GRADE 12

Chapter (1)
Complex Numbers
Learning outcomes of Complex numbers:
• Understanding that complex numbers are an extension of real numbers and
understanding that complex numbers arise as solutions to equations of the x 2 +
a2 = 0.
• Understanding the definition of i, that is i2 = −1.
• Identifying the real and imaginary parts of a complex number.
• Evaluating sum, product and division of two complex numbers.
• Analyzing trigonometric form and polar form of a complex number.
• Applying trigonometric form to find product and division of two complex
numbers.
• Applying trigonometric form to find the nth roots of complex number.
 Grade 12
MATHEMATICS (သင်�ု ိ းသစ်)
CHAPTER 1
COMPLEX NUMBERS

1.1 Pure Imaginary Unit 𝒊𝒊

Since we have known that 𝑥𝑥 2 ≥ 0 for every real number
𝑥𝑥, the equation 𝑥𝑥 2 + 4 = 0 (or) 𝑥𝑥 2 = −4 has no real
solution.
But if there is a pure imaginary unit 𝑖𝑖 such that 𝑖𝑖 2 = −1
with acceptance of the usual operations on real numbers
and 𝑖𝑖 such as
(2𝑖𝑖)2 = 4𝑖𝑖 2 = 4 −1 = −4 and
(−2𝑖𝑖)2 = 4𝑖𝑖 2 = 4 −1 = −4 then 𝑥𝑥 2 = −4
has two solutions 2𝑖𝑖 and −2𝑖𝑖 .
If we try to solve 𝑥𝑥 2 = −𝑛𝑛 for 𝑛𝑛 > 0, like 𝑥𝑥 2 = −4, then 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖
and − 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 are solutions because
(± 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖)2 = 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 2 = 𝑛𝑛 −1 = −𝑛𝑛.
Example 1
Solve 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 5 = 0.
Solution:
Completing the square method
𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 5 = 0
𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 = −5
𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 12 = −5 + 12
(𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 = −4
(𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 = 4𝑖𝑖 2 (∵ 𝑖𝑖 2 = −1)
 𝑥𝑥 + 1 = ±2𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥 = −1 ± 2𝑖𝑖
Using formula
𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 5 = 0
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0
𝑎𝑎 = 1, 𝑏𝑏 = 2, 𝑐𝑐 = 5
−𝑏𝑏 ± 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥 =
2𝑎𝑎
−2 ± 4 − 4(1)(5)
=
2(1)
−2 ± −16
=
2
−2 ± 16𝑖𝑖 2
=
2
−2 ± 4𝑖𝑖
= = −1 ± 2𝑖𝑖
2
***ေမးခွန်းတွင် မည်သည့်တွက်နည်းြဖင့် တွက်ပါဟုမပါရှိပါက မိမိှစ်သက်ရာ ကမ်းကျင်ရာနည်းြဖင့် တွက်နိင်ပါသည်။

Example 2
Solve 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 = 0 and check your answer.

Solution:
𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 = 0
𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 = −3
𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 1 = −3 + 1
(𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 = −2
(𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 = 2𝑖𝑖 2
𝑥𝑥 + 1 = ± 2𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥 = −1 ± 2𝑖𝑖
Check:
𝑥𝑥 = −1 + 2𝑖𝑖,
𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 = (−1 + 2𝑖𝑖 )2 +2 −1 + 2𝑖𝑖 + 3
= 1 − 2 2𝑖𝑖 + 2𝑖𝑖 2 − 2 + 2 2𝑖𝑖 + 3
=1−2−2+3
=0
𝑥𝑥 = −1 − 2𝑖𝑖,
𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 = (−1 − 2𝑖𝑖 )2 +2 −1 − 2𝑖𝑖 + 3
= 1 + 2 2𝑖𝑖 + 2𝑖𝑖 2 − 2 − 2 2𝑖𝑖 + 3
=1−2−2+3
=0
 Exercises 1.1
1.Solve the following equations.
(a) 𝑥𝑥 2 −6𝑥𝑥 + 10 = 0 (b) −2𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 0
(c) 5𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 0 (d) 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑥 + 5 = 0

(b) −2𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 0

2𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 3 = 0
2𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 = −3
2 3
𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 = −
2
2 3
𝑥𝑥 −2𝑥𝑥 + 1 = − + 1
2
2= − 1
(𝑥𝑥 − 1)
2
2
𝑥𝑥 − 1 = ± 𝑖𝑖
2
2
𝑥𝑥 = 1 ± 𝑖𝑖
2
(c) 5𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0
𝑎𝑎 = 5, 𝑏𝑏 = −2, 𝑐𝑐 = 1
−𝑏𝑏 ± 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥 =
2𝑎𝑎
2 ± (−2)2 −4(5)(1)
=
2(5)
2 ± 4 − 20
=
10
2 ± −16
=
10
2 ± 16𝑖𝑖
=
10
2 ± 4𝑖𝑖 1 2
= = ± 𝑖𝑖
10 5 5
2. Solve the following equations and check your answers.
(a) 𝑥𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑥 + 4 = 0 (b) 𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 5 = 0

(a) 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 4 = 0
𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 = −4
𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 1 = −4 + 1
(𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 = −3
(𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 = 3𝑖𝑖 2
𝑥𝑥 − 1 = ± 3𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥 = 1 ± 3𝑖𝑖
For 𝑥𝑥 = 1 + 3𝑖𝑖,
2 2
𝑥𝑥 −2𝑥𝑥 + 4 = 1 + 3𝑖𝑖 − 2 1 + 3𝑖𝑖 +4
= 1 + 2 3𝑖𝑖 + 3𝑖𝑖 2 − 2 − 2 3𝑖𝑖+4
=1−3−2+4
=0

For 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 3𝑖𝑖,
2 −2𝑥𝑥 2
𝑥𝑥 + 4 = 1 − 3𝑖𝑖 − 2 1 − 3𝑖𝑖 +4
= 1 − 2 3𝑖𝑖 + 3𝑖𝑖 2 − 2 + 2 3𝑖𝑖+4
=1−3−2+4
=0
3. Find the value of 𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑛 for every positive integer 𝑛𝑛, where 𝑖𝑖 2 =
− 1, 𝑖𝑖 3 = 𝑖𝑖 2 𝑖𝑖, 𝑖𝑖 4 = 𝑖𝑖 2 𝑖𝑖 2 , etc.
Solution:
For 𝑛𝑛 = 1, 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖
For 𝑛𝑛 = 2, 𝑖𝑖 2 = −1
For 𝑛𝑛 = 3, 𝑖𝑖 3 = 𝑖𝑖 2 𝑖𝑖 = −1 𝑖𝑖 = −𝑖𝑖
For 𝑛𝑛 = 4, 𝑖𝑖 4 = 𝑖𝑖 2 𝑖𝑖 2 = −1 −1 =1
For 𝑛𝑛 = 5, 𝑖𝑖 5 = 𝑖𝑖 4 𝑖𝑖 = 1 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖
For 𝑛𝑛 = 6, 𝑖𝑖 6 = 𝑖𝑖 4 𝑖𝑖 2 = 1 −1 = −1, . . .
𝑖𝑖, for 𝑛𝑛 = 4k + 1
−1, for 𝑛𝑛 = 4k + 2
𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑛 =
−𝑖𝑖, for 𝑛𝑛 = 4k + 3
1, for 𝑛𝑛 = 4𝑘𝑘
Where 𝑘𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, . . .
1.2 Complex Number 𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚
A complex number is an ordered pair 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 of real
numbers with equality and operations sum and product of
two complex numbers (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ), 𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 are defined as
follows:
Let 𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 𝑖𝑖 = (𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ) and 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑦𝑦2 𝑖𝑖 = (𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 )
Equality 𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑧𝑧2 , if and only if 𝑥𝑥1 = 𝑥𝑥2 and 𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑦𝑦2 .

Sum 𝑧𝑧1 + 𝑧𝑧2 = (𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 𝑖𝑖) + (𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑦𝑦2 𝑖𝑖)

= 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑦2 𝑖𝑖
= 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑦2

Subtract 𝑧𝑧1 − 𝑧𝑧2 = (𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 𝑖𝑖) − (𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑦𝑦2 𝑖𝑖)

= 𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑦𝑦2 𝑖𝑖
= 𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑦𝑦2
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 = (𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 𝑖𝑖)(𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑦𝑦2 𝑖𝑖)
= 𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑖𝑖 + 𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1 𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2
= (𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 ) +(𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1 )𝑖𝑖
= (𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 , 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1 )

Then we have,
𝑥𝑥, 0 + 𝑦𝑦, 0 = (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦, 0) and 𝑥𝑥, 0 𝑦𝑦, 0 = (𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥, 0)

Real Numbers Complex Numbers

𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥, 0
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦, 0
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥, 0 + 𝑦𝑦, 0

𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥, 0 𝑦𝑦, 0

𝑖𝑖 = 0, 1 and

𝑖𝑖 2 = 0, 1 0, 1
= 0 − 1, 0 + 0
= −1, 0 = −1
And we have
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥, 0 + 𝑦𝑦, 0 (0, 1)
= (𝑥𝑥, 0) 0 − 0, 𝑦𝑦 + 0
= 𝑥𝑥, 0 + 0, 𝑦𝑦

𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦

Note that sum and product of complex numbers satisfy

commutative, associative and distributive properties.
Example 3.
Compute −2, 3 1, −2 + 1,1 0, 1 .

Solution:
−2, 3 1, −2 + 1,1 0, 1 = −2 + 3𝑖𝑖 1 − 2𝑖𝑖 + 1 + 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖
= −2 + 4𝑖𝑖 + 3𝑖𝑖 − 6𝑖𝑖 2 + 𝑖𝑖+𝑖𝑖 2
= −2 + 8𝑖𝑖 + 6 − 1
= 3 + 8𝑖𝑖
= (3, 8)
Exercises 1.2
1. Compute:
(a) 2, 0 3, 5 + 3, −2 0, 1
(b) 2, −5 −1, 0 + 1, 0 5, 1
(c) −3, −2 −2, −3 + −2, −3 −3, −2
(d) 1, 0 0, 1 + 0, 1 1, 0

(b) 2, −5 −1, 0 + 1, 0 5, 1
ပံုေသနည်းကို အသံးု ြပု၍ တွက်နည်း
𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥2 +𝑦𝑦2 𝑖𝑖) = 𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 , 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1
2, −5 −1, 0 + 1, 0 5, 1
= 2 −1 − (−5 0 , 2(0) + −5)(− 1 ) +
1(5 − 0 1 , 1(1) + 0 5 )
= −2 − 0, 0 + 5 + (5 − 0, 1 + 0)
= −2, 5 + (5, 1)
= (3, 6)
(c) −3, −2 −2, −3 + −2, −3 −3, −2
= 6 − 6, 9 + 4 + 6 − 6, 4 + 9
= 0, 13 + 0, 13
= 0, 26
2. Compute:
(a) 3 + 2𝑖𝑖 3 − 2𝑖𝑖 + −5 + 7𝑖𝑖 (−1 − 𝑖𝑖)
(b) −1 + 𝑖𝑖 1 − 𝑖𝑖 + 2 + 3𝑖𝑖
(c) 1 + 𝑖𝑖 1 − 𝑖𝑖 + −2 + 𝑖𝑖 (−2 + 𝑖𝑖)
(d) 3 + 2𝑖𝑖 + 7 − 𝑖𝑖 −3 + 3𝑖𝑖
Solution:
(a) 3 + 2𝑖𝑖 3 − 2𝑖𝑖 + −5 + 7𝑖𝑖 −1 − 𝑖𝑖
= 9 − 4𝑖𝑖 2 + 5 + 5𝑖𝑖 − 7𝑖𝑖 − 7𝑖𝑖 2
= 9 + 4 + 5 + 5𝑖𝑖 − 7𝑖𝑖 + 7
= 25 − 2𝑖𝑖
(d) 3 + 2𝑖𝑖 + 7 − 𝑖𝑖 −3 + 3𝑖𝑖
= 3 + 2𝑖𝑖 + −21 + 21𝑖𝑖 + 3𝑖𝑖 − 3𝑖𝑖 2
= 3 + 2𝑖𝑖 − 21 + 24𝑖𝑖 + 3
= −15 + 26𝑖𝑖

***အထက်ပါပံစ
ု ြံ ဖငေ
့် သာ်လည်းေကာင်း၊ပံေ
ု သနည်းကိတ
ု က
ို �
် ု ိကသ
် းုံ ၍ေသာ်လည်း
ေကာင်း၊calculator သံးု ၍ေသာ်လည်ေကာင်း ၊ �ကိုက်�စ
ှ သ
် က်ရာသံးု ၍ တွက�
် င
ိူ ်
ပါသည်။

1.3 Operations on Complex Numbers

Let us denote a complex number by z so that
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
The conjugate 𝑧𝑧̅ of a complex number z is defined by 𝑧𝑧̅ =
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥, −𝑦𝑦 . Then we have
𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧̅ = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑖𝑖 2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
Let 𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 𝑖𝑖 and 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑦𝑦2 𝑖𝑖.
𝑧𝑧
We will calculate 1 , 𝑧𝑧2 ≠ 0 , as follows:
𝑧𝑧2
 𝑧𝑧1 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑦𝑦2 𝑖𝑖
= ×
𝑧𝑧2 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑦𝑦2 𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑦𝑦2 𝑖𝑖

𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 −𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑖𝑖+𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1 𝑖𝑖+𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2

=
𝑥𝑥2 2 −𝑦𝑦2 2 𝑖𝑖 2

𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 +𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑖𝑖(𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1 −𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦2 )

=
𝑥𝑥2 2 +𝑦𝑦2 2

𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 +𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1 −𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦2

= + 𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥2 2 +𝑦𝑦2 2 𝑥𝑥2 2 +𝑦𝑦2 2

် �င်ြဖစ်ေစ ၊ေြမ�ာက်လ�င်ြဖစ်ေစ
***Complex Number ၂ခုေပါင်းလ�င်ြဖစ်ေစ၊ �ုတလ
Complex Number သာြပန်ရပါသည်။
Example 4
2+3𝑖𝑖
Calculate .
3+𝑖𝑖
Solution
2 + 3𝑖𝑖 2 + 3𝑖𝑖 3 − 𝑖𝑖
= ×
3 + 𝑖𝑖 3 + 𝑖𝑖 3 − 𝑖𝑖

6 − 2𝑖𝑖 + 9𝑖𝑖 − 3𝑖𝑖 2

=
9 − 𝑖𝑖 2
6 + 7𝑖𝑖 + 3
=
9+1
9 + 7𝑖𝑖
=
10
9 7
= + 𝑖𝑖
10 10
 Exercises 1.3

1. Let 𝑧𝑧1 = −2 + 3𝑖𝑖, 𝑧𝑧2 = 5 + 2𝑖𝑖. Compute:

(a) 𝑧𝑧1 − 2𝑧𝑧2 + 1 (b) 3𝑧𝑧2 2 + 2𝑧𝑧2 + 1 (c) 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧�2 + 𝑧𝑧2 𝑧𝑧�1

1 1 1
(d) (e) (f)
𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2

𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2

(g) (h) (i)
𝑧𝑧2 𝑧𝑧2 𝑧𝑧1

𝑧𝑧2 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 𝑧𝑧2 𝑧𝑧1

(j) ( ) (k) (l) +
𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2
1. (b) 3𝑧𝑧2 2 + 2𝑧𝑧2 − 1 = 3(5 + 2𝑖𝑖)2 + 2 5 + 2𝑖𝑖 − 1
= 3 25 + 20𝑖𝑖 + 4𝑖𝑖 2 + 10 + 4𝑖𝑖 − 1
= 3 25 + 20𝑖𝑖 − 4 + 9 + 4𝑖𝑖
= 63 + 60𝑖𝑖 + 9 + 4𝑖𝑖
= 72 + 64𝑖𝑖

Alternative Method
3𝑧𝑧2 2 + 2𝑧𝑧2 − 1 = (3𝑧𝑧2 − 1)(𝑧𝑧2 + 1)
= 3 5 + 2𝑖𝑖 − 1 5 + 2𝑖𝑖 + 1
= 15 + 6𝑖𝑖 − 1 6 + 2𝑖𝑖
= 14 + 6𝑖𝑖 6 + 2𝑖𝑖
= 84 + 28𝑖𝑖 + 56𝑖𝑖 + 12𝑖𝑖 2
= 84 + 64𝑖𝑖 − 12
= 72 + 64𝑖𝑖
(c) 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧�2 + 𝑧𝑧2 𝑧𝑧�1 = −2 + 3𝑖𝑖 5 + 2𝑖𝑖 + (5 + 2𝑖𝑖) −2 + 3𝑖𝑖
= −2 + 3𝑖𝑖 5 − 2𝑖𝑖 + (5 + 2𝑖𝑖) −2 − 3𝑖𝑖
= −10 + 4𝑖𝑖 + 15𝑖𝑖 − 6𝑖𝑖 2 − 10 − 15𝑖𝑖 − 4𝑖𝑖 − 6𝑖𝑖 2
= −10 + 6 − 10 + 6
= −8
1 1
(f) =
𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 (−2+3𝑖𝑖)(5+2𝑖𝑖)
1
=
−10−4𝑖𝑖+15𝑖𝑖+6𝑖𝑖 2
1
=
−10+11𝑖𝑖−6
1 −16−11𝑖𝑖
= ×
−16+11𝑖𝑖 −16−11𝑖𝑖
−16−11𝑖𝑖
=
256−121𝑖𝑖 2
−16−11𝑖𝑖
=
256+121
−16−11𝑖𝑖
=
377
−16 11
= − 𝑖𝑖
377 377
 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 (−2+3𝑖𝑖)(5+2𝑖𝑖)
(k) =
𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 (−2+3𝑖𝑖)(5+2𝑖𝑖)
(−2−3𝑖𝑖)(5+2𝑖𝑖)
=
(−2+3𝑖𝑖)(5−2𝑖𝑖)
−10−4𝑖𝑖−15𝑖𝑖−6𝑖𝑖 2
=
−10+4𝑖𝑖+15𝑖𝑖−6𝑖𝑖 2
−10−19𝑖𝑖+6
=
−10+19𝑖𝑖+6
−4−19𝑖𝑖 −4−19𝑖𝑖
= ×
−4+19𝑖𝑖 −4−19𝑖𝑖
16+152𝑖𝑖+361𝑖𝑖 2
=
16−36𝑖𝑖 2
16+152𝑖𝑖−361
=
16+361
−345+152𝑖𝑖
=
377
−345 152
= + 𝑖𝑖
377 377
2. Let 𝑧𝑧1 = 3 − 2𝑖𝑖, 𝑧𝑧 2 = −1 + 4𝑖𝑖. Show that
𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧1
(a) (𝑧𝑧1 + 𝑧𝑧2 ) = 𝑧𝑧�1 + 𝑧𝑧�2 (b) 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑧𝑧�1 𝑧𝑧�2 (c) ( ) =
𝑧𝑧2 𝑧𝑧2

Solution
(a) (𝑧𝑧1 + 𝑧𝑧2 ) = (3 − 2𝑖𝑖 − 1 + 4𝑖𝑖)
= (2 + 2𝑖𝑖)
= 2 − 2𝑖𝑖

𝑧𝑧�1 + 𝑧𝑧�2 = (3 − 2𝑖𝑖) + −1 + 4𝑖𝑖

= 3 + 2𝑖𝑖 − 1 − 4𝑖𝑖
= 2 − 2𝑖𝑖

∴ (𝑧𝑧1 + 𝑧𝑧2 ) = 𝑧𝑧�1 + 𝑧𝑧�2 .

 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧1
(c) ( ) =
𝑧𝑧2 𝑧𝑧2
𝑧𝑧1 3−2𝑖𝑖 −1−4𝑖𝑖 𝑧𝑧1 3+2𝑖𝑖 −1+4𝑖𝑖
= × = ×
𝑧𝑧2 −1+4𝑖𝑖 −1−4𝑖𝑖 𝑧𝑧2 −1−4𝑖𝑖 −1+4𝑖𝑖
−3+8𝑖𝑖 2 −10𝑖𝑖 −3+8𝑖𝑖 2 +10𝑖𝑖
= =
1−16𝑖𝑖 2 1−16𝑖𝑖 2
−3−8−10𝑖𝑖 −3−8+10𝑖𝑖
= =
1+16 1+16
−11−10𝑖𝑖 −11+10𝑖𝑖
= =
17 17
−11 10 −11 10
= − 𝑖𝑖 = + 𝑖𝑖
17 17 17 17

𝑧𝑧1 −11 10
( ) = + 𝑖𝑖
𝑧𝑧2 17 17
𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧1
∴ ( ) =
𝑧𝑧2 𝑧𝑧2
1.4 Trigonormetric Form 𝑦𝑦
Let 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
Absolute value of 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
𝑟𝑟
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝜃𝜃, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝜃𝜃 𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦 𝜃𝜃
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜃𝜃 = So we have 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥 0 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
= 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝜃𝜃
= 𝑟𝑟 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃 (Trigonormetric Form)
= (𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃) (Polar Form)
Here angle 𝜃𝜃 , measured in radians, is an angle with positive x-
axis and the line segment.

∗∗∗𝜃𝜃 တန်ဖိုး�ှာေသာအခါ point သည် First Quadrant၊ Second

Quadrant တွင� ှ ါက Degree ကို အေပါင်းြဖငတ
် ိပ ့် ိုငး် �ပီး Third Quadrant
�ှင့် Fourth Quadrant တွင�် ိှပါက degree ကို အ�ုတ် ြဖငတ ့် ိုငး် ပါ။