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## Ruby on Rails

#### Q1. When rendering a partial in a view, how would you pass local variables for rendering?

- [ ] `<%= render partial: "nav", selected: "about"}%>`

- [ ] `<%= render partial: "nav", local_variables: {selected: "about"} %>`
- [x] `<%= render partial: "nav", locals: {selected: "about"}`

#### Q2. Within a Rails controller, which code will prevent the parent controller's before_action
`:get_feature` from running?

- [x] `skip_before_action :get_feature`

- [ ] `skip :get_feature, except: []`
- [ ] `prevent_action :get_feature`
- [ ] `:redis_cache_store`

#### Q3. Which statement correctly describes a difference between the form helper methods
`form_tag` and `form_for`?

- [ ] The `form_tag` method is for basic forms, while the `form_for` method is for multipart forms
that include file uploads.
- [ ] The `form_tag` method is for HTTP requests, while the `form_for` method is for AJAX
requests.
- [x] The `form_tag` method typically expects a URL as its first argument, while the `form_for`
method typically expects a model object.
- [ ] The `form_tag` method is evaluated at runtime, while the `form_for` method is precompiled
and cached.

#### Q4. What is `before_action` (formerly known as `before_filter`)?

- [ ] A trigger that is executed before an alteration of an object's state

- [ ] A method that is executed before an ActiveRecord model is saved
- [ ] A callback that fires before an event is handled
- [x] A method in a controller that is executed before the controller action method

#### Q5. Which module can you use to encapsulate a cohesive chunk of functionality into a mixin?

- [x] `ActiveSupport::Concern`
- [ ] `RailsHelper.CommonClass`
- [ ] `ActiveJob::Mixin`
- [ ] `ActiveSupport::Module`

#### Q6. In Rails, which code would you use to define a route that handles both the `PUT` and
`PATCH` `REST HTTP` verbs?

- [ ] `put :items, include: patch`

- [ ] `put 'items', to: 'items#update'`
- [x] `match 'items', to 'items#update', via: [:put, :patch]`
- [ ] `match :items, using: put && patch`

#### Q7. Which choice includes standard REST HTTP verbs?

- [x] GET, POST, PATCH, DELETE

- [ ] REDIRECT, RENDER, SESSION, COOKIE
- [ ] INDEX, SHOW, NEW, CREATE, EDIT, UPDATE, DESTROY
- [ ] CREATE, READ, UPDATE, DELETE

#### Q8. Which ActiveRecord query prevents SQL injection?

- [ ] `Product.where("name = #{@keyword}")`
- [ ] `Product.where("name = " << @keyword}`

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- [x] `Product.where("name = ?", @keyword`

- [ ] `Product.where("name = " + h(@keyword)`

#### Q9. Given this code, which statement about the database table "documents" could be expected
to be _true_?

```rb
class Document < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :documentable, polymorphic: true
end

class Product < ActiveRecord::Base

has_many :documents, as: :documentable
end

class Service < ActiveRecord::Base

has_many :documents, as: :documentable
end
```

- [ ] It would include a column for `:type`.

- [x] It would include columns for `:documentable_id` and `:documentable_type`.
- [ ] It would include columns for `:documentable` and `:type`.
- [ ] It would include a column for `:polymorphic_type`.

#### Q10. Are instance variables set within a controller method accessible within a view?

- [x] Yes, any instance variables that are set in an action method on a controller can be accessed
and displayed in a view.
- [ ] Yes, instance variables set within an action method are accessible within a view, but only
when render is explicitly called inside the action method.
- [ ] No, instance variables in a controller are private and are not accessible.
- [ ] No, instance variables can never be set in a controller action method.

#### Q11. When a validation of a field in a Rails model fails, where are the messages for
validation errors stored?

- [x] `my_model.errors[:field]`
- [ ] `my_model.get_errors_for(:field)`
- [ ] `my_model.field.error`
- [ ] `my_model.all_errors.select(:field)`

#### Q12. If a database table of users contains the following rows, and `id` is the primary key,
which statement would return only an object whose `last_name` is "Cordero"?

```ruby
-------------------------------

| id | first_name | last_name |
|----|------------|-----------|
| 1 | Alice | Anderson |
| 2 | Bob | Buckner |
| 3 | Carrie | Cordero |
| 4 | Devon | Dupre |
| 5 | Carrie | Eastman |

-------------------------------
```

- [ ] `User.where(first_name: "Carrie")`
- [ ] `User.not.where(id: [1, 2, 4, 5])`
- [ ] `User.find_by(first_name: "Cordero")`

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- [x] `User.find(3)`

#### Q13. How would you generate a drop-down menu that allows the user to select from a collection
of product names?

- [ ] `<%= select_tag(@products) %>`

- [ ] `<%= collection_select(@products) %>`
- [ ] `<select name="product_id"> <%= @products.each do |product| %> <option value="<%= product.id
%>"/> <% end %></select>`
- [x] `<%= collection_select(:product, :product_id, Product.all, :id, :name) %>`

#### Q14. For a Rails validator, how would you define an error message for the model attribute
`address` with the message "This address is invalid"?

- [ ] `model.errors = This address is invalid`

- [ ] `errors(model, :address) << "This address is invalid"`
- [ ] `display_error_for(model, :address, "This address is invalid")`
- [x] `model.errors[:address] << "This address is invalid"`

[Custom Validator](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/v5.2/active_record_validations.html#custom-
validators)

#### Q15. Given the URL helper `product_path(@product)`, which statement would be expected to be
_false_?

- [ ] If sent using the PATCH HTTP method, the URL could be used to update a product in the
database.
- [x] If sent using the POST HTTP method, the URL would create a new product in the database.
- [ ] If sent using the GET HTTP method, the URL would execute the show action in
ProductsController.
- [ ] If sent using the DELETE HTTP method, the URL would call the destroy action by default.

#### Q16. Given this code, which choice would be expected to be a _true_ statement if the user
requests the index action?

```rb
class DocumentsController < ApplicationController
before_action :require_login
def index
@documents = Document.visible.sorted
end
end
```

- [ ] The user's documents will be loaded.

- [ ] The index action will run normally because `:index` is not listed as an argument to
`before_action`.
- [ ] The `require_login` method will automatically log in the user before running the index
action.
- [x] The index action will not be run if the `require_login` method calls render or
`redirect_to`.

#### Q17. In Rails, how would you cache a partial template that is rendered?

- [x] `render partial: 'shared/menu', cached: true`

- [ ] `render_with_cache partial: 'shared/menu'`
- [ ] `render partial: 'shared/menu'`
- [ ] `render partial: 'shared/menu', cached_with_variables: {}`

#### Q18. What is the reason for using Concerns in Rails?

- [x] Concerns allow modularity and code reuse in models, controllers, and other classes.

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- [ ] Concerns are used to separate class methods from models.

- [ ] Concerns are used to increase security of Rails applications.
- [ ] Concerns are used to refactor Rails views.

#### Q19. When using an ActiveRecord model, which method will create the model instance in memory
and save it to the database?

- [ ] `build`
- [ ] `new`
- [x] `create`
- [ ] `save`

[Reference](https://medium.com/@de.usmanusa/difference-between-create-new-and-save-methods-in-
activerecord-ea135085a08c)

#### Q20. You are using an existing database that has a table named `coffee_orders`. What would
the ActiveRecord model be named in order to use that table?

- [ ] `CoffeeOrders`
- [ ] `Coffee_Orders`
- [ ] `Coffee_Order`
- [x] `CoffeeOrder`

[Reference](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_basics.html#naming-conventions)

#### Q21. In ActiveRecord, what is the difference between the `has_many` and `has_many :through`
associations?

- [ ] The `has_many: through` association is the one-to-many equivalent to the `belongs_to` one-
to-one association.
- [ ] Both associations are identical, and `has_many: through` is maintained only for legacy
purposes.
- [ ] The `has_many` association is a one-to-many association, while `has_many: through` is a one-
to-one association that matches through a third model.
- [x] Both are one-to-many associations but with `has_many :through`, the declaring model can
associate through a third model.

#### Q22. How do you add Ruby code inside Rails views and have its result outputted in the HTML
file?

- [ ] Create an embedded Ruby file (.html.erb) and surround the Ruby code with `<% %>`.
- [ ] Insert Ruby code inside standard HTML files and surround it with `<% %>`. The web server
will handle the rest.
- [x] Create an embedded Ruby file (.html.erb) and surround the Ruby code with `<%= %>`.
- [ ] Put the code in an .rb file and include it in a `<link>` tag of an HTML file.

[Reference](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/action_view_overview.html#erb)

#### Q23. How would you render a view using a different layout in an ERB HTML view?

- [ ] `<% render 'view_mobile' %>`

- [ ] `<% render 'view', use_layout: 'mobile' %>`
- [x] `<% render 'view', layout: 'mobile' %>`
- [ ] `<% render_with_layout 'view', 'mobile' %>`

[Reference](https://stackoverflow.com/a/19277971)

#### Q24. Given this controller code, which choice describes the expected behavior if parameters
are submitted to the update action that includes values for the product's name, style, color, and
price?

```rb

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class ProductController < ActionController::Base

def update
@product = Product.find(params[:id])
if @product.update(product_params)
redirect_to(product_path(@product))
else
render('edit')
end
end

private

def product_params
params.require(:product).permit(:name, :style, :color)
end
end
```

- [ ] The product will not be updated and the edit template will be rendered.
- [ ] The product will not be updated and the controller will raise an
ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributes exception.
- [x] The product will be updated with the values for name, style, and color, but the value for
price will be ignored.
- [ ] The product will be updated with the values for name, style, color, and price.

[Reference](https://stackoverflow.com/a/19277971)

#### Q25. A Rails project has ActiveRecord classes defined for Classroom and Student. If instances
of these classes are related so that students are assigned the ID of one particular classroom,
which choice shows the correct associations to define?

- [ ] A

```rb
class Classroom < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :students, class_name: 'Student'
end

class Student < ActiveRecord::Base

belongs_to :classrooms, class_name: 'Classroom'
end
```

- [ ] B

```rb
class Student < ActiveRecord::Base
has_many :classrooms, dependent: true
end

class Classroom < ActiveRecord::Base

has_many :students, dependent: false
end
```

- [ ] C

```rb
class Student < ActiveRecord::Base
has_many :classrooms
end

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class Classroom < ActiveRecord::Base

belongs_to :student
end
```

- [x] D

```rb
class Classroom < ActiveRecord::Base
has_many :students
end

class Student < ActiveRecord::Base

belongs_to :classroom
end
```

#### Q26. Where should you put images, JavaScript, and CSS so that they get processed by the asset
pipeline?

- [ ] app/static
- [ ] app/images
- [x] app/assets
- [ ] app/views

[Reference: RoR folder structure](https://images.app.goo.gl/CfKZPEQcGExfSx5C6)

#### Q27. If the Rails asset pipeline is being used to serve JavaScript files, how would you
include a link to one of those JavaScript files in a view?

- [ ] `<script src="/main.js"></script>`
- [x] `<%= javascript_include_tag 'main' %>`
- [ ] `<%= javascript_tag 'main' %>`
- [ ] `<!-- include_javascript 'main' -->`

#### Q28. In Rails, what caching stores can be used?

- [ ] MemCacheStore, MongoDBStore, MemoryStore, and FileStore

- [ ] MemoryStore, FileStore, and CacheCacheStore
- [x] MemoryStore, FileStore, MemCacheStore, RedisCacheStore, and NullStore
- [ ] MemoryStore, FileStore, MySQLStore, and RedisCacheStore

#### Q29. What is the correct way to generate a ProductsController with an index action using only
the command-line tools bundled with Rails?

- [ ] `rails generate controller --options {name: "Products", actions: "index"}`

- [ ] `rails generate controller --name Products --action index`
- [x] `rails generate controller Products index`
- [ ] `rails generate ProductsController --actions index`

#### Q30. If a model class is named Product, in which database table will ActiveRecord store and
retrieve model instances?

- [ ] `product_table`
- [ ] `all_products`
- [ ] `products_table`
- [x] `products`

#### Q31. What is a popular alternative template language for generating views in a Rails app that
is focused on simple abstracted markup?

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- [ ] Mustache
- [x] Haml
- [ ] Liquid
- [ ] Tilt

[Reference](https://medium.com/@bretcameron/so-you-think-you-know-html-7813c03f8ff6)

#### Q32. When Ruby methods add an exclamation point at the end of their name (such as `sort!`),
what does it typically indicate?

- [ ] The method executes using "sudo" privileges.

- [ ] Any ending line return will be omitted from the result.
- [ ] The method will ignore exceptions that occur during execution.
- [x] It is a more powerful or destructive version of the method.

#### Q33. What options below would cause the method `#decrypt_data` to be run?

```rb
class MyModel < ApplicationRecord
after_find :decrypt_data
end
```

- [x] `MyModel.first.update(field: 'example')`

- [ ] `MyModel.where(id: 42)`
- [x] `MyModel.first.destroy`
- [ ] `MyModel.new(field: 'new instance')`

[Reference](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_callbacks.html#running-callbacks)

#### Q34. Which Rails helper would you use in the application view to protect against CSRF (Cross-
Site Request Forgery) attacks?

- [ ] `csrf_protection`
- [ ] `csrf_helper`
- [x] `csrf_meta_tags`
- [ ] `csrf`

[Reference](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/CsrfHelper.html)

#### Q35. In the model `User` you have the code shown below. When saving the model and
`model.is_admin` is set to true, which callback will be called?

```rb
before_save :encrypt_data, unless: ->(model) { model.is_admin }
after_save :clear_cache, if: ->(model) { model.is_admin }
before_destroy :notify_admin_users, if: ->(model) { model.is_admin }
```

- [ ]
`encrypt_data`
- [x]
`clear_cache`
- [ ]
`notify_admin_users`
- [ ]
None of these callbacks will be called when `is_admin` is true.
[Explanation]:
When saving the User model and model.is_admin is set to true, the after_save callback will
be called.

The before_save callback with the unless: ->(model) { model.is_admin } condition will not be
called because the is_admin attribute is true.

The before_destroy callback with the if: ->(model) { model.is_admin } condition will be called if
the is_admin attribute is true and the record is being destroyed, but this is not relevant to the

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scenario of saving the User model.

Therefore, only the after_save callback with the if: ->(model) { model.is_admin } condition will
be called in this scenario. This callback will be triggered after the record has been saved, if
the is_admin attribute is true. In this case, the clear_cache method will be called.

#### Q36. In a Rails controller, what does the code `params.permit(:name, :sku)` do?

- [ ] It filters out all parameters.

- [x] It filters out submitted form parameters that are not named `:name` or `:sku` to make forms
more secure.
- [ ] It raises an error if parameters that are not named `:name` or `:sku` are found.
- [ ] It raises an error if the `:name` and `:sku` parameters are set to `nil`.

#### Q37. Review the code below. Which Ruby operator should be used to fill in the blank so that
the `sort` method executes properly?

```rb
[5,8,2,6,1,3].sort {|v1,v2| v1 ___ v2}
```

- [ ] `=>`
- [ ] `<==>`
- [x] `<=>`
- [ ] `||`

#### Q38. You made a spelling mistake while creating a table for bank accounts. Which code would
you expect to see in a migration to fix the error?

- [x] A

```ruby
class IAmADummy < ActiveRecord::Migration
def change
rename_column :accounts, :account_hodler, :account_holder
end
end
```

- [ ] B

```ruby
class FixSpellling < ActiveRecord::Migration
def change
rename :accounts, :account_hodler, :account_holder
end
end
```

- [ ] C

```ruby
class CoffeeNeeded < ActiveRecord::Migration
def change
remove_column :accounts, :account_hodler
add_column :accounts, :account_holder
end
end
```

- [ ] D

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```ruby
class OopsIDidItAgain < ActiveRecord::Migration
def rename
:accounts, :account_hodler, :account_holder
end
end
```

#### Q39. Which HTML is closes to what this code would output?

```ruby
<% check_box(:post, :visible) %>
```

- [x] A

```html
<input type="hidden" name="post[visible]" value="0" />
<input type="checkbox" name="post[visible]" value="1" />
```

- [ ] B

```html
<checkbox name="post[visible]" value="1" />
```

- [ ] C

```html
<input type="checkbox" name="post[visible]" value="1" data-default-value="0" />
```

- [ ] D

```html
<input type="checkbox" name="post[visible]" value="1" />
```

[Reference](https://apidock.com/rails/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper/check_box)

#### Q40. There is a bug in this code. The logout message is not appearing on the login template.
What is the cause?

```ruby
class AccessController < ActionController::Base
def destroy
session[:admin_id] = nil
flash[:notice] = ""You have been logged out""
render('login')
end
```

- [ ]
The string assigned to flash[:notice] will not be available until the next browser request.
- [ ]
An instance variable should be used for flash[:notice]
- [x]
This is an invalid syntax to use to assign values to flash[:notice]
- [ ]
The previous value of flash[:notice] will not be cleared automatically
[Explanation]:
The cause of the bug is a syntax error in the line that sets the value of the flash[:notice]
message. The string literal "You have been logged out" is not properly enclosed in the surrounding
string literal.

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#### Q41. Which statement about ActiveRecord models is true?

- [ ] Each database column requires adding a matching attr_accessor declaration in the

ActiveRecord model.
- [ ] All attributes in an ActiveRecord model are read-only declared as writable using
attr_accessible
- [x] An instance of an ActiveRecord model will have attributes that match the columns in a
corresponding database table.
- [ ] ActiveRecord models can have only attributes that have a matching database column

[Reference](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html)

#### Q42. What is the correct way to assign a value to the session?

- [ ] A

```ruby
$_SESSION['user_id'] = user.id
```

- [ ] B

```ruby
@session ||= Session.new << user.id
```

- [ ] C

```ruby
session_save(:user_id, user.id)
```

- [x] D

```ruby
session[:user_id] = user.id
```

[Reference](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/v7.1/action_controller_overview.html#session)

#### Q43. Which choice best describes the expected value of @result?

```ruby
@result = Article.first.tags.build(name: 'Urgent')
```

- [ ] either true or false

- [x] an unsaved Tag instance
- [ ] a saved Tag instance
- [ ] an array of Tag instances

#### Q44. What is the correct syntax for inserting a dynamic title tag into the header of your
page from within an ERB view template?

- [ ] A

```ruby
<% render :head do %>
<title>My page title</title>
<% end %>
```

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- [ ] B

```ruby
<% content_for :head do %>
<title>My page title</title>
<% end %>
```

- [x] C

```ruby
<% render "shared/head, locals: {title: "My page title"} %>
```

- [ ] D

```ruby
<% tield :head do %>
<title>My page title</title>
<% end %>
```

#### Q45. How would you validate that a project's name is not blank, is fewer than 50 characters,
and is unique?

- [x] A

```ruby
class Project
validates :name, presence: true, length: { maximum: 50 }, uniqueness: true
end
```

- [ ] B

```ruby
class Project
validate_attribute :name, [:presence, :uniqueness], :length => 1..50
end
```

- [ ] C

```ruby
class Project
validate_before_save :name, [:presence, [:length, 50], :uniqueness], :length => 1..50
end
```

- [ ] D

```ruby
class Project
validates_presense_of :name, :unique => true
validates_length_of :name, :maximum => 50
end
```

#### Q46. If a product has a user-uploadable photo, which ActiveStorage method should fill in the
blank?

```ruby

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class Product << ApplicationRecord

____ :photo
end

```

- [x] has_one_attached
- [ ] has_image
- [ ] attached_file
- [ ] acts_as_attachment

#### Q47. If the only route defined is resources :products, what is an example of a URL that could
be generated by this link_to method?

```ruby
link_to('Link', {controller: 'products', action: 'index', page: 3})
```

- [x] A

```ruby
/products?page=3
```

- [ ] B

```ruby
/products/index/3
```

- [ ] C

```ruby
/products/page/3
```

- [ ] D

```ruby
/products/index/page/3
```

#### Q48. Which part of the Rails framework is primarily responsible for making decisions about
how to respond to a browser request?

- [ ] view
- [x] controller
- [ ] ActiveRecord
- [ ] model

#### Q49. If User is an ActiveRecord class, which choice would be expected to return an array?

- [x] User.where(last_name: 'Smith')

- [ ] User.find_or_create(last_name: 'Smith')
- [ ] User.find_by_last_name('Smith')
- [ ] User.find('Smith')

#### Q50. Which choice is not a valid Rails route?

- [x] route "products/index", to: "products/index", via: :get

- [ ] match "products/index", to: "products#index", via: :get
- [ ] root "products/index"

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- [ ] get "products/index"

#### Q51. Given a table of blog_posts and a related table of comments (comments made on each blog
post), which ActiveRecord query will retrieve all blog posts with comments created during @range?

- [x] BlogPost.joins (:comments).where(comments: {created_at: @range})

- [ ] BlogPost.where(['comments.created_at', @range])
- [ ] BlogPost.preload ("comments.created_at").where(created_at: @range)
- [ ] BlogPost.includes (:comments).where('comments.created_at' => @range)

#### Q52. Given this Category model with an attribute for "name", what code would fill in the
blank so that it sets saved_name to a string that is the category name that existed before the
name was changed?

```ruby
class Category < ActiveRecord::Base
# has a database column for :name
end

category = Category.first
category.name = 'News'
saved_name = _____
```

- [x] category.name_was
- [ ] category.saved(:name)
- [ ] category.changes[:name]
- [ ] category.name_changed?

[Reference](https://api.rubyonrails.org/v7.1/classes/ActiveModel/Dirty.html#method-i-2A_was)

#### Q53. Given two models, what is the issue with the query used to fetch them?

```ruby
class LineItem < ApplicationRecord
end

class Order < ApplicationRecord

has_many :line_items
end

Order.limit(3).each { |order| puts order.line_items }

```

- [ ] This query will result in extensive caching, and you will have to then deal with caching
issues.
- [x] This query will result in the N+1 query issue. Three orders will result in four queries.
- [ ] This query will result in the 1 query issue. Three orders will result in one query.
- [ ] There are no issues with this query, and you are correctly limiting the number of Order
models that will be loaded.

#### Q54. Which choice is an _incorrect_ way to render a partial?

- [ ] `<%= render(:partial => 'shared/product') %>`

- [ ] `<%= render('shared/product', :collection => @products) %>`
- [x] `<%= render(template: 'shared/product', with: @products) %>`
- [ ] `<%= render('shared/product', locals: { product: @product }) %>`

#### Q55. Which code sample will skip running the `login_required` "before" filter on the
`get_posts` controller action?

- [ ] `before_action :login_required, skip: [:get_posts]`

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- [ ] `skip_before_action :login_required, except: [:get_posts]`

- [x] `skip_before_action :login_required, only: [:get_posts]`
- [ ] `skip_action before: :login_required, only: [:get_posts]`

#### Q56. Within a Rails model with a `cache_key` method, which code snippet will expire the cache
whenever the model is updated?

- [ ] A

```ruby
after_update_commit do
destroy
end
```

- [ ] B

```ruby
after_destroy do
Rails.cache.delete(cache_key)
end
```

- [x] C

```ruby
after_update_commit do
Rails.cache.delete(cache_key)
end
```

- [ ] D

```ruby
after_update_commit do
Rails.cache.destroy(cache_key)
end
```

[Reference](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/Cache/Store.html#method-i-delete)

#### Q57. After this migration has been executed, which statement would be true?

```ruby
class CreateGalleries < ActiveRecord::Migration
def change
create_table :galleries do |t|
t.string :name, :bg_color
t.integer :position
t.boolean :visible, default: false
t.timestamps
end
end
end
```

- [ ] The galleries table will have no primary key.

- [x] The galleries table will include a column named "updated_at".
- [ ] The galleries table will contain exactly seven columns.
- [ ] The galleries table will have an index on the position column.

#### Q58. Which code would you add to return a 404 to the API caller if the user is not found in

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the database?

```ruby
class UsersController < ApplicationController
def show
@user = User.find(params[:id])
render json: @user, status: :ok,
# Missing code
end
```

- [ ] A

```ruby
rescue => e
logger.info e
end
```

- [ ] B

```ruby
rescue_from ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, with: :render_not_found_response
```

- [x] C

```ruby
rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
render json: { message: 'User not found' }, status: :not_found
end
```

- [ ] D

```ruby
raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
render json: { message: 'User not found' }, status: :user_not_found
end
```

#### Q59. What decides which controller receives which requests?

- [ ] model
- [ ] view
- [ ] web server
- [x] router

#### Q60. When rendering a partial in a view, how would you pass local variables for rendering?

- [ ] `<%= render partial: "nav", globals: {selected: "about"} %>`

- [ ] `<%= render partial: "nav", local_variables: {selected: "about"} %>`
- [x] `<%= render partial: "nav", locals: {selected: "about"} %>`
- [x] `<%= render partial: "nav", selected: "about"} %>`

#### Q61. Given this code, and assuming `@user` is an instance of `User` that has an assigned
location, which choice would be used to return the user's city?

```ruby
class Location < ActiveRecord::Base
# has database columns for :city, :state
has_many :users

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end
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
belovngs_to :location

delegate :city, :state, to: :location, allow_nil: true, prefix: true

end
```

- [ ] `@user.user_city`
- [x] `@user.location_city`
- [ ] `@user.city`
- [ ] `@user.try(:city)`

[Reference](https://apidock.com/rails/Module/delegate)
[Reference](https://itnext.io/understanding-delegate-in-ruby-on-rails-i-wish-i-knew-
before-5edd341bad47)

#### Q62. Where would this code most likely be found in a Rails project?

`scope :active, lambda { where(:active => true) }`

- [x] an Active Record model

- [ ] an ActionView template
- [ ] an ApplicationHelper file
- [ ] an ActionController controller

#### Q63. What is a standard prerequisite for implementing Single Table Inheritance (STI)?

- [ ] The models used for STI must mix in the module `ActiveRecord::STI`
- [ ] All models used for STI must include "self.abstract_class=true".
- [ ] All database tables used for STI must be related to each other using a foreign key.
- [x] The database table used for STI must have a column named "type".

#### Q64. A way that views can share reusable code, such as formatting a date, is called a \_?

- [x] helper
- [ ] utility
- [ ] controller
- [ ] formatter

#### Q65. How do you add Ruby code inside Rails views and have its result outputted in the HTML
file?

- [ ] Insert Ruby code inside standard HTML files and surround it with `<% %>`. The web server
will handle the rest.
- [ ] Create an embedded Ruby file `(.html.erb)` and surround the Ruby code with `<% %>`
- [ ] Put the code in `an.rb. file` and include it in a `<link>` tag of an HTML file.
- [x] Create an embedded Ruby file `(.html.erb)` and surround the Ruby code with `<%= %>`.

#### Q66.You are working with a large database of portfolios that sometimes have an associated
image. Which statement best explains the purpose of includes(:image) in this code?

```ruby
@portfolios = Portfolio.includes(:image).limit(20)

@portfolios.each do |portfolio|
puts portfolio.image.caption
end
```

- [ ] It preloads the images files using asset pipeline.

- [ ] It selects only portfolios that have an image attached.

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- [ ] It includes the number of associated images when determining how many records to return.
- [x] It will execute two database queries of 21 database queries.

#### Q67. What is RVM?

- [ ] Rails Validation Model

- [ ] Rails Version Manager
- [ ] Rails View Model
- [x] Ruby Version Manager

#### Q68. Which line of inquiry would you follow after receiving this error message: No route
matches [POST] "/burrito/create"?

- [ ] Check that there is a matching path for "/burrito/create" in you paths.rb file.
- [x] Check that there is a `post` route that matches "/burrito/create" in your routes.rb file.
- [ ] Add the line `resources :burritos` to your routes.rb file.
- [ ] Check that there is a `get` route that matches "burrito/create" in your paths.rb file.

#### Q69. Which controller action is `not` in danger of returning double render errors?

- [ ] A

```ruby
def show
if params[:detailed] == "1"
redirect_to(action: 'detailed_show')
end
render('show')
end
```

- [ ] B

```ruby
def show
render('detailed_show') if params[:detailed] == "1"
render('show') and return
end
```

- [ ] C

```ruby
def show
if params[:detailed] == "1"
render('detailed_show')
end
render('show')
end
```

- [x] D

```ruby
def show
if params[:detailed] == "1"
render('detailed_show')
end
end
```

#### Q70. Which keyword is used in a layout to identify a section where content from the view

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should be inserted?

- [ ] render
- [ ] puts
- [ ] view_content
- [x] yield

[Reference](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/layouts_and_rendering.html)

#### Q71. Check the following Ruby code and replace `__BLOCK__` with the correct code to achieve
the result.

```ruby
class TodoList
def initialize
@todos = []
end

def add_todo(todo)
@todos << todo
end

def __BLOCK__
@todos.map { |todo| "- #{todo}" }.join("\n")
end

work = TodoList.new
work.add_todo("Commit")
work.add_todo("PR")
work.add_todo("Merge")

puts work
=> - Commit
=> - PR
=> - Merge
```

- [x] to_s
- [ ] work
- [ ] inspect
- [ ] **str**

#### Q72. What decides which controller receives which requests?

- [ ] web server
- [x] router
- [ ] view
- [ ] model

#### Q73. Which statement about this code will always be true?

```ruby
class UserController < ActionController::Base
def show
@user = User.find_by_id(session[:user_id])
@user ||= User.first
end
end
```

- [ ] The variable `@user` will be set to the object returned by `User.first` unless
`session[:user_id]` has a value.

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- [ ] The result of `User.find_by_id` is irrelevant because the variable `@user` will always be
set to the object returned by `User.first`.
- [ ] If `User.find_by_id` does not raise an exception, the variable `@user` will be set to the
object returned by `User.first`.
- [x] If `User.find_by_id ` returns nil or false, the variable `@user` will be set to the object
returned by `User.first`.

[Reference](https://www.rubyguides.com/2018/07/ruby-operators/) #Assignment_Operators

#### Q74. When defining a resource route, seven routes are defined by default. Which two methods
allow defining additional routes on the resource?

- [ ] only, except
- [ ] match, resolve
- [ ] action, path
- [x] member, collection

#### Q75. You are rendering a partial with this code. What will display the user's name?

`<%= render partial: 'user_info', object: { name: 'user' } %>`

- [ ] `<%= locals.user_info.name %>`

- [ ] `<%= object.name %>`
- [x] `<%= object[:name] %>`
- [ ] `<%= @user.name %>`

#### Q76. Once this form is submitted, which code in the controller would retrieve the string for
:name?

```ruby
<%= form_for(@category) do |f| %>
<%= f.text_field(:name) %>
<% end %>
```

- [ ] `params[:name]`
- [ ] `@params.name`
- [ ] `params.require(:category).permit(:name)`
- [x] `params[:category][:name]`

[Reference](https://apidock.com/rails/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper/form_for)

#### Q77. Which missing line would best show the correct usage of strong parameters?

```ruby
class ProjectsController < ActionController::Base

def create
Project.create(project_params)
end

private

def project_params
# Missing line
end
end
```

- [ ] `params[:project].allow(:name, :visible, :description)`

- [ ] `params[:project].allowed`
- [ ] `params.permit(:project).allow(:name, :visible, :description)`

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- [x] `params.require(:project).permit(:name, :visible, :description)`

[Strong Params](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/action_controller_overview.html#strong-parameters)

#### Q78. What is the purpose of the rake db:migrate command?

- [ ] `To create a new database for the Rails application.`

- [x] `To migrate the database schema to the latest version.`
- [ ] `To seed the database with initial data.`
- [ ] `To test the database connection.`

[Reference](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/v3.2/
migrations.html#:~:text=Active%20Record%20tracks%20which%20migrations,the%20structure%20of%20your%
20database.)

#### Q79. What is the execution result of the following Ruby code?

```ruby
class A
def self.get_self
self.class
end

def get_self
self
end
end

p "#{A.get_self.class} #{A.new.get_self.class}"
```

- [ ] `Class Class`
- [ ] `A A`
- [ ] `A Class`
- [x] `Class A`

[Reference](https://www.ignacio.al/self-class-ruby.html)

#### Q80. Given the following model class and view , which code snippet should you use to fetch
the correct results, and avoid the N+1 query issue?

```ruby
class Movies < ApplicationRecord
def recent_reviews
# Return the latest 10 reviews
end
end
```

```ruby
<%= @movie.recent_reviews.each do |review| %>
<div>
<header><%= review.critic.name %></header>
<div><%= review.comment %></div>
</div>
<% end %>
```

- [ ] `@movie.reviews.order(created_at: :desc).limit(10)`
- [ ] `@movie.reviews.joins(:critic).order(created_at: :desc).limit(10)`
- [x] `@movie.reviews.includes(:critic).order(created_at: :desc).limit(10)`
- [ ] `@movie.reviews.references(:critic).order(created_at: :desc).limit(10)`

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[Reference](https://hackernoon.com/differences-between-includes-and-joins-in-ruby-on-
rails-1r2s35oj)

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