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    IP Addressing

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    IP Addressing

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    IP Addressing (1)

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    IP Addressing

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    CAP256: Computer Networks

    Unit-4: IP Addressing and Subnetting


    Dr. Manmohan Sharma
    School of Computer Applications
    Lovely Professional University
    What is an IP Address
     An IP address is an address used to uniquely identify a
    device on an IP network.
     An IP address is a unique global address for a network
    interface
     An IPv4 address:
    ◦ is a 32 bit long identifier
    ◦ Address Space of IPv4 is 232 or 4,294,967,296.
    ◦ encodes a network number
    ◦ and a host number
    Dotted Decimal Notation
     IPv4 addresses are written in a so-called dotted decimal
    notation
     Each byte is identified by a decimal number in the range
    [0 to 255]:
     Example:
    10000000 10001111 10001001 10010000
    1st Byte 2nd Byte 3rd Byte 4th Byte
    = 128 = 143 = 137 = 144

    128.143.137.144
    Network prefix and Host number
     The network prefix identifies a network and the host number
    identifies a specific host (actually, interface on the network).

    network prefix host number

     How do we know how long the network prefix is?


     The network prefix used to be implicitly defined (class-based
    addressing, A,B,C,D…)
     The network prefix now is flexible and is indicated by a
    prefix/netmask (classless).
    Example: argon.cs.virginia.edu
     IP address is 128.143.137.144
     Is that enough info to route datagram??? -> No, need netmask or prefix
    at every IP device (host and router)
     Using Prefix notation IP address is: 128.143.137.144/16
     Network prefix is 16 bits long

     Network mask is: 255.255.0.0 or hex format: ffff0000


    --> Network id (IP address AND Netmask) is: 128.143.0.0
    --> Host number (IP address AND inverse of Netmask) is: 137.144
    128.143 137.144
    Classful IP Adressing
     When Internet addresses were standardized (early 1980s), the Internet address
    space was divided up into classes:
     Class A: Network prefix is 8 bits long
     Class B: Network prefix is 16 bits long
     Class C: Network prefix is 24 bits long
     Class D: Used for Multicasting
     Class E: Reserved for Scientific Research and Future.

     Each IP address contained a key which identifies the class:


     Class A: IP address starts with “0”
     Class B: IP address starts with “10”
     Class C: IP address starts with “110”
     Class D: IP address starts with “1110”
     Class E: IP address starts with “1111”
    Special Cases
    • 0.0.0.0: default route, used only during Startup

    • 127.xx.yy.zz: loopback, test TCP/IP for IPC on local


    machine

    • host all 0: this host

    • host all 1: limited broadcast (local net)


    Problems with Classful IPv4 Addresses
     The original classful address scheme had a number of problems

    Problem-1: Too few network addresses for large


    networks
     Class A and Class B addresses are gone

    Problem-2: Two-layer hierarchy is not appropriate for


    large networks with Class A and Class B addresses

    For the Problem 1 and 2


    Solution-1: Subnetting
    Problem-3: Inflexible
    Assume a company requires 2,000 addresses
     Class A and B addresses are overkill
     Class C address is insufficient (requires 8 Class C addresses)

    Problem 4: Exploding Routing Tables:


    Routing on the backbone Internet needs to have an entry for each
    network address. In 1993, the size of the routing tables started to
    outgrow the capacity of routers.

    For the Problem 3 and 4


    Solution-2: Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
    Problem-5: The Internet is going to outgrow the 32-bit
    addresses

    Solution-3: IP Version 6
    Subnetting
     Sub netting is the process of taking a single Network address and
    creating further smaller Network IDs from it, called Subnets (Sub
    Networks).
     In the process of sub netting, bits can be borrowed from the host
    portion of an IP Address, the borrowed bits are added to the Subnet
    Mask of that IP address.
     The main goal behind sub netting a given network address is to
    create our required number of smaller network IDs and to achieve
    our desired number of hosts per subnet ID.
    Subnetting a Class C IP Address
     The basic Subnetting process starts from below mentioned
    questions:
    How many subnets are required?
    How many hosts per subnet are required?
    Compute the effective subnets?
    Compute the valid host IP Addresses?
     The anatomy of a typical Class C address is:
     N.N.N.H with subnet mask 255.255.255.0 or /24
     Default number of Network bits=24
     Default number of Host bits = 8
    Example: An organisation want to setup an IT infrastructure to support 45
    system in the office. Network 192.168.10.0/24 is available for allocation, but
    the IP address assigning authority want to assign a subnet to this organisation
    that will cater its need. Find out how many subnets can be created to support
    required number of hosts, calculate the ranges of all the subnets.
    Solution:
    Step-1: Identify the required number of host bits to support 45 nodes
    Host Bits (n) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
    Hosts (2^n) 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

    Find which host number can accommodate the


    required number of hosts. As per the table it is
    64, so the required number of host bits
    H=6
    Step-2: Now find the number of Host bits borrowed by the network id
    from host id or converted number of network bits
    N = Default Host bits – H
    = 8–6=2
    Step3: Now find the total number of network bits in network id of the
    required subnet
    TN = Default Network Bits + N
    = 24 + 2 =26 (i.e. /26)
    Step-4: Now find the subnet mask of the required subnets
    11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
    255 . 255 . 255 . 192
    So the calculated subnet mask is 255.255.255.192 /26

    Step-5: Total number of subnets = 2N = 22 = 4

    Step-6: Total number of


    Host/Subnet = 2H = 26 = 64
    Step-7: Find the range of Subnets
    Subnet Block Network Id Start IP End IP Broadcast Id
    I 192.168.10.0 192.168.10.1 192.168.10.62 192.168.10.63
    II 192.168.10.64 192.168.10.65 192.168.10.126 192.168.10.127
    III 192.168.10.128 192.168.10.129 192.168.10.190 192.168.10.191
    IV 192.168.10.192 192.168.10.193 192.168.10.254 192.168.10.255

    Note:
    1. Network id of the 1st subnet block is 192.168.10.0
    2. To calculate the network id of the next block, we need to
    calculate the difference between default subnet mask and
    calculated subnet mask.
    Default SM: 255.255.255.0
    Calculated SM: 255.255.255.192
    3. Check for the variation in values starting from last
    octate.There is a variation in last octate.
    4. Find the difference 256-192 = 64
    5. Add the result in the octate where variation was found.

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