HIGH-DATA-RATE DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LOOPS

• A basic rate ISDN digital subscriber loop provides an aggregate, bidirectional

data rate of 160 kbps on a single pair of wires. This section describes several
transmission techniques that allow much larger bandwidths on copper wire
pairs. These new techniques are enabled by the availability of low-cost, high-
performance digital signal processing. Several versions of high-speed digital
subscriber lines have been developed. The various versions are collectively
referred to as xDSL
Versions of Digital Subscriber Lines
• DSL Digital Subscriber Line (ISDN basic rate)
• ADSL Asymmetric DSL (9 Mbps downstream, 640 kbps upstream)
• HDSL High-bit-rate DSL (T1/E1 service on two pairs)
• SDSL Single-line DSL (T1/E1 service on one pair)
• VDSL Very high bit rate DSL (52 Mbps downstream, 2.3 Mbps
upstream)
ADSL
• Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a modem technology
that uses existing twisted pairs/Copper cables to create three channels:
1. a high-speed downstream channel, (1.5 to 6.1 Mbps)
2. a medium-speed upstream or duplex channel, depending on the
implementation of the ADSL architecture (16 to 640 Kbps)
3. POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) or an ISDN channel.
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
• ADSL allows for high data rates to the subscriber and moderate to
low data rates from the subscriber to the network.
• ADSL technology was originally conceived as a means of delivering
switched digital video services over a copper loop, which obviously do
not require high data rates from the subscriber.
• Although video applications did not materialize, the asymmetric data
rate is also suited for Internet access. The philosophy behind the
asymmetric data rates is that subscribers typically need to receive
high- bandwidth data (for Internet file downloads) but normally
need to transmit (query) at a relatively low data rate
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
• The subscriber’s receive data rate on ADSL varies between 1.5 and 9
Mbps while the subscriber transmit rate varies between 16 and 640
kbps/ The specific data rate utilized depends on the transmission
quality of the particular wire pair.
 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
• ADSL has two major advantages over ISDN access.
1.ADSL data rates provided to the subscriber are significantly higher than
the 128-kbps ISDN basic rare.
2.ADSL piggy backs digital transmission on a standard analog telephone
wire pair. Thus, existing analog telephones are retained on ADSL but are
either replaced by digital phones or are connected through conversion
devices when ISDN is utilized.
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
• Two versions of ADSL transmission links have been developed:
1.carrierless amplitude and phase( CAP) modulation and
2.discrete multitone (DMT) modulation.
CAP is the first version deployed but DMT has been selected as the standard.
Because DMT makes more intensive use of DSP, a DMT implementation
typically requires more power-a significant consideration for remote terminal
deployment. CAP, on the other hand, its not generally considered to be as
flexible as DMT in achieving maximum data rates on some wire pairs or in
some interference environments.
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line-DMT Block
diagram
 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line-DMT Block
diagram
• PRS source: A pseudorandom sequence generator provides a prescribed sequence for
characterizing the channel during a training period. Characteristics of the channel that are
determined during the training period are attenuation and phase distortion across the band,
noise/interference levels across the band. and the information capacity of individual sub
channels.
• Channel Allocation: Provides assignment of data bits to individual sub channels according to
the sub channel capacity determinations obtained during training.
• FEC: A combination of Reed-solomon and convolutional coding.
 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line-DMT Block
diagram
• IFFT QAM Modulation: conversion of data values to quadrature channel signal amplitudes and
conversion to a time-domain waveform using an inverse FFT.
• D/A : Digital-to-analog conversion.
• TX Filter: Band pass filter to prevent interference into the voice band and to smooth the discrete DSP
samples.
• POTS Splitter: Used at both ends of the line to separate the analog voice from the data. (Simpler
versions of ADSL incorporate the splitter function in the modems to simplify installation.)
• AGC:Automatic gain control to adjust overall receive level.
• Slope/Delay Equalisation:A front-end equalizer to partially flatten the frequency response and
equalize extreme delay variations in the channel.
• A/D: Analog-to-digital conversion.
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line-DMT Block
diagram
• FFT QAM Demodulation: FFT conversion of time-sampled waveform to
frequency domain where data values are related to amplitudes of quadrature
carriers.
• Clock Recovery: A/D sample timing obtained by locking to pilot frequency. The
desired sampling rate is eight times the pilot frequency so 1-of-8 phase ambiguity
has to be determined by monitoring framing/synchronization bit integrity.
• Frequency-Domain Equalizer: Multiplication of complex (quadrature) frequency
spectrum by amplitude and phase equalization parameters obtained during training
period.
• Data Detection and Interleaving: Slicing of quadrature amplitude values to decode
data and subsequent generation of composite stream identical to original source
data.
 VDSL
• VDSL is an expanded version of ADSL to achieve even higher bandwidths on particularly
short lines as would be available from remote terminals of fiber to the curb systems.
• A primary motivation for VDSL is potential distribution of HDTV signals. Although several
different modulation techniques have been proposed for VDSL, a DMT version is popular.