class is represents.

The ratio of the heights (RoH) of each rectangle may be found using
class frequency(f)
RoH = for each class
class width(c)

0:16
 Example
The table below shows the estimated population of Lagos State in 2021.

Age in Years 0-4 5-14 15-29 30-59 60-above

Numbers (millions) 3.5 7.6 11.9 17.7 5.3

class width (c) 4.5 10 15 30 50

RoH 0.78 0.76 0.79 0.59 0.11

0:16
The histogram for the above data is given as

0:16
 Steam and Leaf diagrams
This is a quick way to picture the distribution of a data set. A stem-and-leaf
reveals overall patterns and trends. In particular, we can see clearly from a
stem and leaf displays the following:
- The range covered by the data set
- Where the values are concentrated
- Whether the distribution is symmetric on skewed
- The median of the distribution
- Whether the data values are large or small relative to the rest of the data set.

0:16
 Example
Construct a stem and leaf diagram for the following set of data. Choose a
suitable stem and locate the median.
1500, 1370, 1380, 1490, 1580, 1280, 1270, 1090, 1250
1170, 1190, 1260, 1050, 1350, 1620, 1420, 1370, 1130
1320, 1330, 1290, 1330, 1560, 1120, 1200, 1210, 1440
the structure is

Stem-------> Leaves
Suitable stems are 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16

0:16
 10 50 90
11 20 30 70 90
12 00 10 50 60 70 80 90
13 20 30 30 50 70 70 80
14 20 40 90
15 00 60 90
16 20
The median is 1320.

0:16
 Conclusion
Tabulated data may be represented pictorially by bar charts, component bar
charts, pie charts, pictograms, histograms, and stem and leaf.

0:16