Power Quality Issues in Grid Integrated

Renewable Energy System

A Project Phase-I Report Submitted
to

Dr. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

LONERE (M.S.), India

In partial fulfillment
for the award of the Degree
of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical Engineering
by
Mr. Mohanish Bhikan Thakur (1954491293002)
Mr. Amit Yogesh Wani (1954491293014)
Mr. Aayush Jagatrao Patil (1954491293016)
Mr. Prathamesh Nandulal Mistari (1954491293017)
Mr. Jagadish Dipak Sonawane (1954491293022)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Gaurav B. Patil
Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology
Dhule, (M.S.)
Session: 2022- 2023
 Power Quality Issues in Grid Integrated
Renewable Energy System
A Project Phase-I Report Submitted
to

Dr. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

LONERE (M.S.), India

In partial fulfillment
for the award of the Degree
of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical Engineering
by
Mr. Mohanish Bhikan Thakur (1954491293002)
Mr. Amit Yogesh Wani (1954491293014)
Mr. Aayush Jagatrao Patil (1954491293016)
Mr. Prathamesh Nandulal Mistari (1954491293017)
Mr. Jagadish Dipak Sonawane (1954491293022)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Gaurav B. Patil
Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology
Dhule, (M.S.)
Session: 2022- 2023
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATES
We the undersigned solemnly declare that the report of the project work entitled “Power Quality Issues
in Grid Integrated Renewable Energy System”, is based on our own work carried outduring our study
under the supervision of Mr. Gaurav Patil.

We assert that the statements made, and conclusions drawn are an outcome of the project work. We
further declare that to the best of our knowledge and belief that the report does not contain any part of
any work which has been submitted for the award of any other degree/diploma/certificate in this
University/deemed University of India or any other country. All help received and citations used for the
preparation of the project report have been duly acknowledged.

Mohanish Bhikan Thakur

Amit Yogesh Wani
Aayush Jagatrao Patil
Prathamesh Nandulal Mistari
Jagadish Dipak Sonawane
 CERTIFICATE OF THE GUIDE
This is to certify that the report of the project work entitled “Power Quality Issues in Grid Integrated
Renewable Energy System” is a record of bonafide work carried out by

Mohanish Bhikan Thakur (1954491293002)

Amit Yogesh Wani (1954491293014)
Aayush Jagatrao Patil (1954491293016)
Prathamesh Nandulal Mistari (1954491293017)
Jagadish Dipak Sonawane (1954491293022)

Under my guidance and supervision for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in the faculty
of Electrical Engineering, of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere (M.S.) India.
To the best of my knowledge and belief the project report
• Embodies the work of the candidates him/herself,
• Has duly been completed,
• Fulfils the requirement of the Ordinance relating to the B.Tech. degree of the
University and
• Is up to the desired standard both in respect of contents and language for being referred tothe
examiners.

Signature of the HoD Signature of the Guide

Dr. Vishal Moyal Mr. Gaurav B. Patil
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s
Institute of Technology, Dhule. Institute of Technology, Dhule.
Forwarded to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere (M.S.) India.

Principal
Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
 CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAMINERS

The project report entitled “Power Quality Issues in Grid Integrated Renewable Energy System”

Submitted by

Mohanish Bhikan Thakur (1954491293002)

Amit Yogesh Wani (1954491293014)
Aayush Jagatrao Patil (1954491293016)
Prathamesh Nandulal Mistari (1954491293017)
Jagadish Dipak Sonawane (1954491293022)

has been examined by the undersigned as a part of the examination and is hereby recommended for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in the faculty of Electrical Engineering of Dr. Babasaheb
Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere (M.S.) India.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a great pleasure and satisfaction to present the BTEEP710 Project report on “Power Quality Issues
in Grid Integrated Renewable Energy System” towards the partial fulfillment of the Degreein Electrical
Engineering course as presented by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University,Lonere.

Foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our supervisor, Mr. Gaurav Patil sir for his
continuous support and guidance. His expertise and experience have helped us in all times of our project
work. He has been source of inspiration and motivation for bringing an insight into the project work.

We would like to extend our sincere thanks to Dr. Vishal Moyal, Head of the Department, Electrical
Engineering, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule, for extending the
necessary help required for carrying out the project work. We extend our regards to Dr. Nilesh Salunke,
Principal of Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule, who supported us in all
respect during our project work. We extend our gratitude towards the management,Shri Vile Parle Kelavani
Mandal for providing required infrastructural facilities. Last but not the leastour unending gratefulness to
our faculty members, support staff, friends and familyfor their endless support throughout the work, thus
leading us to achieve our objective.

Mohanish Bhikan Thakur

Amit Yogesh Wani
Aayush Jagatrao Patil
Prathamesh Nandulal Mistari
Jagadish Dipak Sonawane
SVKM’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
 CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page No.
No
Abstract i
List of Tables ii
List of Figure iii
Abbreviations iv
1 Introduction 01
1.1 Introduction 01
1.2 Need of Modern Power Grid 01
1.3 Operational Concerns 02
1.4 Organization 06
2 Literature Review 07
2.1 Literature survey 07
2.2 Summary of Literature Survey 11
3 Problem Identification 12
3.1 General Issues 12
3.2 Severe Problems Identified 14
3.3 Research Gap 15
4 Outcomes and Discussion 18
4.1 Outcomes 18
4.2 Discussion 18
5 Conclusion 19
5.1 Conclusion 19
5.2 Future Scope 19
References 20
Publications 21
 ABSTRACT
The power system is a complicated network that must be dependable, environmentally friendly, andoffer
electricity to customers at a lower cost. The need for renewable energy in the power system is driven by
the rise in consumer demand for high-quality electricity. Modern distributed power systemsincorporate
renewable energy sources, which may be used to meet energy demands. Thus, grid- connected renewable
energy systems will satiate grid demand and lessen carbon emissions, which will slow global warming.
In this study, a solar Photo Voltaic (PV) system is suggested for applications that link to the grid. Thenew
grid codes address a number of power quality concerns such as harmonics, transients, voltage fluctuations,
flicker, voltage stability, and reliability when PV systems are linked with the grid. Voltage dips,
imbalanced voltage, and voltage in the wrong order are the major reasons for poor gridpower quality. PV
performance is impacted by grid penetration and disturbances including frequencychanges, voltage sag,
swell, and particularly failures. So photovoltaic will have a significant influenceon the Indian power grid
as penetration rises. In order to evaluate the performance of a grid-connectedPV system with an appropriate
FACTs device that employs dynamic reactive power compensation and improves voltage stability, the
main goal of this research has been established.

i
 LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Table Heading Page No.
1 Summary of optimization techniques of DG and 16
Renewable systems incorporating voltage stability

2 Summary of Literature Review 17

ii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Figure Name Page
No. No
1 Simple AC system with source, line, and load. 2

2 The ratio of a bus to source voltages in comparison to ratios of power, 3

currents, and loads.

3 A plot of power vs. ratio of source to bus voltage. 3

4 Two machine systems connected by transmission line. 4

5 Output power of generator vs rotor angle. 4

6 Shows examples of both stable and unstable rotor angles over time. 5

iii
 ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations Full Form
PV PhotoVoltaic
FACTS Flexible AC Transmission System
STATCOM Static Synchronous Compensator
SVC Static Var Compensator
UPFC Unified Power Flow Controller
PCC Point Common Coupling
SCA Self Correction Algorithm
DCPS Dynamic Computation for Power
Systems
CCT Critical Clearing Time
MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
FRT Fault Ride Through
LVDN Low Voltage Distribution Network
RPC Reactive Power Control
APC Active Power Curtailment
PVPP PhotoVoltaic Power Plants

iv
Power Quality Issues in Grid Integrated Renewable Energy System

1. Introduction

1.1 Introduction

The electricity sector is currently moving toward integrating Renewable Energy Sources (RES) into the
traditional power grid. Not only is this done to meet the rising need for energy throughout the globe, butit
also protects the environment from the harmful consequences of fossil fuels.

Out of all the renewable energy options, Photo-Voltaic (PV) technology is gaining ground in distribution
networks at a rapid rate thanks to government laws and promotional initiatives that are more lenient and
PV devices that are more advanced technologically. However, the intermittent nature of PV, its high
penetration, the presence of non-linear loads in the distribution system, as well as the isolated mode
operation of PV systems during fault scenarios on the grid, may have an impact on the power quality
performance of grid-connected PV systems.

Voltage fluctuations, power variations, distorted power factors, and harmonic distortions are a few of the
power quality problems that a grid-connected PV system may experience. Since these parameters must
fall within the IEC and IEEE standards' permitted range. Before adopting PV integrated grid systems in
real-world settings, it is crucial to assess the influence of PV on the power system's power quality metrics.
The modeling and performance analysis of the PV integrated IEEE 14 bus test system using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software are presented in this study. Under various irradiance, load magnitude,
and load type situations, the planned power system network's performance is evaluated. To examine the
effects of PV integration on various power quality metrics, simulation results are reported in terms of
voltage/power fluctuations and Total Harmonic Distortion at PCC point.

1.2 Need of Modern Power Grid

Our electrical grid is more dynamic than ever thanks to multiple technological advancements. Controlling
and maintaining a stable grid is crucial due to dynamic, time-varying demands, significant penetration of
power electronic-based components, and the dynamic nature of generation from renewable sources. Our
power system can be prone to instability due to a variety of typical events, suchas line faults, generator
trips, and load-generation imbalance. Large-scale rolling blackouts that affect the whole system as a
result of instability can leave tens of thousands or even millions of people without electricity.

The capacity of a system to resume equilibrium following a perturbation is what is meant by stability.
Power Three forms of stability—steady-state, small-signal, and big signal—are examined in systems

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Power Quality Issues in Grid Integrated Renewable Energy System

analysis. The system in its pre-failure condition is the focus of steady-state stability.

This is often the initial condition of the system before a disturbance is introduced, when it is operating
normally. Small signal stability refers to the system's capacity to remain stable in the face of a disturbance
and return to the same equilibrium positions it had at the time of the failure. A disturbance or malfunction
in the system that permanently alters the topography of the power system is referred to as large-signal
stability.The electricity system will stabilize under these conditions, but it won't be at the same steady-
state equilibrium it was before the fault appeared.

1.3 Operational Concerns of Maintaining a Stable Power Grid

The key operational issues involved in maintaining a reliable electrical system are introduced in the
sections that follow:

1.3.1 Voltage Stability

In both steady operation and disturbing settings, transmission providers often define a healthy bus voltage
range as 1.05 to.95 per unit (P.U.). Changes in the associated load affect the bus voltage. Inductive loads
often absorb reactive power. Reactive power isn't as readily available as it could be, which lowers the
voltage of the bus. This may be fixed by increasing the quantity of capacitance at the bus, which will
increase the reactive power delivered to the load, reduce the need for reactive power at the source, and
increase the source voltage.

Voltage instability happens when there is a negative change in the voltage (V) when there is a positive
change in reactive power (Q), if for any bus in the system. To give an example, a radial network maybe
shown using Figure 1:

Figure 1. Simple AC system with source, line, and load

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Power Quality Issues in Grid Integrated Renewable Energy System

Figure 1. shows a voltage source, a line impedance, a line current, a bus voltage, an active power, anda
load impedance. ES is the voltage source, ZLN is the line impedance, IL is the line current, and PR is the
active power.

Figure 2. The ratio of a bus to source voltages in comparison to ratios of power, currents, and loads.

Figure 2 shows a plot of the ratios of the bus voltage to the source voltage, the line current to the short circuit
current, Isc, and the load power to the maximum load power. All of these values have been normalized
so that they apply to transmission lines with any impedance. Maximum power supply to the load happens
when the voltage ratio, VR/Es, reaches a crucial point. The power providedto the load starts to grow when
voltage declines past the critical limit, as this figure demonstrates since the bus voltage drops down
quicker than the current ratio can rise.

Figure 3. A plot of power vs. ratio of source to bus voltage.

The critical point, previously identified as the voltage at which maximum power occurs, is shown as a

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Power Quality Issues in Grid Integrated Renewable Energy System

dotted line on the power versus bus voltage diagram in Figure 3. This graphic indicates that greater voltage
profiles may be produced to meet larger load demands by injecting more reactive power into thebus. This
graph shows that bus voltage and power are positively correlated. However, a negative relationship, in
which increased reactive power injection causes a greater drop in bus voltage, would point to voltage
instability in the system.

1.3.2 Rotor Stability

As depicted in figure 4, a two-machine system is connected by a line of impedance, Z:

Figure 4. Two machine systems connected by transmission line

Bus voltages, line impedance, and machine 1's rotor tilt all affect how much power flows between the
two machines.

This power is expressed as:

P= 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛿 ……………….. (1.1)

where Z is the line impedance, P is the power flowing from machine 1 to machine 2, V n is the busvoltage
at bus n, and is the rotor angle.

Figure 5. The output power of the generator vs. rotor angle

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Power Quality Issues in Grid Integrated Renewable Energy System

Figure 5 shows the output power as a function of the delta of the rotor angle. The output power risesas
rises, as indicated, up to a point where it hits 90 degrees. The output power starts to decline after this.
Understanding the power-angle connection is crucial for forecasting how generators will react to
disturbances. There will be an angle difference between the slower generators in the system and the
accelerated generator if a disturbance in the system causes one generator to speed up, increasingthe angle
𝛿 of the rotor. According to the graph below, the power will start to decrease if the angular separation
increases to a point beyond 90 degrees. Satisfy the increased power demand, will drive the rotor speeds
to increase even more, which will make the system unstable.

Figure 6. shows examples of both stable and unstable rotor angles over time.

By graphing rotor angle vs time, Figure 6 demonstrates numerous situations in which rotor instabilitytakes
place. In scenario 1, a disturbance results in rotor angle instability; nevertheless, the system can dampen
any oscillations and restore stability.

Cases 2 and 3 illustrate circumstances in which system disturbances result in total rotor instability and,
consequently, system instability. Large oscillations in voltage and current brought on by rotor instability
may be identified using today's safety devices, and these devices can quickly remove the unstable
generator from the system.

1.3.3 Frequency Stability

As was already said, each nation has a specified operating frequency that is often 50 or 60 Hz. In contrast
to Europe, where 50 Hz is more frequent, the United States uses 60 Hz as its standard frequency. The
electricity provided by generating sources and the power used by loads is balancedat this frequency. To

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 Power Quality Issues in Grid Integrated Renewable Energy System

maintain the system stability and guarantee the quality of the power sent to consumers, this operating
frequency is employed.

A generation and load imbalance results from any departure from this nominal operating frequency. A
frequency that is higher than normal indicates that the system's load is larger than its generation,and vice
versa, a lower frequency indicates the opposite. Because synchronous generators, which have a substantial
amount of energy naturally stored in the inertia from their rotational mass,are the main source of generation
in our bulk power system, the grid is often resistant to significant frequency fluctuations. However,
problems can occur in grids that are heavily reliant on renewableenergy sources, such as Photovoltaic
(PV), because they lack inertia and are dependent on power electronics to maintain frequency stability in
the event of a shift in demand.

If the system is still unstable after a few seconds of control response from the synchronous generator's
inertia, supplementary controllers are deployed. Generator governors, which improve generation output,
and manual generation dispatch are examples of these auxiliary controllers. To enhance generation on the
grid and balance the load, manual dispatch typically entails using quicker-responding power, such as
hydroelectric. Load shedding is used in the worst-case circumstances to immediately reduce as much load
as possible to stabilize grid frequency.

1.3.3 Harmonic Effect

Numerous novel power electronic applications, such as computer power supply, high voltage DC systems,
and variable speed motor drives, have emerged in the recent few decades as a result of thesignificant
advancements in semiconductor-based devices (Gaillard et al. 2009). While thesesystems developed new
applications and enhanced existing ones, as their use spread, issues with thepower distribution system
started to arise because of their method of operation. These systems use non-linear currents from the
sinusoidal distribution power system to power front-end thyristor and diode AC-DC rectifiers. The non-
linear currents generated by the rectifiers and reactive components, which disrupt the line voltage of the
distribution system due to the impedance of the distribution lines, produce harmonics of the line
frequency.

1.4 Organization
Chapters 2 and 3 will discuss the detailed Literature survey of the importance of power quality and its issues
along with problem identification. Chapter 4 and 5 will decide and describes expected outcomes for further
research to find a solution for identified problems.

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 Power Quality Issues in Grid Integrated Renewable Energy System

2. Literature Survey

2.1 Literature Review

The integration of solar PV applications with the grid has been well-researched in the literature. According
to this survey, PV appears to be a key component in the production of electricity from renewable
resources. In this work, power system quality problems involving grid-connected PVs are examined.

(Ansari, Gholami, & Kazemi, 2016), discusses the most essential requirement for rational decision-
making in a control center is power system monitoring. The monitoring and control of reactive power in
power systems have entered a new era in recent years with the introduction of smart grids. This problem
has brought to light the necessity for efficient decentralized optimal reactive power control (DORPC)
techniques, especially in light of the new frameworks that are now available due to the development of
smart grids. This research provides a revolutionary Holonic architecture-based solution to the DORPC
challenge. Because of the special characteristics of the Holonic architecture, a viable solution to the
DORPC problem's objective may be quickly proposed. The proposed methodology is contrasted in two
other ways while considering a set of indices to illustrate its features. As a result, the suggested strategy
has a great chance of cutting active power losses and utilizing all of the available reactive power resources.
It decreases the amount of data needed while increasing the network's failure tolerance.

(Pukhrem, Basu, Conlon, & Sunderland, 2017) discusses the widespread installation of rooftop solar PV
distributed generators (PVDG) in a low-voltage distribution network (LVDN) poses a risk to distribution
system operators due to voltage fluctuation difficulties. Active Power Curtailment (APC) control can
reduce voltage fluctuation in such circumstances, but it does so at the expense of less active power
injection. Reactive power control (RPC) methods are insufficient in isolation to combat the overvoltage
fluctuations manifested in an LVDN with a significant number of grid-tied PVDG installations. This study
investigates how properly combining RPC and APC algorithms can correct flaws in both systems. By
using an instantaneous measurement of node voltage and active power, two coordinating algorithms that
combine two RPCs and one RPC with an APC are suggested. All rooftop PVDG grid-tied inverters (GTIs)
have these coordinating algorithms built in, and the GTI coordinates between them to provide voltage
without going above each inverter's volt-ampere rating

(Sansawatt, Ochoa, & Harrison, 2017) discussed to integrate greater levels of renewable power inside
distribution networks, active Network Management methods are being created. Most approaches either
deal with a single technical constraint or are extremely complex with several sensing and communication
requirements that increase costs, risk of deployment, and operating concerns. In lieu of comprehensive

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Power Quality Issues in Grid Integrated Renewable Energy System

sensing and communication, this study provides a different, decentralized method for managing local
voltage and heat restrictions in real time. In order to address voltage and temperature difficulties close to
the point of connection, it regulates the generator’s active and reactive power output. Results from time-
series analysis show how well it manages limits while enabling higher production. It stands for a
potentially efficient and speedy replacement for more intricate, integrated systems.

(Al-Shetwi, Sujod, Blaabjerg, & Yang, 2019) discussed recent years have seen photovoltaic (PV) system
generation and integration with utility grid become the most popular renewable energy source globally.
As a result, the new grid code requirements made the integration of PV power plants (PVPPs) to the
electricity grid and their dynamics during system disturbances a crucial issue. Accordingly, the control of
grid-connected PV power plants' fault ride-through (FRT) capability became the most crucial grid code
concern. Different strategies have been presented in recent years to meet the FRT criteria mandated by
grid rules. This paper provides an overview and comparison of various methods for improving FRT
capability during grid fault scenarios. A unique aspect of this paper is the categorization of FRT capability
enhancement techniques into two main groups based on the control type and connection configuration,
including methods based on external devices and modified controller techniques, and the detailed
discussion of their benefits and drawbacks. This research also compares various systems in terms of grid
code compliance, controller complexity, and financial viability. The FRT tactics relying on external
devices may be more successful, according to the research review. Some of these techniques, meanwhile,
have a significantly higher price tag. The updated controller-based FRT solutions, on the other hand, can
fulfill the FRT requirements at a low cost. The modified inverter controller (MIC), among other types of
control techniques, is the most effective FRT capability approach.

(Lamsal, Sreeram, Mishra, & Kumar, 2019) discussed Due to the erratic nature of wind speed and solar
irradiation, wind and photovoltaic production systems have variable output power that must be stabilised
before power is supplied to the grid for proper operation. In recent years, a number of power smoothing
techniques for wind and PV systems have been developed. This article provides a thorough analysis of
output power smoothing techniques while considering the utilisation of an energy storage system (ESS).
In general, an ESS, such as a battery energy storage system, fuel cell/electrolyzer, superconducting
magnetic energy storage, flywheel energy storage system, energy capacitor system, or even none at all, is
used to smooth out erratic power. The existing power smoothing technologies can be broadly divided into with
and without ESS due to the high installation and maintenance costs of ESS-based smoothing solutions. This article
examines the benefits and drawbacks of the current research on power smoothing techniques and suggests important
areas for the future. Additionally, a comparison of a few well-known smoothing approaches is provided for a basic
power system that uses batteries, photovoltaics, and wind energy.

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Power Quality Issues in Grid Integrated Renewable Energy System

(Al-Shetwi, et al., 2022) discussed Grid-connected photovoltaic systems (GCPVS) have become much
more prevalent during the past few years. The increased GCPVS integration could cause problems for the
grid's operation. In order to increase the effectiveness, dependability, and stability of the grid, new GCPVS
control mechanisms should be utilised. Conventional generating units often incorporate a governor control
that controls the principal load frequency in times of imbalance in order to maintain frequency stability.
To prevent a major frequency variation, this control should be turned on right away. In recent years,
traditional generators have been gradually replaced with renewable distribution generators such as PV
power plants (PVPPs). These generators do not, however, support frequency stability or system inertia.
In order to maintain the grid and frequency stability, a control method for a GCPVS with active power
control (APC) is suggested in this study. The PVPP can resist grid disruptions and keep frequency within
a regular range thanks to the APC. As a result, in order for PVPP to attain frequency and unwavering
stability, it must act similarly to conventional power plants. As the frequency rises, frequency stability
can be accomplished by decreasing the active power output delivered into the grid. Additionally, by
operating in two modes—normal and APC—the PV system will provide the most active power possible
based on the frequency deviation and the grid inverter's rating in order to maintain power balance on both
sides of the inverter (disturbance). In this work, a large-scale PVPP with a nominally rated peak
production of 2000 kW was modeled in MATLAB/Simulink and connected to the utility grid at the MV
level. Analysis of the dynamic response of the proposed PVPP to different frequency disturbances was
done. When the frequency increased to 50.3 Hz, 50.8 Hz, and 51.3 Hz, respectively, the developed control
decreased active power by 4%, 24%, and 44%, and the frequency was in the desired range as per grid-
code requirements. However, the PVPP disconnects from the grid for safety concerns if the frequency
rises over 51.5 Hz or drops below 47.5 Hz. Additionally, the APC is required to feed the grid at the regular
frequency with its whole generated capacity (2000 kW). In conclusion, a large-scale PVPP that has APC capacity
has been developed and is connected to the electrical grid. The system has successfully accomplished and improved
its capacity to safely ride through frequency variations during grid disturbances and return to initial
circumstances. The outcomes of the simulation demonstrate that the provided APC is efficient, reliable,
and appropriate for research and deployment in GCPVS.

(N.Joshi & P.Nema, 2019) discussed voltage instability is a problem that frequently affects grid-connected
wind-based distributed generating systems. One of the main causes of this is that the system's reactive
power capacity is insufficient to satisfy demand. This issue can be fixed with a FACTS device like the
SVC. In order to improve the voltage stability of a wind-based distribution system, this study emphasises
the function of the SVC, or Static VAR Compensator. SVC has the potential to offer support for dynamic
compensation that improves voltage stability. Simulink, a MATLAB tool, is used to carry out the
simulation work.

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Power Quality Issues in Grid Integrated Renewable Energy System

(Smith, Milligan, DeMeo, & Parsons, 2007) discusses with approximately 74 000 MW of rated capacity
installed globally at the end of 2006, wind energy has emerged as a substantial resource on many electric
utility systems in just six years, from 2000 to 2006. Since wind energy is now "utility-scale," it can have
an impact on the generation and transmission plans and operations of utility systems. Transmission line
operators in particular and the utility sector, in general, are starting to take notice. Power Engineering
Society (PES) released a special edition of its Power & Energy Magazine towards the end of 2005 with
an emphasis on incorporating wind into the power grid. Many of the key ideas from that special issue
about just the state of knowledge surrounding utility wind integration issues are reviewed and revised in
this paper.

(D. L. Hawkins, 2007) discusses the California ISO's program for intermittent resources aims to
successfully integrate wind power and other renewable resources into grid design, market development,
and grid operation. In addition to briefly addressing the transmission interconnection challenges, this study
tackles the trade patterns and operational wind integration issues in California.

(J. Sreedevi, 2016) discusses renewable energy sources are sporadic energy sources whose power
production can change significantly over brief periods of time, causing grid instability. The integration of
large-scale wind power into power systems poses a number of issues, including network system
integration, system stability, system operation, and network ecosystem expansions. Early on in the
integration of wind power, little was known about how it might affect the long-term stability of a power
system. The transient stability margin of the power system may start to be significantly impacted by the
increasing wind power integration, though. The majority of wind generators used in wind power
applications are induction generators, which operate synchronically and are characterized by poor
responsive power efficiency. The quantity of wind power that can be integrated without jeopardizing the
grid's stability is what determines the acceptable integration level of wind power, which has not yet been
established. The findings of the research conducted in Tamil Nadu, India's state with the largest grid
integration of wind power, are provided in this study. Quantification of the maximum wind penetration
levels without sacrificing grid stability, ride-through capability at the point of connection of the wind
energy, and the reasonable power need are only a few of the topics covered.

(Jin, et al., 2018) discusses a more accurate wind power fluctuation simulation is required because the
risk assessment of frequency deviation in power systems brought on by wind power variations is a crucial
problem for wind power integration. For the wind speed model with spatial correlation in a wind farm,
not only the time scale but also wind direction should be taken into account. On the basis of the second-
tier wind speed with spatial correlation, wind direction is added to the wind speed model in this study.
The connection between wind speed and wind direction is examined using the Von Mises distribution and

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Power Quality Issues in Grid Integrated Renewable Energy System

the Weibull distribution, and the sequences are formed using Monte Carlo Sampling, clearly describing
the correlation between the two. Then, there are accessible wind power variations with the geographical
connection. Consequently, it is possible to assess the frequency deviation caused by the unpredictability
of wind power variations more precisely.

(Wu, Xu, & Østergaard, 2010) discussed in previous decades, both the improvement of electric energy
security and the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions have gathered tremendous speed. In the past ten
years, there has been considerable growth in the integration of large-scale intermittent renewable energy
resources like wind energy into the existing electrical systems. However, this integration presents
numerous operational and control difficulties that limit the grids' ability to run steadily and dependably.
The goal of this article is to examine the stated issues raised by the integration of wind energy and the
strategies suggested for resolving them. The generation uncertainty, power quality issues, angular and
voltage stability, reactive power support, and fault ride-through capability are just a few of the difficulties
that must be overcome. In addition, difficulties with socioeconomics, the environment, and the electrical
market brought on by the integration of wind power into the grid are also examined. Numerous approaches
used and ideas put forth to lessen the effects of these problems, including grid codes, energy storage
systems, and wind energy policies, are all examined and addressed. The passionate readers of this paper
will be helped to get the complete picture of the difficulties with wind energy integration. Additionally, it
provides all relevant information to decision-makers so they may develop sustainable solutions to the
problems posed by the integration of wind energy into electrical systems.

2.2 Summary of Literature Survey

In the literature survey, we have summarized the information about the various types of FACT’s devices
used by researchers till the date and we framed the extracted data in tabular form for better understanding.
In those research papers, it is stated how the FACTs device helps to improve power quality and voltage
stability. Several researchers discussed several methods using different types of FACT’s devices like
STATCOM, SVC, etc. We are going to study all types of FACT’s devices and going to finding out the
best FACT’s devices from them.

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3. Problem Identification

3.1 General Issues

When connecting a PV system with the grid, power quality is crucial. This is the utility's capacity to
provide consumers with uninterrupted, noise-free power. Poor power quality would begin to damage
electrical equipment and parts of the power distribution system as frequency variations would trigger
processes in unwanted locations. The integration of PV systems into the current power grid causes
problems with power quality. The many power quality problems have been discussed.

The following significant issues for grid-connected systems have been identified based on the literature
review. Modern power systems' transmission networks are under increasing strain as a resultof limitations
on the construction of new lines and rising demand. The risk of losing stability after a disruption is one
effect of such a strained system.

3.1.1 Harmonics

One of the key factors considered when operating grid-connected PV systems is harmonicdistortion. The
harmonic nature of voltage and currents, as depicted in figure 7, deviates from thebeginning or pure sine
waves. Essential multiples of the fundamental frequency are harmonic frequencies. This developed
because of the PV System's power electrical mechanism. Through the conversion of direct current to
alternating current, inverters introduce voltage and current harmonics into the system, producing power
harmonics.

The system becomes more unstable and unreliable as inverter numbers are increased since this leadsto
overheating in transformers and capacitor banks.

3.1.2 Voltage Variation

The intermittent nature of solar photovoltaic energy is the primary source of voltage changes withgrid-
integrated PV systems. Transitory clouds, the location of the PV installation, and specific points of
reflection or incidences are all causes of uneven solar irradiation. Unbalanced voltage variation causes:

3.1.3 Frequency Variation

Frequency variation (fluctuation) is a deviation from the power system's nominal standard frequency,
which is commonly 50 or 60 Hz. Frequency variation above the acceptable level (5%) is bad for PV

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systems and may cause them to crash. Frequency variation in photovoltaic systems is dependent on
topographic location, weather, and climate, which can be very problematic.

A) Voltage Sag and Swell

Voltage sag is the name for a brief decrease in voltage. (Voltage fall between 10% and 90% of the
typical RMS voltage) Voltage swell is a condition where the RMS voltage is higher than 110% of the
nominal value for less than 1 minute.

B) Short and Long Interruptions

Voltage interruption is the term for a considerable drop in RMS voltage to less than a minor percentilein
perceived voltage or total voltage loss (as seen in figure 9). Short interruptions are described as those
lasting under one minute, whereas extended interruptions are those lasting more than that. Although the
latter is usually preceded by the word "sustained" to signify a long-duration or protracted interruption, the
term "interruption" is commonly used to refer to short interruptions.

C) Under voltage and Overvoltage

A condition known as Under voltage is one in which the voltage remains below 9pu of the rated voltage
for a duration of at least one minute. For more than a minute, a voltage overvoltage conditionoccurs when
it reaches 180% of the rated value.

3.1.4 Reactive Power

A photovoltaic system is frequently designed to operate close to unity pf in order to harness the mostsolar
energy possible. In this case, the photovoltaic system provides the electrical grid with actual power while
regulating the PV system's output of reactive power. Due to a lack of reactive power, the voltage of nearby
buses will therefore be increased. Due to insufficient VAR power, the system'snormal power outflow may
produce unwanted results over the course of the process. This could lessen the power required for inadequate transmission.

3.1.5 Noise

Noise is defined as a high frequency signal that is intermingled with the waveform of the power
supply. Radiation and electromagnetic interference are the main factors of noise production. In
delicate instruments, it causes mistakes.

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3.1.6 Flicker

A periodic change in frequency and voltage is referred to as flickering. This fluctuation ranges from 0.5
to 25 Hz. This alteration is audible. Electrical equipment's working life is shortened as a result.

3.1.7 Voltage Imbalance

Voltage imbalance occurs when a three-phase system is subjected to an unbalanced load because the
amplitude of each phase's voltage is not equal and the phase difference is not 120 degrees.

3.1.8 Voltage Interruption

Voltage interruption occurs when the supply voltage is almost zero. According to IEEE, a low of 10%of
its nominal supply is considered near to zero. The duration of this issue may be brief or extended.

3.2 Severe Problems Identified

1) Due to the loss of one of the major producing units, the maximum permitted frequency variationis 0.5
Hz, and it is well known that PV power plants lack the interia that are connected to traditional
generation units. Therefore, in the event of large-scale integration of solar PV plants,any interruption
in the system would result in a considerable frequency variation. In other words,when a disturbance
occurs, the system's frequency may wander too much, which would set off the distance relay protection
and eventually make the system more susceptible to voltage collapse.

2) It has been demonstrated that the greater integration of solar PV into the grid without the use of
specialized controls affects both the grid's steady state performance and its transient stability. The
location and amount of penetration have a negative impact on the steady state voltages. Additionally,
the effect on system loss and slack bus power has been investigated. Following discussions of several
situations, the ideal location and highest level of penetration for the system under evaluation are
determined. Numerous transient disturbance situations have been dealt with, and after those
disturbances have been examined, the influence of increasing penetration on transient grid stability
has been examined. When transients occur in a system with high PV penetration, the bus voltage magnitudes,
the relative rotor angle, and consequently synchronismare always the system characteristics that suffer the most.
As a result, future large solar plants must have enough management systems in place to handle these problems
and reduce stability challenges brought on by greater solar PV penetration.

3) A distribution system becomes an active network with significant system loss and a low voltageprofile
when DG, including a PV system, is integrated into the system. The installation of a PV system in an

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unfavorable location with inadequate size might have an adverse impact on other system technical
characteristics, resulting in voltage instability. System voltage stability must thus be taken into account
in order to satisfy the restrictions necessary for a grid-connected PV system installation.

The network receives active power assistance from the PV system. Therefore, to ensure systemvoltage
stability and prevent system voltage collapse, high PV penetration requires appropriate PV system
installation. By optimising the loading factor, an optimization approach is employed that considers
power flow equations, bus voltages, the active and reactive power limits of generators, and other
operational constraints. The ideal selection of PV panel count, battery storage capacity, and power
controller capacity are considered while sizing a PV generator. Typically, PV module parameters and
other manufacturer-supplied components are employed. Artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic,
evolutionary algorithms, hybrid systems, andwavelets are among optimisation approaches that have
been used to identify the best location and size for different PV system designs. However, none of
these suggested methods take voltage stability or voltage collapse into account as the goal.

4) Numerous feasibility studies conducted by utilities often demonstrate that mechanically operatedshunt
and series compensation may be used to increase transfer capacities at significantly lowerstarting costs.
But it's generally known that these FACTS controllers have the added advantage of being able to
regulate "rapid" system oscillations because of their quick reaction. In addition,maintenance expenses
are cheaper because these controllers don't have any mechanical switchesto worry about. Therefore, it
would be interesting to ascertain any further potential benefits of these controllers in voltage stability.

In order to examine the benefits and drawbacks of these controllers in voltage stability studies and
provide the best options for improving voltage stability, it is necessary to construct suitablemodels for
various FACTS controllers for transient and steady-state stability investigations.

3.3 Research Gap

Considering cloud sweeping, researchers have concentrated on tackling voltage instability brought by
different PV penetration levels and solar radiation. However, no studies have taken into account additional
environmental elements including cell temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, which might result
in intermittent power output and consequent voltage instability. Climate variations, such as rainy and cold
seasons, must be taken into account since they may create fluctuations in PV power generation. Therefore,
a thorough study that takes into account the aforementioned elements is required to determine how grid-
connected PV systems affect voltage stability.

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By referring above research papers, we have concluded the information framed in tables below:

Table 1: Summary of optimization techniques of DG and

renewable systems incorporating voltage stability

Optimization
Authors Year Objective Function
Technique

J. Charles Smith 2007 ELCC a Interconnection, operational impacts of

et al. reduction in integration, accommodation of more wind in
LOLP. near future.

D. L. Hawkins 2007 Developed the methods to control the wind

et al. generators, manage the regulations and create a
record of generating resources.

Jacob Ostergaard 2010 Analysis of Mentions of steady-state operations described

et al. LVRT by the grid integration principle, the LVRT
requirement. requirements, and WPPs meetings suggestions
are provided.

J. Sreedevi et al. 2016 TANGEDCO Indian grid penetration level is discussed with
studies the TANGEDCO system. Wind generators of
wind farms have been studied through the
capability of the Indian Grid Code.

Shijin Chen et al. 2018 Spatial Factors of wind direction are discussed, andthe
correlation correlation of wind speed is also mentioned.
Monte Carlo sampling is used for direction
sequence.

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Table 2. Summary of literature review

Authors Year Issues Minimizing strategies

Ansari et al. 2016 Active power losses Holonic architecture-based reactive

and enhanced network power control strategy that minimized
fault tolerance level the active power losses and enhanced
network fault tolerance level by
exploiting available reactive power
resources
Pukhrem et al. 2017 Stabilizing the voltage Combined reactive power control and
profile active power curtailment strategies

Sansawatt et al. 2012 Overvoltage and Presented a decentralized control

thermal issues in an strategy for overvoltage and thermal
electric grid issues in an electric grid
Al-Shetwi et al. 2019 Enhance grid- Reviewed control approaches to
integrated PV enhance grid-integrated PV system’s
systems’ Fault ride- Fault Ride through capability. These
through capability strategies can be ramified into two
external devices and improved
controller based
D. Lamsal et al. 2019 Power fluctuation in Discussed the power fluctuation
the grid-integrated PV smoothing techniques of the grid-
systems integrated PV systems
A. Q. Al-Shetwi 2022 Frequency deviation Active power control to mitigate
et al. mitigation frequency deviations in large-scale grid-
connected PV systems using grid-forming
single-stage inverters

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4. Outcomes and Discussion

4.1 Outcomes

Power system outages cause significant harm therefore power quality has always been a primary concern.
The document describes the power quality and the several power quality problems that arise when
integrating a PV system with the grid. Power quality problems cause data loss, process interruptions,
insulation breakdown, overheating, inefficiency, and shortened equipment service lives. Although the
causes cannot be eliminated, steps must be made to lessen the problems with power quality. The bar for
power supply quality needs to be raised, and the ongoing effects of supply need to be muted. Grid
integration is becoming increasingly important to achieve considerable amounts of renewable electricity
in future power systems considering all the aspects of power quality issues along with the stability of the
system. Also, one must take a look at mentioned control strategies And follow the standards of Power
quality while connecting PV to the grid.

4.2 Discussion

Power systems must be flexible in order to integrate significant amounts of variable renewable energy.
Although there is already some flexibility, more is needed. However, most of the mentioned control
strategies are still in their early stages and require further investigation to develop effective, intelligent,
and robust control techniques Various technologies and activities, including supply-side resources,
demand-side resources, transmission and distribution grid improvements, operational measures, and
market changes, can be used to increase flexibility.

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5. Conclusion

5.1 Conclusion

According to a literature review, grid disturbances such as frequency changes, voltage sag, swell, and
notably, faults have an impact on the performance of PV. Solar photovoltaics will have asignificant impact
on the Indian power system as penetration rises.

5.2 Future scope

To assess the improved performance of a grid-connected PV and wind system with suitable FACTs
devices (such as STATCOM, SVC, TCSC, and UPFC) can be used. Applications of FACT devices
improve stability and raise the overall grid-connected PV performance. By doing so, one can suggest the
best FACT device for integrated systems.

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References

Al-Shetwi, Q., Issa, W. K., Aqeil, R. F., Ustun, T. S., Al-Masri, H. M., Alzaareer, K., . . . Abdullah, M.
A. (2022). Active power control to mitigate frequency deviations in large-scale grid-connected PV
systems using grid-forming single-stage inverters. IEEE, 2035.

Al-Shetwi, Q., Sujod, M. Z., Blaabjerg, F., & Yang, Y. (340–350). Fault ride-through control of grid-
connected photovoltaic power plants: A review, IEEE, 2019.

Ansari, J., Gholami, A., & Kazemi, A. (2016). Multi-agent systems for reactive power control in smart
grids. IEEE, 411–425.

D. L. Hawkins, J. B. (2007). Wind Integration Issues and Solutions in California. IEEE, 1-9.

J. Sreedevi, M. K. (2016). Grid stability with large wind power integration - a case study. IEEE, 89-92.

Jin, H., Yang, L., Gan, J., Li, Z., Li, D., & Chen, S. (2018). Risk Assessment of Grid Frequency
Deviation Related to Correlation Considering Wind Speed and Wind Direction in a Wind Farm. IEEE,
765-769.

Lamsal, D., Sreeram, V., Mishra, Y., & Kumar, D. (2019). Output power smoothing control approaches
for wind and photovoltaic generation systems: A review. IEEE, 113.

N.Joshi, & P.Nema. (2019). Voltage Stability Enhancement of Wind-Based Distributed Generation
System by SVC. IEEE, 115-117.

Pukhrem, S., Basu, M., Conlon, M. F., & Sunderland, K. (2017). Enhanced network voltage
management techniques under the proliferation of rooftop solar PV installation in the low-voltage
distribution network. IEEE, 681–694.

Sansawatt, T., Ochoa, L. F., & Harrison, G. P. (2017). The smart decentralized control of DG for
voltage and thermal constraint management. IEEE, 1637–1645.

Smith, J. C., Milligan, M. R., DeMeo, E. A., & Parsons, B. (2007). Utility Wind Integration and
Operating Impact State of the Art. IEEE, 900-908.

Wu, Q., Xu, Z., & Østergaard, J. (2010). Grid integration issues for large-scale wind power plants
(WPPs). IEEE, 1-6.

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Publications

1) Amit Wani, Prathamesh Mistari and Gaurav Patil, “Comparative Analysis of Power Quality Issues in
Grid-Integrated Wind Energy System” in “7th IEEE International Interdisciplinary Humanitarian
Conference for Sustainability (IIHC-2022)”,2022

2) Mohanish Thakur, Aayush Patil, and Gaurav Patil, “The Current State of Art for PV Grid Connected
System Issues with Power Quality” in “7th IEEE International Interdisciplinary Humanitarian
Conference for Sustainability (IIHC-2022)”,2022

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