KEBBI NNREC PV Solar in Kalgo

Power Evacuation Report
for 100MWp NNREC PV

Solar in Kalgo, Kebbi State
JANUARY, 2021
Executive Summary
Northern Nigeria Renewable Energy Company Limited (NNREC) was setup by

the 19 Northern State Governments and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) to
develop Solar PV in each of the respective states and FCT. They are leveraging on
the Federal Government of Nigeria’s initiative of encouraging investors to
explore investment opportunities in Solar PV on and off-grid development.
Following the Renewable electricity policy guidelines provided by the Federal

Government through the Ministry of Power, NNREC has identified a site at Kalgo,
Kebbi State, Nigeria for the development of an on-grid Solar PV power plant. The
Solar PV power plant is proposed to have a capacity of 100 MWp. The power
plant is intended to be connected via a 132kV double circuit transmission line to
the grid. However, to determine the technical feasibility of this connection, a
power evacuation study was conducted to enable the developer to obtain
provisional approval from TCN. On getting this approval, the developer shall
apply to NERC for a generation license.
The power evacuation study was conducted to determine the optimal evacuation
option feasible for the Solar PV power plant to evacuate power to the national
grid. The criterion for the feasible option was selected based on the lease cost for
the Solar PV power plant to be connected to the grid.
From the site visitation assessment of the possible connection options for
connecting Solar PV Power Plant to the grid, one feasible connection option was
determined;
• Connection of a 132kV double circuit bear conductor with an approximate

distance of 20km from the proposed NNREC Solar PV Power Plant to the
existing Birnin Kebbi 330/132/33kV Substation in Kebbi state.
The above connection option was subjected to the Grid Code and TCN
requirement on the connection corridor as well as the results of the route
selection study report which informed the extent of the wayleave.
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Steady-state and dynamic power simulation studies were conducted to
determine the most technically feasible and economically viable connection
option. The following analyses were conducted:
➢ Load Flow Analysis
➢ Short Circuit Analysis
➢ Transient Stability Analysis
➢ Cost-Estimate Analysis
The result of the load flow analysis showed that the maximum capacity of the
NNREC Solar PV Power Plant can be evacuated through the proposed connection
option selected. It also revealed that there is sufficient transmission capacity in
the selected option.
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary........................................................................................................................ 2
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................ 6
1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Project Background ............................................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................... 9
2.0 LOCATION STUDY ............................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................... 13
3.0 STUDY DATA.................................................................................................................. 13
3.1 Power System Model .................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Existing TCN Network .................................................................................................. 13
3.3 Transmission System Planning Criteria ...................................................................... 14
3.3.1 Thermal Rating of Transmission Line ................................................................. 14
3.4 Generation Assumptions .............................................................................................. 16
3.5 Load Schedule................................................................................................................ 17
3.6 Proposed Connection Option ....................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................................ 19
4.0 LOAD FLOW STUDY ...................................................................................................... 19
4.1 Base Case Connection ................................................................................................... 19
4.1.1 Observation for the Base Case Scenario .............................................................. 21
4.3 Study Case Scenario........................................................................................................ 23
4.3.1 Observations for Study Case Scenario ..................................................................... 25
CHAPTER FIVE.............................................................................................................................. 26
5.0 SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY .................................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER SIX ................................................................................................................................ 28
6.0 TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS.................................................................................. 28
CHAPTER EIGHT........................................................................................................................... 33
8.0 COST-ESTIMATE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 33
8.1 Cost Estimate for the Case Study Connections ............................................................... 33
CHAPTER NINE ............................................................................................................................. 35
9.0 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 35
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................. 36
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List of Tables
Table 1: Grid Code Voltage Limits .............................................................................................. 16

Table 2: Generation Profile for the Study................................................................................ 16
Table 3: Load schedule for the different regions ................................................................. 17
Table 4 : Base Case Line Loading ................................................................................................ 20
Table 5: Base Case Voltage Profile .............................................................................................. 21
Table 6: Capacity of Birnin Kebbi 330/132/33 kV Substation ..................................... 21
Table 7: Study Case Branch Loading ......................................................................................... 24
Table 8: Study Case Voltage Profile ........................................................................................... 25
Table 9: Maximum Three-Phase Short Circuit Levels ....................................................... 26
Table 10: Minimum Three-Phase Short Circuit Levels ..................................................... 27
Table 11: Cost-Estimate Analysis for the construction of 132 kV DC Transmission
line ............................................................................................................................................................ 33
Table 12: Cost-Estimate Analysis for the construction of 2x60MVA Substation at
NNREC and 2x132kV Line bays Extension at B/kebbi Substation. ............................. 33
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Nigeria is an energy resource-rich country, endowed with an abundance of

Renewable Energy (RE) resources, providing her with a great capacity to develop
an effective national energy plan. However, Nigeria is yet to exploit these huge
available energy potentials with less environmental and climatic impacts.
As of July 2016, the total installed power generation capacity in Nigeria, a

country of over 187 million people, was 12,522 MW; 85% of which is gas-fired
(thermal) and 15% is hydro-generated. However, Nigeria still has a long way to
go in achieving the required generation output to meet the ever-growing
demands of its population.
The Nigerian government has stressed its eagerness to use the electricity sector
as a catalyst to achieving industrialization and boosting socio-economic
activities, as well as stimulating rapid growth in the economy. The Federal
Ministry of Power has been compelled to rethink its strategy for bolstering
power generation in Nigeria.
The Federal Government recognizes solar as one of the most feasible options for
improving access to electricity for the people and thus encouraging private
sector investments in setting up and operating grid-connected solar power plants
that will contribute to significantly improving energy availability across various
local regions in the country and reduce dependence on the supply from natural
gas-based power plants which are concentrated only in a specific region of the
country. The principal barrier to the widespread adoption of PV has been the
high capital cost. With PV prices on a downward trend, the timing is appropriate
to encourage large-scale implementation of the grid and off-grid solar PV
installations as a strategy to address the acute power shortage in the country.
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1.1 Project Background
Northern Nigeria Renewable Company is a project development and investment

company with several years’ experience in the power sector. Presently, they are
leveraging on the Federal Government of Nigeria’s initiative of encouraging
investors to explore opportunities in Solar PV development.
Following the Renewable electricity policy guidelines provided by the Federal

Government through the Ministry of Power, NNREC intends to develop a Solar PV
power plant in Jigawa State. The Solar PV power plant shall be located in Kalgo
LGA, Kebbi State, Nigeria. The Solar PV power plant is proposed to have a
capacity of 100 MWp. The power plant shall be connected via 132kV double
circuit transmission lines to the grid.
To this end, Skipper Nig Ltd, the EPC, and Luq-Ruq Consulting Engineers were
commissioned by Nigerian Northern Renewable Company Limited to conduct
power system studies related to the grid connection of the proposed Solar PV
power plant and to specifically investigate the critical network upgrades needed
for power evacuation, if any. From the site visit and data analysis, the following
connection option was determined:
• 132kV double circuit bear conductor from the proposed Solar Power Plant
to the existing Birnin Kebbi 330/132/33kV Substation in Katsina state
which is approximately 20km.
1.2 Aim & Objectives of the Study
The study aims to identify among others, the impact and performance of the
100MWp NNREC Solar power plant with respect to the rest of the power plant on
the grid as well as to determine the ability of the grid to evacuate the power from
the plant. Also, the study identified possible limitation(s) on the transmission
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system and proposed necessary reinforcement required in association with the
interconnection of the 100MWp Solar power plant to the transmission grid.
The objectives of the study are as follows:
• Assess the impact of the proposed 100MWp NNREC solar power plant at
Kalgo, Kebbi State on the TCN transmission network
• Identify grid constraints and reinforcement required to evacuate the

proposed 100MWp NNREC Solar power generation.
• Assess the transmission network development in the area
• Determine the transient stability in the event of the sudden loss of

generation, large loads, and transmission facilities.
The study objective was achieved using the TCN 2021 7GW network model on
Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E) software version 33.12.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LOCATION STUDY
2.1 Solar PV site
The site for the PV solar power plant is in Kalgo, Kebbi State, Nigeria. The land
area is covering over 242.4 hectares of land, the climate is humid with an average
temperature of 29.0°C while the average precipitation here averages 430 mm.
The coordinates of the site for the proposed Power Plant in Kebbi State are on
latitude 12029’52’’N and longitude 4002’51’’E.
Figure 1: Climate Data
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From Figure 2.1, the climate data for the location of the Solar PV power plant is
shown. The driest month is January with 0 mm precipitation while in August, the
precipitation is at its peak with an average value of 175 mm.
Figure 2: Average Temperature
The temperatures are highest on average in April, at around 33.4 °C | 92.1 °F.
January is the coldest month, with temperatures averaging 24.9°C | 76.9°F.
2.2 Criteria for Site Selection
The following criteria were used in the selection of the site for the proposed
plant:
• Suitability for mounting solar panels.
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• Accessibility to the existing highway
• Proximity to existing TCN facility for power evacuation
• Minimal environmental impact
Figure 3: Site for the proposed NNREC solar PV in Kebbi State
2.3 The proximity of Solar PV Plant to the Grid
The location of the proposed solar PV power plant is about 20km to Birnin Kebbi
330/132/33kV substation. Figure 2.4 shows the google map imagery of the
power plant location to TCN facilities.
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Figure 4: Geographical Map showing the distance of the Solar PV Plant Site to
Birnin Kebbi Substation.
Figure 5:Approximate Distance of NNREC solar site to Birnin Kebbi Substation
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CHAPTER THREE
3.0 STUDY DATA
3.1 Power System Model
The simulation of the NNREC was achieved using TCN Existing 7.3GW
transmission network model using Power System Simulator for Engineering
(PSSE) version 33.12 software. The power system model used for the study
includes the complete TCN 330kV and 132 kV transmission network.
3.2 Existing TCN Network

The transmission system in Nigeria is operated by TCN which comprises 330 kV
and 132 kV transmission lines and substations. The thermal generation is located
in the south of the country, generally near to the sources of gas, while the hydro
generation is located North at Jebba, Kainji, and Shiroro while most of the
proposed solar plants are located in the Northern part of the country.
Distribution was split into 11 zones and the distribution networks comprises 33
kV, 11 kV, and LV circuits. System nominal frequency is 50 Hz.Figure 3.1 shows
the existing transmission grid map.
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Figure 6: Grid Map Showing the Existing Transmission Network
3.3 Transmission System Planning Criteria
3.3.1 Thermal Rating of Transmission Line
The existing TCN 330 kV transmission lines use twin Bison ACSR (Aluminum
Conductor Steel Reinforced) while the 132kV transmission system uses bear,
wolf, and hyena overhead lines.
• Bison is a 350 mm2 conductor with a continuous current rating at ambient

conditions of about 680Amps per conductor, which equates to a
continuous maximum thermal limit for each circuit of 777 MVA for twin
conductors.
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• Bear is a 250 mm2 conductor, has a continuous current rating at ambient
conditions of about 535Amps per conductor, which equates to a
continuous maximum thermal limit for each circuit of 125.7MVA.
• Wolf has a cross-sectional area of 150 mm2 conductor, has a continuous

current rating at ambient conditions of about 335Amps per conductor,
which equates to a continuous maximum thermal limit for each circuit of
90MVA.
• Hyena has a cross-sectional area of 100 mm2 conductor, has a continuous

current rating at site conditions of about 287A per conductor, which
equates to a continuous maximum thermal limit for each circuit of
65.6MVA.
3.3.2 Security of Supply
The ability of the transmission network to securely meet demand is largely

dictated by the level of redundancy embedded in its design. N-1 criterion is
usually found to provide acceptable reliability in the system. N-1 means that the
system can continue to supply the load if any one component of the network
suddenly becomes unavailable this is also applied to the generation connection.
3.3.3 Voltage Stability
The voltage at the 330 kV and 132 kV bus bars should be within the acceptable
voltage limits. After a circuit outage, it should be possible for the generator
voltage regulator or transformer tap changer action to restore the bus bar
voltages to within limits. Shunt reactors are used to maintain system voltages
within limits during light load conditions. However, during light load conditions,
it may also be necessary to switch out unused circuits to maintain these voltage
limits. Table 1 shows the voltage limits as stipulated in the Grid Code.
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Table 1: Grid Code Voltage Limits
Normal Operation Contingency Operation

VOLTAGE
LEVEL (kV) Min Volt kV Max Volt kV Min Volt Max Volt
(pu) (pu) (pu) (pu)
330 280.5 (0.85) 346.5 (1.05) 0.80 1.10
132 112.2 (0.85) 145.2 (1.10) 0.80 1.15
66 62.04 (0.94) 69.96 (1.06) 0.89 1.11
33 31.02 (0.94) 34.98 (1.06) 0.89 1.11
11 10.45 (0.95) 11.55 (1.05) 0.90 1.10
3.4 Generation Assumptions

The generation power plants used for the study are shown in Table 2. The total
generation capacity of 8,139.6 MW and 8,239.2 MW was used for the base case
and study scenarios respectively. This includes the existing power plants and
proposed solar PV power plants.
Table 2: Generation Profile for the Study

Base Case Generation Case Study Generation
S/N Power Plant
(MW) (MW)
1 Egbin 663.3 663.3
2 Paras 51.4 51.4
3 Olorunsogo Gas 119.6 119.6
4 Olorunsogo NIPP 449.6 449.6
5 Kainji 639.7 639.7
6 Jebba 544.8 544.8
7 Shiroro 507.5 507.5
8 KVK 100.0 100.0
9 Delta 564.4 564.4
10 Sapele Gas 126.2 126.2
11 Sapele Steam 226.2 226.2
12 Omotosho Gas 98.9 98.9
13 Omotosho NIPP 120.1 120.1
14 Ihovbor 300.1 300.1
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15 Azura 374.7 374.7
17 Dadinkowa 36.0 36.0
18 Okpai 420.0 420.0
19 Afam IPP 50.0 50.0
20 Afam VI 241.8 241.8
21 Omoku 50.0 50.0
22 Ibom 91.8 91.8
23 Rivers 40.0 40.0
24 Alaoji 437.8 437.8
25 Calabar 431.2 431.2
26 Gbarain 92.3 92.3
27 Geregu 172.3 172.3
28 Geregu NIPP 389.5 389.5
29 Ganmo NNREC Solar 100.0 100.0
30 Lokoja NNREC Solar 100.0 100.0
31 Minna NNREC Solar 100.0 100.0
32 Kaduna NNREC Solar 100.0 100.0
33 Kano NNREC Solar 100.0 100.0
34 Daura NNREC Solar 100.0 100.0
35 Sokoto NNREC Solar 100.0 100.0
36 Jalingo NNREC Solar 100.0 100.0
37 B/Kebbi NNREC Solar ----- 100.0
Total 8139.6 8239.2
3.5 Load Schedule

The load schedule for the different TCN regions as represented in the base case
scenario is presented in Table 3. A total load of 7,780.359MW was assumed for
the base case study while a load of 7,866.1146MW was used for the study case.
Table 3: Load schedule for the different regions

Base Case Load
S/N TCN Region Case Study Load (MW)
(MW)
1 Lagos 2269.5989 2287.1658
2 Osogbo 704.6639 711.4282
3 Shiroro 525.9429 565.9152
4 Benin 683.6891 683.6891
5 Kaduna 929.5912 929.5912
6 Bauchi 432.0649 432.0649
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7 Enugu 750.6508 757.8566
8 Port-Harcourt 758.3062 765.5851
9 Abuja 725.8511 732.8185
TOTAL 7780.359 7866.1146
3.6 Proposed Connection Option
Based on the site visitation, one optimal connection option was considered and
analyzed in this report:
• Connection of the proposed 100 MWp Solar Plant to the 132kV bus at
Birnin Kebbi 330/132/33kV substation using a 132kV double circuit
conductor covering an approximate distance of 20km.
For the analysis, a line with the following parameters was assumed:
• Conductor Type: Bear ACSR Conductor

• Current Carrying Capacity: 535 Amps
• Cross-sectional Area: 250mm2
For the substation, the following parameters were assumed:
2x60MVA Transformers to accommodate each of the 5x20 MW generators used

in the study.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 LOAD FLOW STUDY
Load flow analysis was carried out to determine the grid connection and circuit
reinforcement requirements to allow evacuation of power from the proposed
100MW Solar PV power plant in Kebbi State. This was demonstrated by modeling
and simulation of the complete TCN 330/132kV network using Power System
Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E). A base case generation of 8,139.6 MW and a
load of 7,780.359 MW were used. The day-peak model was used for this analysis
with the assumption that during the day, PV plants generated at maximum
capacity. At night when the solar PV power plants are not generating, other
generators ramp up their production to meet the evening peak. This generation
and load comprised of existing and planned projects.
Although the complete TCN 330kV and 132kV system is included in the model,
the results only focused on areas close to the Solar PV power plant. This is the
part of the network that could be significantly affected by the proposed solar PV
power plant.
The load flow analysis considered the following scenarios:
• The Base Case Scenario: The existing network condition
• Study Case Scenario One: Connection of NNREC to Birnin Kebbi

330/132/33kV Substation
4.1 Base Case Connection
The load flow study was conducted for the existing network condition. This is
necessary to determine the voltage branch loading before the connection of the
proposed solar PV power plant.
The base case diagram of the subsystem load flow showing bus voltages and
branch loading is shown in Figure 7. The results for the bus voltages and
branches are summarized in Table 4 and Table 5 respectively.
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Figure 7: Base Case Load Flow Diagram (see appendix 1)
The base-case load diagram for the existing network around Birnin Kebbi
substation and environs is given in Figure 7. The results of the bus voltage
magnitude and branch loading are given in Table 4 and Table 5.
Table 4 : Base Case Line Loading

PowerFlow Loading
S/N Branch Name Remarks
(MW) (%)
1 Kainji - Birnin Kebbi 330 kV 109.7 16 Acceptable
B/Kebbi 330 – B/Kebbi 19T1
2 74.0 91 Acceptable
Transformer
Transf
Transf
5 B/Kebbi – KVK 132 kV 74.0 50 Acceptable
6 KVK – Sokoto 132 kV 113.3 75 Acceptable
7 B/Kebbi – Dosso 132 kV 90.2 76 Acceptable
8 Dosso– Niamey 132 kV 47.7 41 Acceptable
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Table 5: Base Case Voltage Profile
S/N Bus Name Voltage (pu) Voltage (kV) Remarks
1 Birnin Kebbi 330 kV 1.03 339.9 Acceptable
2 Kainji 330 kV 1.04 344.9 Acceptable
3 Birnin Kebbi 19T1 132 kV 0.98 129.9 Acceptable
6 Sokoto 132 kV 0.92 121.9 Acceptable
7 KVK 132 kV 0.99 131.0 Acceptable
8 Dosso 132 kV 0.99 131.9 Acceptable
9 Niamey 132 kV 0.98 130.5 Acceptable
4.1.1 Observation for the Base Case Scenario
The load flow results in Table 4 and Table 5 show that without the addition of the
100MWp Solar PV power plant, the power supply from Kainji 330 kV is about
109.7 MW. This is due to the connection of KVK AND NNREC solar power plants
in Sokoto State. In the case where the generation is lost from the solar power
plants, increased generation will be observed from Kainji. Therefore under this
scenario, all the 132 kV branches are loaded less than 100 % and transformers
around the project location were within limits. Furthermore, the voltage profiles
were within acceptable limits as stipulated in the Grid Code.
4.2 Connection to Birnin Kebbi 330/132/33kV Substation
Birnin Kebbi 330/132/33 kV Substation is supplied via a 310 km single circuit

330 kV line from Kainji 330 kV substation. The substation further steps down
and supplies Sokoto 132/33 kV, and Dosso 132/33 kV substation (Niger
Republic).
Table 6: Capacity of Birnin Kebbi 330/132/33 kV Substation

Average Peak
Voltage
S/N Transformer Load Load Area of Supply
(kV)
(MW) (MW)
Supplies
1 19T1, 90 MVA 330/132 40.0 72.0
Sokto&TalataMafara
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2 19T2, 90 MVA 330/132 50.0 70.0 Supplies Kebbi State
Supplies Niger
3 19T3, 150 MVA 330/132 90.0 120.0
Republic
4 19T7, 30 MVA 132/33 13.0 24.0
Connected to 19T2,
5 19T8, 60 MVA 132/33 25.0 36.0 90 MVA and supplies
B/Kebbi & environs
6 19T9, 60 MVA 132/33 14.0 20.0
From Table 6, the transformer 19T2, 90 MVA 330/132 kV is connected to 19T7

30 MVA, 19T8 60 MVA, and 19T9 60 MVA, 132/33 kV transformers. These
transformers are responsible for supplying power to Birnin Kebbi and environs.
The average and peak consumption of Birnin Kebbi and environs is about 50.0
MW and 70.0 MW respectively.
Figure 8: Birnin Kebbi 330/132/33 kV Substation
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The snapshot showing Birnin Kebbi 330/132/33 kV substation is shown in
Figure 8. The substation is made up of 3 No. 330/132/33 kV and 3 . No 132/33
kV transformers.
The following additional pieces of information are also important;
i. There is no spare 132 kV bay but there is space for the creation of a
new bay
ii. There is SCADA but it is not functional
iii. The substation is installed with a 75 MVAR reactor that is connected to
the 330 kV bus.
iv. During the off-peak load condition, the voltage attains a value of 350 kV
while during peak load condition, the voltage attains a value of 310 kV.
v. The reactor and tap changers are used as major tools for voltage
control.
4.3 Study Case Scenario
Under this connection option, the power generated from the NNREC 100MWp
Solar power plant was evacuated using a double circuit 132kV ACSR bear
conductor to the Birnin-Kebbi 132kV bus at an approximate distance of 20 km. It
was assumed that NNREC 100MWp solar plant in Yabo, Sokoto state was also in
service and evacuating full load.The load flow result for this option is shown
below in Figure 4.3.
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Figure 9: Study Case Scenario Load flow Diagram (see appendix 2)
Table 7: Study Case Branch Loading

PowerFlow Loading
S/N Branch Name Remarks
(MW) (%)
1 Kainji - Birnin Kebbi 330 kV 53.6 11 Acceptable
Transformer
Transformer
Transformer
5 B/Kebbi – KVK 132 kV 70.6 48 Acceptable
6 KVK – Sokoto 132 kV 116.6 78 Acceptable
7 B/Kebbi – Dosso 132 kV 90.2 76 Acceptable
8 Dosso– Niamey 132 kV 47.8 41 Acceptable
B/Kebbi NNREC – B/kebbi
19T2 double circuit 132 kV
Page 24 of 41
Table 8: Study Case Voltage Profile
Voltage
S/N Bus Name Voltage (kV) Remarks
(pu)
1 Birnin Kebbi 330 kV 1.03 341.0 Acceptable
2 Kainji 330 kV 1.04 344.4 Acceptable
6 Sokoto 132 kV 0.92 121.4 Acceptable
7 KVK 132 kV 0.99 131.0 Acceptable
8 Dosso 132 kV 1.01 133.2 Acceptable
9 Niamey 132 kV 1.00 132.1 Acceptable
10 BKebbi NNREC 132 kV 1.00 132.1 Acceptable
The result of the voltage magnitude for the study case scenario I is shown in
Table 8. The voltages for the 330 kV are within the limits of 0.85 pu – 1.05 pu
while that of the 132 kV are within 0.85 pu – 1.10 pu as stated in the Grid Code.
4.3.1 Observations for Study Case Scenario
The study case scenario result for the loading of the branches in Birnin Kebbi and
environs is shown in Table 7. With the connection of the 100 MW solar PV
generation from NNREC, the power supply from Kainji 330 kV reduced from
109.7 MW in the base case to 53.6 MW. Also, loading of the 90 MVA 19T2
transformer reduced from 95 % in the base case to 42% in this study case. In
summary, the connection of the generation in Birnin Kebbi supplied the load in
the state and environs while the excess was exported to the national grid.
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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY
All generating plants contribute to the current that flows in the event of a short
circuit fault on the power system. Generating plants close to the fault location
will have the greatest contribution while those remote to the fault location will
have a limited contribution to the magnitude of the total fault current. The short
circuit current must be interrupted by one or more circuit breakers, which must
have sufficient fault current interruption capability to interrupt the total
prospective fault current at the point on the system at which they are located. As
the level of power generation increases on a system due to increased demand, so
will the fault current levels. The short circuit levels were compared with
switchgear ratings in the Shiroro region close to the proposed NNREC Solar
power plant to determine whether switchgear replacement or upgrading is likely
to be required.
In this study, a three-phase short circuit analysis based on IEC 60909 was
undertaken to determine the short circuit levels for the base case and connection
scenarios for the proposed 100MWp solar power plant. The maximum three-
phase short circuit level is shown in Table 9.
Table 9: Maximum Three-Phase Short Circuit Levels
S/N Bus Name Base Case (kA) Study Case (kA)

1 Kebbi 330 kV 2.1867 2.4603
2 Kainji 330 kV 11.6466 11.8056
3 Birnin Kebbi 19T1 132 kV 3.0731 3.1896
4 Birnin Kebbi 19T2 132 kV 2.3103 3.2283
5 Birnin Kebbi 19T3 132 kV 3.0427 3.2235
6 KVK 132 kV 2.8366 2.8727
7 Sokoto 132 kV 2.0201 2.0334
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8 Dosso 132 kV 1.2605 1.2813
9 Niamey 132 kV 0.7818 0.7874
10 B/Kebbi NNREC 132 kV ------- 3.0063
The three-phase short circuit result showing the maximum fault current values is
given in Table 9. The fault current results can be safely interrupted by the
existing circuit breakers. Also, a circuit breaker rated at least 31.5 kA is
recommended for installation. The minimum three-phase short circuit level is
shown in Table 10.
Table 10: Minimum Three-Phase Short Circuit Levels
S/N Bus Name Base Case (kA) Study Case (kA)

1 Kebbi 330 kV 1.9999 2.2547
2 Kainji 330 kV 10.9090 11.0563
3 Birnin Kebbi 19T1 132 kV 2.7947 2.8990
4 Birnin Kebbi 19T2 132 kV 2.0751 2.9453
5 Birnin Kebbi 19T3 132 kV 2.7436 2.9065
6 KVK 132 kV 2.6411 2.6739
7 Sokoto 132 kV 1.8600 1.8719
8 Dosso 132 kV 1.1430 1.1619
9 Niamey 132 kV 0.7097 0.7149
10 B/Kebbi NNREC 132 kV ------- 2.7514
The three-phase short circuit result showing the minimum fault current is given
in Table 10. The fault current results can be used for the protective devices.
Page 27 of 41
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS
Transient stability is defined as the ability of the power system to return to

synchronism after a large disturbance. Large disturbances occur in the system
due to the sudden load loss or changes, loss of generation, and transmission line
faults such as sudden trip of a critical element. The objective of a transient
stability study is to determine whether or not machines will return to
synchronism following a disturbance
A bus fault was applied at the Jigawa NNREC generator unit 1 bus for a short-
circuit duration of up to 120ms. Following the recovery of the system, the
following parameters were generated graphically;
• Frequency
• Bus Voltage
• Electrical Power
• Terminal Voltage
Frequency Stability
Frequency stability is the ability of the power system to main system frequency
within the specified operating limits after an event. The dynamic plot for the
frequency is shown in Figure 10.
Page 28 of 41
Figure 10: Dynamic Plot for Frequency
The dynamic plot in Figure 10 represents the system frequency. The result shows
that the frequency was restored to its acceptable values after the disturbance.
Voltage Stability
Voltage stability refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady

voltages at all buses in the system after being subjected to a disturbance from a
given initial operating condition. The dynamic plot for the bus voltage magnitude
is shown in Figure 11.
Page 29 of 41
Figure 11: Dynamic Plot for Bus Voltage Magnitude
Electrical Power
The result in Figure 12 shows the dynamic plot of the electrical power. The loss
of NNREC generator unit 1 brought the power generation to zero. However, since
it was a transient fault, there was a quick recovery of the NNREC generator and
other generators close to the fault location. The dynamic plot for the electrical
power is shown in Figure 12.
Page 30 of 41
Figure 12: Dynamic Plot for Electrical Power
Terminal Voltage
The terminal voltages of generators at the fault location and those around it are
represented in Figure 13. The terminal voltage of the other generators remained
within acceptable limits. However, after the fault was cleared, the system
regained synchronism. The dynamic plot for terminal voltage is given in Figure
13.
Page 31 of 41
Figure 13: Dynamic Plot for Terminal Voltage
Page 32 of 41
CHAPTER EIGHT
8.0 COST-ESTIMATE ANALYSIS
An indicative cost estimate related to the proposed option was estimated as

follow:
• Cost of constructing the 20 km 132kV transmission line from 100MWp

NNREC PV Solar plant at Kalgo to Birnin Kebbi 330/132/33kV substation.
The cost of right of way, compensation, labour, transportation, VAT, and other
costs was not included in this cost-estimate analysis.
8.1 Cost Estimate for the Case Study Connections
The cost per kilometer for a double circuit 132kV transmission line is estimated
to be $260,000.00 per km (Fitchner Masterplan 2017 Report)
Table 11: Cost-Estimate Analysis for the construction of 132 kV DC Transmission

line
S/N Description Distance (km) Cost ($)

Double Circuit (DC) 132kV
transmission line from NNREC 100
1 20 5,200,000.00
MWp Solar power plant to
B/Kebbi330/132/33kV substation
Table 12: Cost-Estimate Analysis for the construction of 2x60MVA Substation at

NNREC and 2x132kV Line bays Extension at B/kebbi Substation.
S/N Description Cost ($)
Construction of 2x60MVA, 132/33kV
Substation at NNREC and 2x132kV
Line bay Extension at B/Kebbi
1 14,327,369.85
Substation
Page 33 of 41
Using an exchange rate of $1 = N 410, the total cost for the two options is given
below:
• Cost for connecting NNREC PV Solar power plant to B/Kebbi 330/132/33

kV Substation = N2,132,000,000
• Cost for Construction of 2x60MVA Substation at NNREC and 2x132kV line
Bay extension at B/Kebbi 330/132/33 kV Substation = N5,874,221,638.5
Total Cost = N8,006,221,638.5.
Page 34 of 41
CHAPTER NINE
9.0 CONCLUSION
The power evacuation study was carried out for the proposed connection of the
100MWp NNREC Solar PV Power plant to the grid. The study considered one
optimal connection option:
• Connection of 100MWp NNREC Solar PV power Plant to 132kV bus at

B/Kebbi 330/132/33kV Substation
The result of the load flow study reveals the following;
• Due to the proximity of the proposed NNREC Solar PV power plant to the
substation, it is technically feasible to connect the power plant directly to
the Birnin Kebbi 330/132/33 kVsubstation.
• A 132kV double circuit bear conductor should be used for the evacuation
of the proposed 100MWp Solar PV power plant to meet N-1 security
criteria.
The short-circuit study shows that;
• No upgrade of the breaker is required as all the short circuit fault currents
did not exceed the existing breaker ratings. Furthermore, a circuit breaker
of 31.5kA is recommended for the B/Kebbi NNREC 132kV bus. This is
sufficient to interrupt any fault currents that may arise.
Transient stability analysis was conducted and the graphs show the performance
of the grid generators in the event of a major fault on the proposed NNREC Solar
PV power plant bus. In general, the grid machines regained synchronism after
major disturbances on the grid.
The cost estimate for the connection of NNREC Solar PV power to Birnin Kebbi
330/132/33kV substation is N8,006,221,638.5.
Page 35 of 41
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Base Case Load Flow Analysis Diagram
Appendix 2 Study Case Load Flow Analysis Diagram
Appendix 3 Base Case Single Contingency Element Result
Appendix 4 Study Case Single Contingency Element Result
Page 36 of 41
APPENDIX 1
Page 37 of 41
32041
KVKPOWERPV
33002 32042
BKEBBI 3 SOKOTO_NNREC
33005 -49.6 50.0
KAINJI G.S.3
2.0 40% I -1.0
-49.6 50.0
2.0 40% I -1.0
110.9 16% I -109.7

-55.2 -60.9 32003 1.0
BKEBBI 19T1 131.9
36020
1.0 BKB5 36031
344.9 KVKPOWER_GT1
0
-0. -100.0 100.0
1
1.0 32016
N/A 0.0 -2.2 12.4I
84% 100.0 SOKOTO 1
14.0 1
12.4R
84% I
-74.0 78.8
* -73.9 31.2 50% I -19.4
1
40.1 91% I 91% I * 74.0 1.0
32018
1
35044 BKEBBI 19T2 -31.2 15.0
1
BKEBBI 19T7 120.5 75% I -113.3
-24.4 83% I 24.4 17.7 0.3
24.4 -3.1 5.3
1
1
3.1
1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9
32.7 1 129.9 131.0 121.9
35051
BKEBBI 19T8
-40.568% I 40.5
40.5 -1.9 4.7
1
1 32019
1
1.9 * -84.9
DOSSO
1
1.0 -12.1 95% I 95% I

* 85.0
33.0
1
21.8 32031
35024
B/KEBBI 19T3 0.0
BKB0 32021
1
N/A
-22.6 NIAMEY 1
-0.0
-0.0
35052 36021 1.0

N/A-0.0
-0.0
BKEBBI 19T9 BKB6 34.0
-20.0 33% I 20.0
1.0
20.0 -1.6 2.2 47.8
1
1 14.1 98.5 -90.2 1

1.6 7.1
-8.3 76% I 27.9
* 98.6 50.2 -47.7
1
1.0
33.1 -1.0 64% I 85% I * -98.5 -11.3 41% I 12.4
1
8.3
1
1.0
132.9
40.0
1.0 1 0.0
136.2 6.0 1
1.0 -19.5
339.9
1.0
131.9 1.0
130.5
1
APPENDIX 2
Page 38 of 41
32041
KVKPOWERPV 32042
SOKOTO_NNREC
33002
33005 BKEBBI 3 -49.6 50.0
KAINJI G.S.3
1.9 40% I -0.9
-49.6 50.0
1.9 40% I -0.9
53.9 11% I -53.6 1.0

-57.8 -66.6 131.9
36020 32003
BKB5 BKEBBI 19T1
1.0 36031
344.4 1.0
-0.0
-0.0
N/A
14.1 -100.0 100.0 KVKPOWER_GT1
1
32016
-2.4 12.6I
84% 100.0 SOKOTO 1
32018 1
-70.6 75.0 12.6R
84% I
BKEBBI 19T2
* -70.5 31.3 48% I -20.6
1
39.5 87% I 87% I * 70.6 1.0
1
35044 -31.3 15.0
1
BKEBBI 19T7 124.3 78% I -116.6
24.4 -24.4 84% I 24.4 19.2 0.0
1
3.1 -3.1 5.2
1
1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9
32.3 130.3 131.0 121.4
1
35051
BKEBBI 19T8
50.5 -50.5 86% I 50.5

1
4.9 -4.9 9.3
1
32019
1
* -25.6 DOSSO
1.0
1
-28.1 42% I 42% I * 25.6
32.4
35053 32031
1
30.1 35024
BKB NNREC 33 B/KEBBI 19T3 0.0
BKB0 32021
3704 1
35052 -23.0 NIAMEY 1
BKB_NNREC G1
-0.0N/A
BKEBBI 19T9 1.0
0.0
N/A-0.0
20.0 67% I
20.0 -20.0 34.1
-0.0
1 36021
-0.5R -0.5 0.9 50.0 -50.085% I 50.0 BKB6
1
50% I 1
4.9 -4.9 8.9 47.8
1
1.0 32038 98.4 -90.2 1

0.4 1.0 6.9
BKEBBI NNREC 14.1 -10.2 76% I 29.5
1.0 * 98.5 50.2 -47.8
1
32.5 -2.9 85% I * -98.4 -12.3 13.1
3705 64% I 41% I
1
BKB_NNREC G2 10.2
1
20.0 67% I
20.0 -20.0
1
-0.5R -0.5 0.9
1
50% I
50.0 83% I -50.0 40.0
50.0 40% I -49.6 1.0 1 0.0
1.0 -2.2 2.2 5.9 1
1
-2.2 2.3 136.8 -20.0

0.4
1.0
3706 341.0
BKB_NNREC G3 1.0
50.0 40% I -49.6 133.2 1.0
20.0 67% I
20.0 -20.0 -2.2 2.3 132.1
1
-0.5R -0.5 0.9 50.0 83% I -50.0
1
50% I
-2.2 2.2
1
1.0
0.4 1.0
131.3
3707
BKB_NNREC G4
20.0 67% I
20.0 -20.0
1
-0.5R -0.5 0.9 1.0
1
50% I
132.1
1.0
0.4
3708
BKB_NNREC G5
20.0 67% I
20.0 -20.0
1
-0.5R -0.5 0.9
1
50% I
1.0
0.4
1.0
33.0
1
Page 41 of 41
APPENDIX 3
Page 39 of 41
APPENDIX 3: Base Case Single Contingency Element Result
Maximum Solution
Bus System Termination
Label Converged Mismatch Mismatch State
MET CONVERGENCE
BASE CASE 1 0.05 1.12 TOLERANCE
MET CONVERGENCE
SINGLE 5700-55092(1) 1 0 0.03 TOLERANCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
SINGLE 5800-55094(1) 1 0.26 4.42 TOLERANCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
SINGLE 52001-53001- MET CONVERGENCE
55019(1) 1 0.47 8.37 TOLERANCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
55018(1) 1 0.38 7.63 TOLERANCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
ITERATION LIMIT
SINGLE 52012-52017(2) 0 12.95 140.11 EXCEEDED
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
ITERATION LIMIT
SINGLE 52015-52016(1) 0 7.5 66.52 EXCEEDED
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
55013(1) 1 0.04 0.51 TOLERANCE
55014(1) 1 0.22 4.35 TOLERANCE
55071(2) 1 0.45 12.5 TOLERANCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
55017(1) 1 0.13 3.86 TOLERANCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
55083(1) 1 0.12 2.79 TOLERANCE
MET CONVERGENCE
55015(1) 1 0.36 7.35 TOLERANCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
55016(1) 1 0.03 0.59 TOLERANCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
SINGLE 53000-53001(1) 0 1748.12 9534.67 BLOWN UP
APPENDIX 4
Page 40 of 41
APPENDIX 4: Study Case Single Contingency Element Result
Maximum
Bus System Solution Termination
Label Converged Mismatch Mismatch State
MET CONVERGENCE
BASE CASE 1 0.02 0.47 TOLERANCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
MET CONVERGENCE
SINGLE 101- MET CONVERGENCE
32042(1) 1 0.14 1.86 TOLERANCE
32042(2) 1 0.14 1.86 TOLERANCE
35005(1) 1 0.32 5.17 TOLERANCE
33003-36019(1) 1 0.31 5.05 TOLERANCE
32014(1) 1 0.41 7.54 TOLERANCE
32015(1) 1 0.27 3.5 TOLERANCE
32015(2) 1 0.27 3.5 TOLERANCE
35013(1) 1 0.28 5.88 TOLERANCE
1 0.41 4.65
33020-36017(1) TOLERANCE
33020-36016(2) 1 0.41 4.65 TOLERANCE
32019(1) 1 0.41 7.46 TOLERANCE
35044(1) 1 0.28 5 TOLERANCE
33002-36020(1) 1 0.42 7.74 TOLERANCE
32015(1) 1 0.37 6.91 TOLERANCE
35003(2) 1 0.35 7.51 TOLERANCE
32014(1) 1 0.49 9.21 TOLERANCE
32022(1) 1 0.26 5.37 TOLERANCE
35029(1) 1 0.33 7.01 TOLERANCE
35015(1) 1 0.43 8.33 TOLERANCE
32037(1) 1 0.44 5.16 TOLERANCE
32037(2) 1 0.44 5.16 TOLERANCE
35012(1) 1 0.41 8.07 TOLERANCE
35017(2) 1 0.28 5.31 TOLERANCE
35048(1) 1 0.42 8.38 TOLERANCE
32041(3) 1 0.23 4.54 TOLERANCE
32042(1) 1 0.2 1.99 TOLERANCE
32042(2) 1 0.2 1.99 TOLERANCE
35014(1) 1 0.22 6.49 TOLERANCE
35025(2) 1 0.33 9.07 TOLERANCE
35050(3) 1 0.31 7.9 TOLERANCE
35051(2) 1 0.48 8.57 TOLERANCE
33002-36021(1) 1 0.44 7.86 TOLERANCE
32021(1) 1 0.3 5.52 TOLERANCE
35045(1) 1 0.43 11.32 TOLERANCE
32041(3) 1 0.41 4 TOLERANCE
35052(1) 1 0.39 7.06 TOLERANCE
33002-35024(1) 1 0.31 6.23 TOLERANCE
32036(1) 1 0.05 0.28 TOLERANCE
32036(2) 1 0.05 0.28 TOLERANCE
33021-35041(1) 1 0.32 5.61 TOLERANCE
35018(1) 1 0.37 6.22 TOLERANCE
1 0.31 5.31
35040(2) TOLERANCE
36031(1) 1 0 0.02 TOLERANCE
SINGLE 33002-
33005(1) 0 82.75 910.19 BLOWN UP
33004(1) 1 0.49 3.8 TOLERANCE
33004(2) 1 0.49 3.8 TOLERANCE
33005(1) 1 0.36 8.94 TOLERANCE
33005(2) 1 0.36 8.94 TOLERANCE
33020(1) 1 0.37 4.71 TOLERANCE
33020(2) 1 0.37 4.71 TOLERANCE
36006(1) 1 0 0.03 TOLERANCE
36007(1) 1 0 0.03 TOLERANCE
36008(1) 1 0 0.03 TOLERANCE
36009(1) 1 0 0.03 TOLERANCE
36010(1) 1 0 0.03 TOLERANCE
36011(1) 1 0 0.03 TOLERANCE
33021(1) 1 0.32 5.61 TOLERANCE
36000(1) 1 0 0.03 TOLERANCE

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Power Evacuation Report

for 100MWp NNREC PV

Northern Nigeria Renewable Energy Company Limited (NNREC) was setup by

Following the Renewable electricity policy guidelines provided by the Federal

• Connection of a 132kV double circuit bear conductor with an approximate

➢ Load Flow Analysis

➢ Short Circuit Analysis

➢ Transient Stability Analysis

Table 1: Grid Code Voltage Limits .............................................................................................. 16

Nigeria is an energy resource-rich country, endowed with an abundance of

As of July 2016, the total installed power generation capacity in Nigeria, a

Northern Nigeria Renewable Company is a project development and investment

Following the Renewable electricity policy guidelines provided by the Federal

1.2 Aim & Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are as follows:

• Identify grid constraints and reinforcement required to evacuate the

• Assess the transmission network development in the area

• Determine the transient stability in the event of the sudden loss of

2.0 LOCATION STUDY

2.1 Solar PV site

Figure 1: Climate Data

Figure 2: Average Temperature

2.2 Criteria for Site Selection

• Suitability for mounting solar panels.

Figure 3: Site for the proposed NNREC solar PV in Kebbi State

2.3 The proximity of Solar PV Plant to the Grid

Figure 5:Approximate Distance of NNREC solar site to Birnin Kebbi Substation

3.0 STUDY DATA

3.1 Power System Model

3.2 Existing TCN Network

3.3 Transmission System Planning Criteria

3.3.1 Thermal Rating of Transmission Line

• Bison is a 350 mm2 conductor with a continuous current rating at ambient

• Wolf has a cross-sectional area of 150 mm2 conductor, has a continuous

• Hyena has a cross-sectional area of 100 mm2 conductor, has a continuous

3.3.2 Security of Supply

The ability of the transmission network to securely meet demand is largely

3.3.3 Voltage Stability

Normal Operation Contingency Operation

132 112.2 (0.85) 145.2 (1.10) 0.80 1.15

66 62.04 (0.94) 69.96 (1.06) 0.89 1.11

33 31.02 (0.94) 34.98 (1.06) 0.89 1.11

11 10.45 (0.95) 11.55 (1.05) 0.90 1.10

3.4 Generation Assumptions

Table 2: Generation Profile for the Study

3.5 Load Schedule

Table 3: Load schedule for the different regions

3.6 Proposed Connection Option

• Conductor Type: Bear ACSR Conductor

For the substation, the following parameters were assumed:

2x60MVA Transformers to accommodate each of the 5x20 MW generators used

4.0 LOAD FLOW STUDY

The load flow analysis considered the following scenarios:

• The Base Case Scenario: The existing network condition

• Study Case Scenario One: Connection of NNREC to Birnin Kebbi

4.1 Base Case Connection

Table 4 : Base Case Line Loading

4.1.1 Observation for the Base Case Scenario