DC-AC Inverter by Prof.Dr.

VIJIT
To Analyze and study characteristics, operation, and performance of various topologies of
inverter
-single-phase square wave inverter
--Single-phase PWM inverter
-- Three-phase six step inverter
-- Three-phase PWM inverter
- PWM Methods (SPWM, SVPWM, Hysteresis
current control
-- Multilevel Inverter
-Resonant inverter
--Introduction to Motor drive Applications Jump to first page
Single-phase DC-AC Inverter

Less output voltage

hence power compared
to full bridge inverter

Half bridge Inverter

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 Operation Modes
Io

2. 1.
regenerative Powering
Vo
3. 4.
Powering regenerative

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PWM inverter

Output PWM voltage for reducing low order

harmonics

Harmonic voltage spectrum

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Single-phase full bridge VSI
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 Switching state and voltage and current
4Vi  
Vo = (sin( t ) +
1
sin(3 t ) +
1
sin(5 t ) + ...) Vn Vn
  3 5  In = = 2
4Vi  Zn R + (n 0 L )2
=  sin(nt ) Jump to first page
Operation mode of Square Wave Inverter

S 1 ,S 2
S1 S3 +5 V

Vd t
S 3 ,S 4
+5 V
S4 S2
t

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 Mode 1

vo,io
S1 S3
Vd t

S4 S2

voltage (+) current (+)

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 Mode 2

vo ,io
S1 S3
Vd
S4 S2

Power is absorbed by a DC voltage

voltage (-) current (+) source via free wheeling Diodes
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 Mode 3

vo,io
S1 S3
Vd t

S4 S2

voltage (-) current (-)

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 Mode 4

vo,io
t

Power is absorbed by a DC voltage

voltage (+) current (-) source via free wheeling Diodes
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Simulation of 1 phase Square
Wave inverter

Vdc=100 V. R=20  L=50 mH

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89.96 Vrms
THDv = 48.81%

3.53 Arms
THDi = 18.23%

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EX: 50 Hz square wave full – bridge inverter supplies a RL load
with R=10 ohm and L=20mH. The input DC voltage is 250V V.
Determine

a) Amplitudes of fundamental voltage and current

b) power absorbed by the resistor
c) Total harmonic distortion of the load current

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Solution
Amplitude of fundamental voltage
4 4
V1 = Vi =  250 = 318V
 

Using Phasor analysis yields

Vn Vn
In = = 2
Zn R + (n 0 L )2

Amplitude of Fundamental current

318
I1 = = 26.9 A
102 + (1)( 2 50 )( 0.02 ) 
2

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Amplitude of each harmonic
106
I3 = = 4.97 A
102 + ( 3)( 2 50 )( 0.02 ) 
2

63.6
I5 = = 1.9 A
102 + ( 5)( 2 50 )( 0.02 ) 
2

45.4
I7 = =1 A
102 + ( 7 )( 2 50 )( 0.02 ) 
2

35.3
I9 = = 0.61 A
102 + ( 9 )( 2 50 )( 0.02 ) 
2

26.9 2 4.97 2 1.9 2 1 0.61 2

I rms = ( ) +( ) + ( ) + ( )2 + ( ) = 19.41 A
2 2 2 2 2
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 ค ) %THD ของกระแสโหลดหาได้ โดย

P = I rms
2
R = (19.41)2 10 = 3.7kW


(I )
2
n , rms
n=2
THDi =
I1,rms
4.97 2 1.9 2 1 0.61 2
( ) + ( ) + ( )2 + ( )
2 2 2 2
 = 0.2
26.9
2

=20%
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States, Quasi – Square wave
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Operation Mode of Quasi Square Wave

S1
+5 V

t
S1 S3 S2
+5 V

Vd S3
t
+5 V

S4 S2 S4
t
+5 V

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 Mode 1

vo,io
S1 S3
Vd t

S4 S2

voltage (+) current (+)

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 Mode 2

vo,io
S1 S3
Vd t

S4 S2

voltage (0) current (+)

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 Mode 3

vo,io
S1 S3
t

S4 S2

voltage (-) current (+)

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 Mode 4

vo,io
S1 S3
Vd t

S4 S2

voltage (-) current (-)

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 Mode 5

vo,io
S1 S3
Vd t

S4 S2

voltage (0) current (-)

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 Mode 6

vo,io
t

voltage (+) current (-)

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Simulation of 1 phase Quasi
Square Wave

Vdc=100 V. R=20  L=50 mH

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77.93 Vrms
THDv = 30.82%

3.06 Arms
THDi = 7.30%

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 Single-phase full bridge Voltage
Source Inverter (VSI)
Ma=modulation index = ratio of
peak of reference to peak of carrier^
 V
V1 = maVdc ma =
r
^
V tri

Mf=modulation frequency = ratio of

carrier frequency to reference frequency
fc
mf =
fr
Switching frequency is higher than square
wave inverter.
Modulation ( a ) Reference and
carrier ( b ) Bipolar PWM
Total harmonic distortion of load current
is reduced. Jump to first page
 Overmodulation
Vcontrol
Vtri

Vˆcontrol

Vˆtri

1
fs
()

Pulse dropping

Generates low order harmonic contents ( )

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Mode of operation of 1 phase Bipolar PWM inverter

S1 S3
Vd
S4 S2

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 Mode 1

S1 S3
Vd
S4 S2

voltage (+) current (+)

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 Mode 2

S1 S3
Vd
S4 S2

voltage (-) current (+)

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 Mode 3

S1 S3
Vd
S4 S2

voltage (-) current (-)

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 Mode 4

S1 S3
Vd
S4 S2

voltage (+) current (-)

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 V1 = maVdc Ma= modulation index

Harmonic spectrum at ma=1

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Simulation of 1 phase Bipolar
PWM Inverter

Vdc=100 V. R=20  L=50 mH

ma = 0.5, 0.8 mf = 20, 40

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ma = 0.5
mf = 20
35.46 Vrms
THDv = 257.55%

1.39 Arms
THDi = 18.06%

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ma = 0.5
mf = 40
35.34 Vrms
THDv = 252.32%

1.38 Arms
THDi = 8.90%

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ma = 0.8
mf = 20
56.22 Vrms
THDv = 142.64%

2.22 Arms
THDi = 9.20%

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ma = 0.8
mf = 40
55.96 Vrms
THDv = 139.57%

2.21 Arms
THDi = 4.46%

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Example Full – bridge inverter has fundamental frequency of 60
Hz which supplies a RL load with Bipolar PWM. The input DC
voltage is 100 V. Modultion index (ma ) is 0.8 and modulation
frequency (mf) is 21 [ ftri = (21)(60) = 1260 Hz ]. R = 10  and L =
20 mH. Determine

a) Amplitudes of fundamental voltage and current

b) power absorbed by the resistor
c) Total harmonic distortion of the load current

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Solution a ) Amplitude of fundamental voltage at 60 Hz is
V1 = maVdc = ( 0.8 )( 100 ) = 80 V
Amplitude of harmonic current using Phasor
analysis is
Vn Vn
In = = 2
Zn R + (n 0 L )2

Amplitude of fundamental
load current
80
I1 = = 6.39 A
10 + ( 1)( 2 60 )( 0.02 ) 
2 2

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b ) mf = 21 Harmonic voltages at harmonic sidebands 1
ที่ n = 21, 19 และ 23
V21 = ( 0.82 )( 100 ) = 82 V
V19 = V23 = ( 0.22 )( 100 ) = 22 V
Each hrmonic current is computed by
Vn Vn
In = = 2
Zn R + (n 0 L )2

Each harmonic Power can be calculated from

2
 In 
Pn = (I n ,rms )
2
R =  R
 2
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ขนาดของแรงดัน, กระแส และกาลังไฟฟ้ าทีค่ วามถี่เหล่านีส้ รุปเป็ นาารางได้

absorbed power by the load is

P =  Pn  204.0 + 0.1 + 1.3 + 0.1 = 205.5 W
Higher harmonics are neglected.

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ค ) %THD ของกระแสโหลดหาได้ โดย

 (I n ,rms )

2

THD i = n=2

I 1,rms

( 0.11) + ( 0.36 ) + ( 0.09 )

2 2 2
 = 0.087 = 8.7%
4.52

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Full bridge Inverter
for Unipolar PWM

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Operation mode of single-phase full bridge for
Unipolar PWM

S1 S3
Vd A B
S1
S4 S2 +5V
0 t
N S4
+5V
0 t

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Unipolar PWM

S1 S3
Vd A B
S3
S4 S2 +5V
t
N S2
+5V
0 t

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 t

S1 S3
Vd A B vAN Vd
t
vBN
S4 S2 Vd
t
N
vo
t

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 Mode 1

S1 S3
vo
Vd
S4 S2

voltage (+) current (+)

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 Mode 2

S1 S3
vo
Vd
S4 S2

voltage (0) current (+)

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 Mode 3

S1 S3
vo
Vd
S4 S2

voltage (0) current (+)

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 Mode 4

S1 S3
vo
Vd
S4 S2

voltage (-) current (-)

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 Mode 5

S1 S3
vo
Vd
S4 S2

voltage (0) current (-)

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 Mode 6

S1 S3
vo
Vd
S4 S2

voltage (0) current (-)

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 Mode 7

S1 S3
vo
Vd
S4 S2

voltage (+) current (-)

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 Mode 8

S1 S3
vo
Vd
S4 S2

voltage (-) current (+)

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 Output voltage and current
for ma= 1)

Output voltage and current for ma= 0.5)

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Assignment : Simulate 1-phase full bridge inverter with
uniolar PWM. The output frequency=50 Hz, ma=0.8 ,
Vdc=300V, mf=100, Load RL (select arbritrary values).
Plot vo,io waveforms, harmonic spectrum of
output voltage and current. Use Orcad Pspice
software

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Simulation of Unipolar PWM

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Spectra of harmonic voltage and current

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Harmonic voltage spectrum at ma=1

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Example : Simulation using Pspice for 1-phase full bridge inverter

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Simulation of Unipolar PWM
inverter

Vdc=100 V. R=20  L=50 mH

ma = 0.5, 0.8 mf = 20, 40

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ma = 0.5
mf = 20
35.46 Vrms
THDv = 117.55%

1.39 Arms
THDi = 4.16%

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ma = 0.5
mf = 40
35.34 Vrms
THDv = 109.80%

1.38 Arms
THDi = 0.42%

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ma = 0.8
mf = 20
56.22 Vrms
THDv = 73.22%

2.22 Arms
THDi = 2.47%

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ma = 0.8
mf = 40
55.96 Vrms
THDv = 70.35%

2.21 Arms
THDi = 0.33%

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Upper and lower signals for devices in the same leg from microcontroller

Dead time is used for

preventing devices from
shootthrough in the same
arm

Dead time

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Assignment

จงจำลองวงจร 1-phase full bridge inverter ใช้ IGBT ชนิด

Unipolar PWM ในย่ำน linear range และ over modulation
สำหรับ load RL พล็อต PWM voltage, Load current,
spectrum ฮำร์ มอนิก ของแรงดันและกระแสพร้อมค่ำ THD
จำกนั้นให้ออกแบบ LC filter สำหรับ load R พล็อตแรงดัน
เอำต์พตุ พร้อม spectrum และค่ำ THDv (parameter กำหนด
เอง)

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