PULSE

COMMUNICATION

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Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
• Mostly applied in all digital coding systems.
• It is a method of signal coding.
• The Message signal is sampled and the
amplitude of each sample is rounded off
(approximated) to the nearest one of a finite
set of discrete levels.
• So that both time and amplitude are
represented in discrete form.

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PCM (cond….1)

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PCM (contd…3)
PCM Operations:
Transmitter:
ADC
(1) Sampling
(2) Quantizing
(3) Encoding
(4) Regeneration
Receiver:
DAC
(5) Decoding
(6) Reconstruction

(7) Multiplexing (TDM)

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PCM (contd…4)
Quantizing:
Conversion of analog (continuous)
sample of the signal in to a digital
(discrete) is called quantizing process.
Types of Quantizer:
(1) Mid tread Type
(2) Mid Riser Type
(3) Memoryless Type

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PCM (contd…5)

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PCM (contd…6)
Memoryless Type Quantizer:
The Quantizer o/p is determined only by the
value of a corresponding i/p sample,
independently of earlier analog samples
applied to the I/P.
Encoding:
The continuous baseband signal limited to a
discrete levels.

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PCM (cond….7)
Advantages of Pulse Code Modulation:
• Pulse code modulation will have low noise addition and data loss
is also very low.
• We can repeat the exact transmitted signal at the receiver. This is
called repeatability. And we can retransmit the signal with any
distortion loss also.
• Pulse code modulation is used in music play back CD’s and also
used in DVD for data storing whose sampling rate is bit higher.
• Pulse code modulation can be used in storing the data.
• PCM can encode the data also.
• Multiplexing of signals can also be done using pulse code
modulation. Multiplexing is nothing for adding the different
signals and transmitting the signal at same time.
• Pulse code modulation requires large bandwidth
• Pulse code modulation permits the use of pulse regeneration.

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PCM (cond….8)
Disadvantages of Pulse Code Modulation:
• Specialized circuitry is required for transmitting and also for
quantizing the samples at same quantized levels. We can do
encoding using pulse code modulation but we need to have
complex and special circuitry.
• Pulse code modulation receivers are cost effective when we
compared to other modulation receivers.
• Developing pulse code modulation is bit complicated and checking
the transmission quality is also difficult and takes more time.
• Large bandwidth is required for pulse code modulation when
compared to bandwidth used by the normal analog signals to
transmit message.
• Channel bandwidth should be more for digital encoding.
• PCM systems are complicated when compared to analog
modulation methods and other systems.
• Decoding also needs special equipment’s and they are also too
complex.

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PCM (cond….9)
Applications of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM):
• Pulse code modulation is used in
telecommunication systems, air traffic control
systems etc.
• Pulse code modulation is used in compressing
the data that is why it is used in storing data in
optical disks like DVD, CDs etc. PCM is even used
in the database management systems.
• Pulse code modulation is used in mobile phones,
normal telephones etc.
• Remote controlled cars, planes, trains use pulse
code modulations.

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Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
Definition:
Which is the simplest & most basic form of
analog pulse modulation.
The amplitude, the amplitudes of regularly
spaced pulses are varied in proportion to the
corresponding sample values a continuous
message signal.

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PAM (cond….1)

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PAM (cond….2)
Sampling Methods:
 Natural Sampling
The amplitude of each pulse is directly proportional to instantaneous
modulating signal amplitude at the time of pulse occurrence and then
keeps the amplitude of the pulse for the rest of the half cycle.
 Flat Top Sampling
The amplitude of each pulse is directly proportional to the instantaneous
modulating signal amplitude at the time of pulse occurrence and then
follows the amplitude of the modulating signal for the rest of the half
cycle.
 Produces less aperture than Natural Sampling.
 It Requires slower ADC.
Aperture Error:
 Flat top sampling alters the frequency spectrum and introduces an error
is called Aperture Error. This is done by Sample & Hold Circuit.

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PAM (contd…3)

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PAM (contd…4)

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PAM (contd…5)
Sampling Theorem:
It states that the minimum sampling rate (fs) is
greater than the twice of analog signal (fa).
fs ≥ 2 fa
fs = Minimum Nyquist Sample Rate (hz)
fa = Highest frequency to be sampled (hz)
Aliasing or Fold over Distortion:
It states that the minimum sampling rate (fs) is
greater than the twice of analog signal (fa).
fs ≤ 2 fa
To eliminate this distortion BPF is used.
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PAM (cond….6)
Advantages of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):
• It is the base for all digital modulation
techniques and it is simple process for both
modulation and demodulation technique.
• No complex circuitry is required for both
transmission and reception. Transmitter and
receiver circuitry is simple and easy to construct.
• PAM can generate other pulse modulation
signals and can carry the message or
information at same time.

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PAM (cond….7)
Disadvantages of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):
• Bandwidth should be large for transmitting the pulse
amplitude modulation signal. Due to Nyquist criteria
also high bandwidth is required.
• The frequency varies according to the modulating
signal or message signal. Due to these variations in
the signal frequency, interferences will be there. So
noise will be great. For PAM, noise immunity is less
when compared to other modulation techniques. It is
almost equal to amplitude modulation.
• Pulse amplitude signal varies, so power required for
transmission will be more, peak power is also, even at
receiving more power is required to receive the pulse
amplitude signal.

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PAM (cond….8)
Applications of Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):
• t is mainly used in Ethernet which is type of computer
network communication, we know that we can use
Ethernet for connecting two systems and transfer
data between the systems. Pulse amplitude
modulation is used for Ethernet communications.
• It is also used for photo biology which is a study of
photosynthesis.
• Used as electronic driver for LED lighting.
• Used in many micro controllers for generating the
control signals etc.

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PTM (cond….1)
• Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) is a class of signaling
technique that encodes the sample values of an
analog signal onto the time axis of a digital signal.
Types of PTM:
1. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
2. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
• In PWM the sample values of the analog waveform
are used to determine the width of the pulse signal.
Either instantaneous or natural sampling can be used.
• In PPM the analog sample values determine the
position of a narrow pulse relative to the clocking
time. It is possible to obtain PPM from PWM by using
a mono-stable multivibrator circuit.

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PTM (cond….2)

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PTM (cond….3)

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PTM (cond….4)

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PTM (cond….5)

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PTM (cond….6)

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PTM (cond….7)

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PTM (cond….8)

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PTM (cond….9)
• For PWM detection the PWM signal is used to
start and stop the integration of the integrator.
After reset integrator starts to integrate during
the duration of the pulse and will continue to do
so till the pulse goes low.
• If integrator has a DC voltage connected as input
, the output will be a truncated ramp. After the
PWM signal goes low, the amplitude of the
truncated ramp will be equal to the
corresponding PAM sample value. Then it goes
to zero with reset of the integrator.

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PWM (cond….10)
Advantages of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):
• As like pulse position modulation, noise
interference is less due to amplitude has
been made constant.
• Signal can be separated very easily at
demodulation and noise can also be
separated easily.
• Synchronization between transmitter and
receiver is not required unlike pulse position
modulation.

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PWM (cond….11)
Disadvantages of Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM):
• Power will be variable because of varying in
width of pulse. Transmitter can handle the
power even for maximum width of the pulse.
• Bandwidth should be large to use in
communication, should be huge even when
compared to the pulse amplitude
modulation.

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PWM (cond….12)
Applications of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):
• PWM is used in telecommunication systems.
• PWM can be used to control the amount of power
delivered to a load without incurring the losses. So,
this can be used in power delivering systems.
• Audio effects and amplifications purposes also used.
• PWM signals are used to control the speed of the
robot by controlling the motors.
• PWM is also used in robotics.
• Embedded applications.
• Analog and digital applications etc

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PPM (cond….13)
Advantages of Pulse Position Modulation (PPM):
• Pulse position modulation has low noise
interference when compared to PAM because
amplitude and width of the pulses are made
constant during modulation.
• Noise removal and separation is very easy in
pulse position modulation.
• Power usage is also very low when compared to
other modulations due to constant pulse
amplitude and width.

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PPM (cond….14)
Disadvantages of Pulse Position Modulation
(PPM):
• The synchronization between transmitter and
receiver is required, which is not possible for
every time and we need dedicated channel
for it.
• Large bandwidth is required for transmission
same as pulse amplitude modulation.
• Special equipments are required in this type
of modulations.

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PPM (cond….15)
Applications of Pulse Position Modulation
(PPM):
• Used in non coherent detection where a
receiver does not need any Phase lock loop
for tracking the phase of the carrier.
• Used in radio frequency (RF) communication.
• Also used in contactless smart card, high
frequency, RFID (radio frequency ID) tags and
etc.

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 Comparison of PAM,PWM,PPM,PCM...1
S. Paramemeter PAM PWM PPM PCM
No
1 Types of Train of Train of Pulses Train of Train of
Carrier Pulses Pulses Pulses
2 Variable Amplitu Width Position Pulse
Characteristic de Code
of the Pulsed
carrier
3 Bandwidth Low High High High
Requirement
4 Noise Low High High High
Immunity

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 Comparison of PAM,PWM,PPM,PCM...2
S. Paramemeter PAM PWM PPM PCM
No
5 Information Amplitu Width Position Pulse
is Contained de Variations Variations Code
Variatio Variations
ns
6 Transmitted Varies Varies with Remains Varies
Power with variation in Constant with
amplitu width Pulse
de of Code of
pulses pulses
7 Need to Not Not Needed Necessary Necessary
Trasmit Needed
Synchronizing
Pulses
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 Comparison of PAM,PWM,PPM,PCM...3
S.N Paramemeter PAM PWM PPM PCM
o
8 Complexity of complex easy complex complex
generation and
detection
9 Similarity with Similar Similar to FM Similar to Similar to
othe to AM PM DM
modulation
systems
10 Output
wavefroms

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