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    Embryo 1new 2

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    A. Asadi

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    Embryo 1new 2

    Uploaded by

    A. Asadi
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    embryo 1new 2

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    3 views50 pages

    Embryo 1new 2

    Uploaded by

    A. Asadi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 50

    IN THE NAME OF GOD

    THE SECOND WEEK


    EIGHTH DAY

    • Trophoblast:
    1- Cytotrophoblast
    2- Syncytiotrophoblast

    • Embryoblast:
    1-Hypoblast layer
    2-Epiblast layer

    • Amniotic cavity
    - Amnioblast
    NINTH DAY

    • Fibrin

    • Lacunar stage

    • Heuser membrane

    • Exocoelomic cavity(primitive yolk sac)

    •
    ELEVEN & TWELFTH DAYS
    • Epithelium

    • Sinusoids

    • Uteroplacental circulation

    • Extraembryonic mesoderm
    • Extraembryonic cavity (Chorionic cavity)
    1-Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
    2-Extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

    • Decidua reaction
    THIRTEENTH DAY
    • Primary villi(cytotrophoblast+syncytiotrophoblast)

    • Secondary (definitive) yolk sac

    • Exocoelomic cysts

    • Chorionic cavity

    • Chorionic plate

    • Connecting stalk
    ABNORMAL IMPLANTATION
    • Intrauterin:
    - Placenta previa

    • Extrauterin:
    - Ectopic pregnancy (2%)
    -uterin tube (95%) (ampula)
    -abdomen cavity
    -rectouterin (Douglass) pouch
    -omentom
    -ovarian pregnancy
    ABNORMAL BLASTOCYST

    • Hypoplastic blastocyst

    • Hydatidiform mole

    -increase of HCG

    -paternal genome

    -Choriocarcinoma
    THE THIRTH WEEK
    GASTROLATION

    • The first major event of the 3rd week, is the gastrulation.

    To form the three primary embryonic germ layers:

    the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

    • Gastrulation begins by formation of the primitive streak, a midline groove in the


    epiblast.
    PRIMITIVE STREAK
    • On about day 15 of development, a midline groove forms In epiblast,
    which is called the primitive streak.

    • elongates to occupy about half the length of the disc.

    • The cranial end of the primitive streak is expanded into a

    called the primitive node.

    • It contains a depression called the primitive pit.


    FORMATION OF THE PRIMITIVE STREAK HERALDS
    THE BEGINNING OF:

    Gastrulation:

    epiblast cells move toward the primitive streak, enter the primitive
    streak, and migrate away as individual cells.

    The movement of cells through the primitive streak and into the
    interior of the embryo is called : invagination.

    defines all major body axes:

    the left-right axis ,dorsal-ventral axis

    the cranial-caudal axis.


    The epiblast cells have the properties of typical epithelial cells.
    As they enter the primitive streak, these cells elongate, lose
    their basal lamina (bottle cells).

    The bottle cells assume the morphology and characteristics


    of mesenchymal cells, which are able to migrate.

    . Migration & Specification of cells is controlled by FGF8:


    - Inhibition of E-cadherin: movement of cells.
    - Control of expression of brachyury(T): to form mesoderm

    The transformation of cells is correlated with the expression


    of the transcription factor, slug.
    The migration of mesenchymal cells during gastrulation is
    facilitated by ECM molecules such as hyaluronic acid.
     Biginning of differentiation of germinal layers :

     In cephalic end : in middle of the third week

     In caudal end : in last of the fourth week

     Development & differentiation occure cephalocaudaly


    THE CRANIAL-CAUDAL AXIS
     In blastocyst stage
     In cephalic end of 2 layer disc : Anterior visceral
    endoderm (AVE) , (future head)
     Formation of cranial part:
     OTX2
     LIM1 * Inhibition of nodal
     HESX1
     Cereberus & lefty

     Nodal (from TGF-β):


     Beginning & completion of formation of primitive
    streak.
    DORSAL – VENTRAL AXIS
    Ventral part:
    BMP4 + FGF

    Dorsal part :
    Noggin, chordin, follistatin (inhibition of BMP4)
    LEFT – RIGHT AXIS

    • Left: PITX2

    • Right: SNAIL
    GOOSECOID

    • Activates the inhibitors of BMP4


    Plays a role in development of head.

    • Over expression or under expression:


    Sever malformations of head.
    HOLOPROSENCEPHALY
    CIRENOMELIA
    SACROCOCCYGEAL TERATOMA
    SITUS INVERSUS
    HETEROTAXY
    weeks 3rd – 8th

    (Embryonic period, organogenesis)


    NEURULATION

    • Neural plate

    • Neural fold

    • Neural tube:

    brain & spinal cord


    NEURAL CREST CELLS
    • Melanocytes
    • Sensory ganglia
    • Sympathetic & enteric neurons
    • Schwann cells
    • Adrenal medulla
    • Craniofacial skeleton & connective tissue
    • Neurons of cranial ganglia
    • Glial cells
    • C cells of thyroid
    • Facial & cervical derma
    • Odontoblasts
    • Smooth muscle of some of vessels
    • Ectodermal thickenings:

    - otic placodes
    otic vesicles:
    internal ear

    - lens placodes
    lenses
    BMPS
    • Low concentration : neural plate

    • Moderate concentration : neural crest cells

    • High concentration : ectoderm


    ECTODERM

    • CNS
    • PNS
    • Sensory epithelium of ear, eye & nose
    • Epidermis ( hair & nail )
    • Subcutaneous glands
    • Hypophyseal gland
    • enamel
    NEURAL TUBE DEFECT
    MESODERM
    1. Paraxial mesoderm

    2. Intermediate mesoderm

    3. Lateral plate mesoderm:

    - parietal (somatic) mesoderm


    - visceral (splanchnic) mesoderm

    intraembryonic cavity
    PARAXIAL MESODERM
    • Somitomeres
    • Somites
    • The first somites: in day 20

    • In the end of fifth week : 42 – 44 somites


    - occipital somites : 4
    - cervical somites : 8
    - thoracic somites : 12
    - lumbar somites : 5
    - sacral somites : 5
    - coccygeal somites : 8 - 10
    DEVELOPMENT OF SOMITES
    n: notocord

    pm: paraxial mesoderm

    im: intermediate mesoderm

    lpm: lateral plate mesoderm

    eem: extraembryonic mesoderm


    MESODERM DERIVATIVES
    BLOOD & VESSELS
    VASCULOGENESIS & ANGIOGENESIS

    • Yolk sac

    • AGM

    • Liver (month 2-7)

    • Bone marrow
     Maturation & modeling of the vasculature (adult pattern): PDGF & TGFβ

     After angioblast induction: specification of vessels:

     SHH from notochord: induces surrounding mesenchyme: VEGF NOTCH pathway:

     EPHRINB2 : 1- specification of arteries / 2- supresses venous cell fate.

     EPHB4: specification of veins.

     PROX1: specification of the lymphatic system.


    CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMA
    ENDODERM
     Digestive system

    - foregut , oropharyngeal membrane, (is opened in 4th week) ,(stomadeum)

    - midgut , vittelin duct

    - hindgut, cloacal membrane, (is opened in 7th week) , (proctodeum)

     The role of the yolk sac.


    ENDODERM

    • Epithelium of digestive & respiratory system

    • Parenchyma of thyroid, parathyroid, liver & pancreas

    • Tonsils & thymus stroma

    • Epithelium of vesicle & urethra

    • Epithelium of tympanic cavity & auditory tube


    EMBRYO
    • In the end of 4th week :
    • Pharyngeal arch & somites (28) age: number of somites

    • In the second month :


    • Face ,ears, eyes & nose age: crown- rump length (CRL)

    • In the 5th week : limb buds

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