TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS AND
COMPLEX NUMBERS
 WORLD CENTURY MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIAD
SERIES

Series Editor: Shan Zun (Nanjing Normal University, China)

Vol. 1 Trigonometric Functions and Complex Numbers

by Desheng Yang (Shanghai Xiangming High School, China)
translated by Chunhui Shen (Shanghai Xiangming High School, China)
World Century Mathematical Olympiad Series –
Vol. 1

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
AND COMPLEX NUMBERS

Desheng Yang
translated by Chunhui Shen
Shanghai Xiangming High School, China
Published by

World Century Publishing Corporation

27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Yang, Desheng.
Title: Trigonometric functions and complex numbers / Desheng Yang,
Shanghai Xiangming High School, China.
Description: New Jersey : World Century, 2016. | Series: World century
mathematical
olympiad series ; vol. 1 | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016026528 | ISBN 9781938134869 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Trigonometry. | Numbers, Complex. | Functions of complex
variables.
Classification: LCC QA531 .Y345 2016 | DDC 516.24/6--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016026528

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Originally published in Chinese by Shanghai Scientific & Technological Education

Publishing House, 2010

Published by arrangement with Shanghai Century Publishing Group.

Copyright © 2017 by World Century Publishing Corporation

All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form
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 Preface

The year 2016 is officially the 30th anniversary of China joining the
IMO (International Mathematical Olympiad). Looking back on these
30 years, the Chinese team has made remarkable achievements: a
total of 142 gold medals, 32 silver medals, 5 bronze medals, and 19
times to be the first in total score. These achievements could not be
separated from all the participants in the field of Chinese
Mathematical Olympiad.
This series is a summary of their work, and the authors are the
representative of all the participants in the Chinese Olympic
mathematics. For example, Lu Hongwen, a tutor of postgraduate
candidates, not only has made remarkable achievements in the field
of algebraic number theory, but also very concerned about the
mathematics contest. Chen Ji, who is recognized as one of the
leading experts in the field of inequality. Other members are the
leading figures in the current Chinese Mathematical Olympiad, such
as Xiong Bin and Feng Zhigang who repeatedly served as the leader
or deputy leader of Chinese IMO national team, and served as
members of the Chinese Mathematical Olympiad committee. They
have made a great contribution to the Chinese Mathematical
Olympiad and trained a lot of talents.
Based on the authors’ experience and original work, there are
many new ideas, new problems, new solutions, and new methods in
this series.
Would these cause the series too hard for readers?
Of course, this series has a little difficulty. But as the authors fully
understand the background of these IMO problems, they have the
ability to provide the contents with breathtaking lightness.
However, reading is a hard work, in particular reading a math
book. Never give up whatever difficulty you meet. It requires a lot of
courage and strength. In this way, you not only read a classic book,
but also enjoy the fun of reading.
The authors of the book, of course, have to work hard to write
well. But it is not perfect, even the classics have occasional
omissions. In a sense, this provides the space for readers to think,
imagine, and gallop.
If you can think of some new problems and solutions and find the
deficiency or improved results in the series, congratulations! That is
what the ancients called “Reading to find the trick”. We welcome all
of you to put forward suggestions and criticisms to this series.
The authors and the titles of this series are as follows:
Analytic Geometry (Huang Libing and Lu Hongwen)
Function Iteration and Function Equation (Wang Weiye and Xiong
Bin)
Algebraic Inequalities (Chen Ji and Ji Chaocheng)
Circular (Tian Tingyan)
Elementary Theory of Numbers (Feng Zhigang)
Set and Correspondence (Shan Zun)
Sequence of Number and Mathematical Induction (Shan Zun)
Combinatorial Problem (Liu Peijie and Zhang Yongqin)
Vector and Solid Geometry (Tang Lihua)
Trigonometric Functions and Complex Numbers (Yang Desheng)
This volume of Trigonometric Functions and Complex Numbers is
composed of two parts: trigonometric functions and complex
numbers. All parts are based on the basic knowledge from the
shallower to the deeper, which covers all levels of mathematical
contest content. Area method, triangle substitution and triangle
inequality in trigonometric functions, complex numbers and
trigonometric and complex numbers and equations in complex
numbers which reach the difficulty of IMO.
 Yang Desheng, the author of this book, born in August 1957, was
a Bachelor of Science of Hubei University, one of the Guangdong
Provincial People’s Government Special-grade Secondary School
teachers and one of the Shanghai Municipal People’s Government
Special-grade Secondary School teachers. Now teaching in
Shanghai Xiangming Middle School. He is also the deputy secretary
general of the Chinese National Research Institute of Elementary
Mathematics.
For a long time he was engaged in mathematical contest
counseling, and is rated as an excellent coach of Chinese
Mathematical Olympiad. Under his guidance, hundreds of students
won the National High School Math League first, second and third
prize. He has published over 60 papers and 63 titles on
Mathematical Olympiad.
Shen Chunhui, the translator of the book, born in 1987, was
Bachelor of Science and Master of Education of East China Normal
University. Now teaching in Shanghai Xiangming Middle School.
Also, engaged in math contest counseling, TI graphics calculator
contest counseling, etc. He has repeatedly been rated as excellent
guidance teachers of contests. He published a number of articles in
Journal of Mathematics Education, Mathematics Teaching, etc.
 Contents

Preface

Part I. Trigonometric Function

Chapter 1. Trigonometric Identity

1.1 Trigonometric Ratios for Any Angle
1.2 The Induction Formulas and the Relationship Between
Trigonometric Ratios of the Same Angle

Chapter 2. Trigonometric Identity

2.1 Cosines, Sines and Tangents of Addition and Subtraction of
Two Angles
2.2 Double Angles, Half-Angle, Sum-to-Product Formula and
Product-to-Sum Formula

Chapter 3. Trigonometric Functions

3.1 Graphs and Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Chapter 4. Inverse Trigonometric Functions and Trigonometric

Equations
4.1 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
4.2 Trigonometric Equations.

Chapter 5. Solutions of Triangles

 5.1 Solutions of Triangles
5.2 Area Method

Chapter 6. Trigonometric Substitution and Trigonometric Inequality

6.1 Trigonometric Substitution
6.2 Trigonometric Inequality.

Part II. Complex Number

Chapter 7. Concept of Complex Number

Chapter 8. Operations with Complex Number

8.1 Operations with Complex Number .

Chapter 9. Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number

Chapter 10.Complex Number and Equation

Answers
 PART I
Trigonometric Function
 Chapter 1

Trigonometric Identity

1.1. Trigonometric Ratios for Any Angle

Any angle and its measures

1. Positive angle, negative angle and zero angle

If a ray rotating around the endpoint counterclockwise formed as the
positive angle, its measurement is positive, and if a ray rotating
around the endpoint clockwise formed as the positive angle, its
measurement is negative (see Fig. 1.1):

Fig. 1.1.

2. Coterminal angle
In the process of angle forming, we can find there are numerous
angles whose initial and terminal sides coincide with a certain angle
α. Their range is 360° integer times that of α in size. We put the set
of the angles (including α itself) with the same edge as α:

{β|β= k · 360° + α, k ∈ Z}.

Namely, any angle with the same terminal side as angle α can be
expressed as a total of angle α and integer number of perigons.

3. Quadrant angle
If the terminal ray of an angle in standard position lies in the first
quadrant, then the angle is said to be a first-quadrant angle.
Similarly, second-, third-, and fourth-quadrant angles are defined as
follows:
First-quadrant angles: {α|k · 360° < α < k · 360° + 90°, k ∈ Z};
Second-quadrant angles:
{α|k · 360° + 90° < α < k · 360° + 180°, k ∈ Z};
Third-quadrant angles:
{α|k · 360° + 180° < α < k · 360° + 270°, k ∈ Z};
Fourth-quadrant angles:
{α|k · 360° + 270° < α < k · 360° + 360°, k ∈ Z}.

4. Quadrantal angle
If the terminal ray of an angle in standard position lies along an axis,
the angle is called a quadrantal angle.

• If the terminal ray of the angle lies along positive y-axis, then θ =
360°k + 90°, k ∈ Z.
• If the terminal ray of the angle lies along negative y-axis, then θ =
360°k − 90°, k ∈ Z.
• If the terminal ray of the angle lies along y-axis, then {θ|θ = 180°k
+ 90°, k ∈ Z}.
• If the terminal ray of the angle lies along positive x-axis, then θ = 2
× 180°k + 0°, k ∈ Z.
• If the terminal ray of the angle lies along negative x-axis, then θ =
2 × 180° k + 180°, k ∈ Z.
• If the terminal ray of the angle lies along x-axis, then {θ|θ = 180°k,
k ∈ Z}.
Exercise
Find angles between 0° with 360°, that are coterminal with each
given angle, and judging in which quadrantal angle.
(1) −120°; (2) 640°;(3) −950°12′.
Solution: (1) Since −120° = −360° + 240°, it follows that 240° is
coterminal with −120°, which is the third-quadrant angle.
(2) Since 640° = 360° + 280°, it follows that 280° is coterminal with
640°, which is the fourth-quadrant angle.
(3) Since −950° 12′ = −3 × 360° + 129°48′, it follows that 129°48′ is
coterminal with −950° 12′, which is the third-quadrant angle.
Give a set S for the measure of all angles that are coterminal with
each given angle, find angles between −360° and 720° in S.
(1) 60°;(2) −21°; (3) 363°14′.
Solution: (1) S = {β|β = 60° + k · 360°,k ∈ Z}.
The angles between −360° and 720° in S are as follows:

(2) S = {β|β = −21° + k · 360°, k ∈ Z}.

The angles between −360° and 720° in S are as follows:

(3) S = {β|β = 363° 14′ + k · 360°, k ∈ Z}.

The angles between −360° and 720° in S are as follows:
Find the set for the angle, which displays the terminal side of the
angle in the set of angles in the shadow area (exclusive of
boundaries). (See Fig. 1.2.)
Solution:.
(A) {α|60° + k · 360° < a < 255° + k · 360°, k ∈ Z}.
(B) {α|− 120° + k · 360° < α < 45° + k • 360°, k ∈ Z}.

Fig. 1.2.

If α is a second-quadrant angle, how about ? How about 2α?

Solution: If α is a second-quadrant angle, then
k · 360° + 90° < α < k· 360° + 180°, k ∈ Z.
Hence k · 180°+45° < < k· 180°+90°, because k ∈ Z. Therefore k =
2n or k = 2n + 1.
When k = 2n, n · 360° + 45° < < n· 360° + 90°, therefore is a first-
quadrant angle.
When k = 2n+1, n · 360° + 225° < < n· 360° + 270°, therefore is a
third-quadrant angle.
Hence when α is a second-quadrant angle, therefore is a first-
quadrant angle or third-quadrant angle. Similarly, 180°+k·720° < 2a
< 360°+k · 720°, k ∈ Z. Hence, when a is the second-quadrant angle,
2a is a third-quadrant angle or the fourth-quadrant angle.

Radian
(1) Radian: When an arc of a circle has the same length as the
radius of the circle, as shown in Fig. 1.3, the measure of the
central angle ∠AOB is by definition 1 radian.
(2) Radian measure: The radian to measure angle.
(3) Equation for the radian measure of the central angle α:
where α is the subtended angle in radians, l the arc length, and r
the radius.

Fig. 1.3.

(4) Conversion formulas between degree measure and radian

measure: One revolution measured in radians is 2π and
measured in degrees is 360°. We therefore have the conversion
formulas:

Because the radian number is the ratio of the arc length to radius,
so it is a real number. Therefore, in expressing the range of angle
in radian measure, usually omit the word “radian”. Due to
different needs, the angle is not only measured in degree, but
also in radian. For example, if we want to learn the trigonometric
function, we need to draw its image, using the degree measure,
which will cause inconvenience. Since the introduction of radian,
the set of angles corresponds with the set of real numbers as
shown in Fig. 1.4:
 Fig. 1.4.

(5) Formulas for the arc length and area of a sector of a circle:
The following formulas are arc length and area of a sector of a
circle, where α (0 < α < 2π) is the central angle of a sector, r the
radius, l is the length, and S the area (see Fig. 1.5):

Fig. 1.5.

Exercise
The rope is twisted around the rim of 40-cm radius. The lower end B
of the rope is hanging an object W (Fig. 1.6). If the wheel rotates
counterclockwise by six laps every min, how many seconds does it
take to lift objects upward 100 cm from position W?
 Fig. 1.6.

Solution: When the wheel is rotated in a clockwise direction, the arc

length AA′ from A to A′ is equal to the distance from B to B′. When
BB′ = 100 cm, then AA′ = 100 cm time arc, and the center angle
∠AOA′ corresponding to arc AA′ is given by radians.
Since the wheel rotates six times per minute at a uniform speed, the
radian per second is given by When T seconds have passed,
the radian that passed is given by t. (The bigger the T is, the bigger
the radian t is, which may exceed an arbitrary angle of 2π).
Therefore, it takes 4 s to lift the object W position upward 100 cm.
As shown in Fig. 1.7, r is a radius of circular, x the length of arc ACB,
y the area of arch. Find the equation of the function.

Fig. 1.7.

Solution: Area of sector

α=
Suppose ∠AOB = x (rad).
Hence
Therefore,
Trigonometric ratios for any angle
As shown in Fig. 1.8, put the right-angled triangle in rectangular
coordinate system. Supposing P(x, y), then OQ = x, QP = y, |OP| = r
= (r > 0), where α have six trigonometric ratios:

Fig. 1.8.

Sign of six trigonometric ratios in each quadrant

The unit circle line to represent the above trigonometric

functions

1. Directed line segment

The directed line segment: as we know, the coordinate axis
prescribes the direction of the straight line. A line segment parallel to
the coordinate axis can also be prescribed in two opposite directions.
As shown in Fig. 1.9, for the line MN on the axis, we can specify two
opposite directions of this line from point M to point N or from point N
to point M. They each have a direction, respectively named by line
MN and line NM, and the line PQ parallel to axis y, that can also be
prescribed with two opposite directions. If such a line segment
direction is consistent with the direction of coordinate axis, it is
positive; otherwise it is negative.

Fig. 1.9.

2. Trigonometric function line

As shown in Fig. 1.10, set arbitrary angle vertex as O, with starting
line not coinciding with non-negative x-axis axle and terminal side
intersecting at P(x, y). Draw a line perpendicular to the x-axis
through P whose pedal is M; draw a tangent to a unit circle through
A (1, 0). The tangent line is surely to be parallel to the axis y.
Suppose that it intersects at point T with the terminal line of angle α
(when α for the first, four quadrant angle) or its reverse extension
line (when α for second, three quadrant angle).

Fig. 1.10.

Then OM = x, MP = y.
According to the definition of sine and cosine:
 The two directed lines related to the unit circle, namely MP and
OM, are called sine function and cosine function line of angle α.
Similarly, we see AT as a directed line segment. According to the
definition of tangent function and knowledge of similar triangle, there
exists

If the directed line AT is a tangent, when AT is above the axle x, it

is positive. If the directed line AT is under axle x, it is negative. When
the angle α of the terminal side is on x axle, the sinusoidal line and
tangent line will, respectively, change into a point; when the angle of
the terminal side is on the y-axis, cosine line will change into a single
point while tangent line will not exist.
We call the three strips MP, OM, AT related to the unit circle as
trigonometric function line of angle α.

Exercise
If the particle P(−3m, 4m), m ≠ 0, is on the terminal ray of α, find six
trigonometric functions of α.
Solution:
(1) When m > 0,

(2) when m < 0, r = 5|m| = −5m;

Comment: In this question, coordinates of point P contain m, and r >
0, so m should be classified and discussed we have to prevent
missing m < 0. Further discussion: when m > 0, α is the second-
quadrant angle; when m < 0, α is the fourth-quadrant angle. There
are two situations of sign of trigonometric ratios.
(1) Supposing α is acute angle, prove sinα < α < tan α.
(2) Supposing α is acute angle, prove sinα + cosα > 1.
Proof: (1) As shown in Fig. 1.11, imagine on the unit circle a particle
P that starts at A(1, 0). Moreover PM⊥OA, AT is parallel to y-axis.
Using the trigonometric function line: sin α = MP, = α AT = tan α,
and MP < < AT, so sin α < α < tan α.

Fig. 1.11.

(2) As shown in Fig. 1.11, we have the following.

Using the trigonometric function line: OM = cos α,M P = sinα. In
ΔPOM,OM +MP > OP, so sinα + cosα > 1.

Supposing sin α > 0, cos α < 0, and sin > cos , find the domain of
.
Solution:
Now

Let 0 < b < 1, and 0 < a < , compare the size: x =

Solution:
0 < b < 1,
∴ f(x) = logb x is decreasing function,
0<α< ,
∴ 0 < sinα < cosα < 1,
∴ logb sinα > logb cosα > 0,

∴ (sin α)logb sinα < (sin α)logb cos α,

∴ x < z;
(sin α)logb cos α < (cos α)logb cos α,
∴ z < y, x < z < y.
Supposing θ is the repeated root of equation x2 + 4x cos θ + cot θ =
0, find θ.
Solution: Equation x2 + 4x cos θ+cot θ = 0 has repeated roots;
∴ Δ = 16 cos2 θ − 4 cot θ = 0,
∴ 4 cot θ(2 sin 2θ − 1) = 0,
θ is the acute angle,
∴ sin 2θ = ,

∴ 2θ = or 2θ =
 ∴θ= or

1.2. The Induction Formulas and the Relationship Between

Trigonometric Ratios of the Same Angle
The induction formulas
Induction formula One

Induction formula two

Induction formula three

Induction formula four

Induction formula five

Induction formula six

Induction formula seven

Induction formula eight

Induction formula nine

The induction formula k · + α (k ∈ Z) can be summed up as:

“when the odd element changes, the even element does not change.
The sign depends on the quadrant.” When k is odd, we get
complementary function. When k is even, we have trigonometric
function of the same name. If we see α as an acute angle, by the
quadrant of the primary function of symbol.

Exercise
Suppose

Find
Solution:

so the solution is 3.
Simplify:

Solution:

Suppose k ∈ Z, prove:
(1) cos(kπ + α) = (−1)k cos α;
(2) sin(kπ + α) = (−1)k sin α.
Proof: When k is even number, k = 2n (n ∈ Z);
cos(kπ+α) = cos(α+2nπ) = cosα = (−1)2n cos α = (−1)k cos α,
sin(kπ + α) = sin(α + 2nπ) = sinα = (−1)2n sin α = (−1)k sinα.
When k is odd number, k = 2n + 1 (n ∈ Z),
Suppose

Evaluation
Suppose α is a third-quadrant angle, and sin evaluate

Solution:
(1) By simplification and evaluation, we have the following.

tan(x − nπ) · cot(nπ − x) = −tan(nπ − x) cot(nπ − x) = −1,

∴ f(x) =

When n = 2k (k ∈ Z), f(x) = = −sin x.

When n = 2k+1 (k ∈ Z), f(x) = = sinx.

(2)

Comments: If we directly substitute the value for evaluation, it will

obviously be very complex. It is a common practice to simply and
then to get the answers. Emphasis should be put on the classified
discussion. This makes full use of principle “the big horn is
transformed into the small angle” and the formula “when the odd
element changes, the even element does not change. The sign
depends on the quadrant.” If we should transform the angle into ±
α(k ∈ Z), when k is even, we get the value of trigonometric function
of the same name. When k is odd, we get its different name of α
(sine to cosine, cosine to sine, tangent to cotangent and cotangent to
tangent). Then the previously added α serves as the sign for the
original trigonometric function value. Pay attention to the definition of
odd and even when solving such problems.
According to the condition, find the angle x.
(1) Suppose sin x = , x ∈ [0, 2π).

(2) Suppose tan x = x ∈ [−π, π).

The Relationship between Trigonometric Ratios of the Same

Angle
Reciprocal Relationships: sin α · csc α = 1, cos α · sec α = 1, tan α
· cot α = 1;
Quotient Relationships: tan α =
Pythagorean Relationships: sin2 α + cos2 α = 1, 1 + tan2 α = sec2
α, 1 + cot2 α = csc2 α.

Exercise
Let cos α = , and α is the fourth-quadrant angle, find the other
trigonometric functions of α.
Solution:

Let tan α = , find sin α, cos α and cot α.

Solution:

cot α =

1 + tan2 α = sec2 α =

∴ α is the first-quadrant angle or the third-quadrant angle.

(1) When α is the first-quadrant angle, then sinα > 0 and cosα > 0,
∴ cos α = sinα =
(2) when α is the third-quadrant angle, then sinα < 0 and cosα < 0,
∴ cos α = sin α =
If the terminal ray of α in standard position does not lie on the axis of
coordinates, and sin α = m, find tan α, csc α.
Analysis: According to one trigonometric ratio of α, find the other
trigonometric ratios: if we know its quadrant, other trigonometric
ratios are unique; if its quadrant is uncertain, find other trigonometric
ratios according to all conditions of its terminal sides.
Generally, if sin α is known, find cos α firstly; if cos α is known,
find sin α firstly; if tan α is known, find sec α firstly; if cot α is known,
find csc α firstly. Use the Pythagorean relationships firstly, and then
use reciprocal relationships and quotient relationships to find other
trigonometric ratios. Pay attention to the sign ahead root.
Solution:

(1) When α is a first-quadrant angle or a fourth-quadrant angle, then

cos α =

(2) When α is a second-quadrant angle or a third-quadrant angle,

then cos α =

Let tan α = 2.

Solution:
Simplify sin3 α(1 + cot α) + cos3 α(1 + tan α).
Solution:

If −270° < x < −180°, simplify

Solution:
(1) If sin(3π − θ) − cos(5π + θ) = , θ ∈ (0, π), find 3 sin2(kπ−θ) −2
sin[(k+1)π + θ] cos[(k−1)π−θ] − 2 cos2(kπ+θ) (k ∈ Z).
(2) If f(cos x) = cos17x, find [f(cos x)]2 + [f(sin x)]2.
Solution 1: sin θ + cos θ = 1 (1)

then,

According to Eqs. (1) and (2), sin θ = cos θ = −

Solution 2: (1) When 0 < θ < , sin θ + cos θ > 1,

(2)
Comment: The key of question (1) is to find sin θ and cos θ firstly. It
is necessary to reduce the range of the angle θ, and then find sin θ
and cos θ through the idea of equation. Solution 1 constructs
equation about sin θ and cos θ. Generally, for three types of sin θ +
cos θ, sinθ − cos θ and sin θ cos θ, if value of one type is known, we
can find values of other two types by quadratic sum and the
relationship between trigonometric ratios of the same angle. Just pay
attention to the choice of positive and negative when the evaluation
after squaring. Solution 2 constructs the equation about cos θ, and it
is difficult to simplify this type in this question. Mastering basic
induction formula is the key to solve the problem, but also to learn
trigonometric functions.
Proving identity:
Analysis: In this question, there are three ideas as follows:
(1) From left to right, reduction of fractions to a common denominator
of left-type and numerator factorization to produce factor 2(cos a
− sin a), and then decomposition to factor 1 + sin a + cos a, after
the denominator appropriates deformation.
(2) From left to right, because there are denominator factor 1 + sin a
+ cos a in the right type, numerator and denominator are
multiplied by 1 + sin α + cos α.
(3) Turn left and right sides to the same denomination, so 1 + sina +
cosa is the simplest form. Solve the question by
and geometric theorem.
Proving 1:
Proving 2:

Proving 3:

Comment: To prove the trigonometric identity, it is essential to pay

attention to the basic relationship of the same angle of trigonometric
ratio and the application of the induced formula. In the process of
deformation, it is proved generally from complex to simple. The
above methods are proved by the right type as the target, so the
deformation process as much as possible will be constructed as the
denominator 1 + sina + cosa and the numerator 2(cos a − sin a). If
the proving formula contains both cut and string, turn to string
generally. When both sides are complex, it can be considered that
two sides of which are equal to another formula. Proving 3 flexibility
use scaling properties, so proving is enough simple.
Proving: cos α(2 sec α+tan α)(sec α−2 tan α) = 2 cos α − 3 tan α.
Prove:

Exercises One
Let tan θ = 2, find sin2 θ + sinθ cos θ − 2 cos2 θ.
Let sin θ, cos θ be two roots of equation 2x2 −( + 1)x+m = 0, find

Let 3 sin2 α+2 sin2 β = 2 sinα, find the range of values of sin2 α +
sin2 β.
Let {x| cos2 x + sinx + m = 0} ≠ φ, find the range of values of m.
Let cos x + cos y = 1, find the range of values of sin x − sin y.
If = 2 tan α is identity, find the range of values of α.
In ΔABC, sinA(sinB + cosB) − sinC = 0, sinB + cos2C = 0, find A, B,
C.
Let − < x < 0, sin x + cos x = . Find
Let f(t) = = cosx · f(sin x) + sinx · f(cos x),
(1) Simply g(x) to the expression of A sin(ωx + ϕ) + B (A > 0, ω > 0,
ϕ ∈ [0, 2π)).
(2) Find the range of g(x).
 Chapter 2

Trigonometric Identity

2.1. Cosines, Sines and Tangents of Addition and Subtraction of

Two Angles
Cosines and sines of addition and subtraction of two angles

Exercise
Find
Analysis: Uniform angle −α and α + by induction formula, and
then use the sines of addition of two angles. Uniform angle + α
and α + by induction formula, and then use the cosines of addition
of two angles.
Solution 1:
Solution 2:

Suppose cos φ = − , φ ∈ ( , π), find sin ( + φ).

Analysis: so only we need
to find sin φ.
Solution:

Prove cos(α + β) cos(α − β) = cos2 α − sin2 β.

Proving:
Comment: The proof of identity is generally followed the principle
from complex to simple.
Suppose < α < π, 0 < β < π, find

Solution:

(1) Suppose find sin 2α.

(2) Let find
Solution:
Comment: Pay attention to overall substitution of the trigonometric
function values after angle transformation.
Suppose sin x+sin y = find the range of values of cos x+ cos y.
Solution:
(1)

let m = cos x + cos y; (2)

The comprehensive application of triangle trigonometry

In ΔABC:

Exercise
In ΔABC, let cos A = , cos B = find sin C and cos C.
Solution:
A,B,C are internal angles of ΔABC,
∴ A,B,C ∈ (0, π), ∴ sin A, sin B, sin C > 0,

Tangents of addition and subtraction of two angles

Exercise
8. (1) Using tangents of addition of two angles, find
(2) Calculate: tan 15° + tan 30° + tan 15° tan 30°.
(3) tan 20° + tan 40° + tan 20° tan 40°.
Solution:
 Comment: Use the deformation of formula:
tan α + tan β = tan(α + β)(1−tan α tan β) to make the problem
simple.
Suppose sin(30° + α) = , 60° < α < 150°, find tan(75° + α).
Solution:

In isosceles right ΔABC (see Fig. 2.1), ∠C = 90°, point D, E are two
trisection points of BC, find tan α, tan β, tan γ.

Fig. 2.1.

Analysis: Find tan α, tan(α + β) firstly, and then use the

transformation
β = (α + β) − α, γ = − (α + β).

Solution:

Auxiliary angle formula and its application

Convert a sin α+b cos α(a·b ≠ 0) to the expression of A sin(α+φ) (A >
0):

extracting common factor .

Suppose

a sin α + b cos α = sin(α + φ) is named auxiliary angle

formula.
Exercise
If equation 2 sin x + cos x = has solutions, find the range of
values of k.
Solution: therefore sin(x
+ φ) =
If equation 2 sin x + has solutions,

Comment: Generally, a sin x + b cos x = c has solution a2 + b2 >

c2.
If n ∈ N* and M > 0, the elements in arithmetic progression a1, a2, a3,
. . ., all meet ≤ M, find the maximum of S =

Solution: Suppose a1 = k cos θ, an+1 = k sin θ, k ∈ [0, ], θ ∈ [0,

2π),

When sin(θ − φ) = 1, k = , namely a1 = the

maximum of S is

Comment: ≤ M is a disc in cartesian coordinate system. Use

the parameter equations of the disc a1 = k cos θ, an+1 = k sin θ, k ∈
[0, ], θ ∈ [0, 2π) and auxiliary angle formula to make the solution
more concise.
Suppose sin α = cos β, tan α = cot β,− < α < , 0 < β < π. Find
α, β.
Solution:
Thus α = 0, β = meet the problem set.

When can get (5)

(3)2 can get sin2 α = 2 cos2 β (6)

If α, β are acute angles, and cos α + cos β − cos(α+β) = , find α, β.

Analysis: This problem is an equation with two unknowns, which

belongs to the type of indeterminate equation. To solve this problem,
it should be solved by method of completing the square from
triangular transformation.
Solution 1:
Solution 2: According to the condition,

Suppose P(sin β, cos β); then circle x2 + y2 = 1 and line (sin α)x + (1
− cos α)y + cos α − = 0 intersect at P.

Suppose α, β are different roots of the equation

α cos x+b sin x−c = 0 (a2 +b2 ≠ 0), and α ≠ β +2kπ (k ∈ Z).
Prove

Proof: Suppose P1(cos α, sin α), P2(cos β, sin β); then circle x2 + y2
= 1 and line ax + by = c intersect at different points P1 and P2.
Simultaneous

∴ (b2 + a2)x2 − 2acx + c2 − b2 = 0

∴ cos α + cos β =
(7)

Similarly, (b2 + a2)y2 − 2bcy + c2 − a2 = 0,

∴ sinα + sinβ =
(8)

If = 1, prove α + β = .
Proof 1:

Proof 2:
By adding two formulas

So two formulas must be established at the same time when

2.2. Double Angles, Half-Angle, Sum-to-Product Formula and

Product-to-Sum Formula
Double angles formula:

Convert double angles formula

Half-angles formula:
Universal replacement formula:

Sum-to-product formula and product-to-sum formula:

(1) Product-to-sum formula

(2) Sum-to-product formula

Others:
(1) (sin α ± cos α)2 = 1± sin 2α.
(2)

(3) tan α + cot α =

 tan α − cot α = −2 cot 2α,
(4) sin(α + β) sin(α − β) = sin2 α − sin2 β = cos2 β − cos2 α;
cos(α + β) cos(α − β) = cos2 α − sin2 β.
(5)

(6)

(7)

Exercise
1. If find
Solution:

So

2. If sin α + sinβ = m, cos α + cosβ = n(mn ≠ 0), find (1) cos(α −

β); (2) sin(α + β); (3) tan(α + β).

Solution:
 (1)

(2)

According to the universal replacement formula

(3)

If sin α + sinβ = find cos α + cos β.

Solution:
(1)

Suppose cos α + cos β = α, ∴ (2)

If α = 0, ∴ = 0,
∴ α + β = 2kπ + π, tan(α + β) = 0 (contradict with condition)

In cartesian coordinate, A(cos α, sin α), B(cos β, sin β),

is center of gravity of ΔABC, find cos(α + β) and tan α +
tan β.
Solution: According to the condition

If sinA + sinB = sinC, cosA + cosB = cosC, find sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2
C.
Solution:
sinA + sinB = sinC, (5)
cosA + cosB = cosC (6)
If sin x + siny + sinz = cosx + cosy + cosz = 0, find S = tan(x + y + z)
+ tan x tan y tan z.
Solution: According to the condition

Suppose
Find cos4 20° + cos4 40° + cos4 80°.
Solution:

Whether there are acute angles α, β which satisfy (1) α + 2β = (2)

If α, β are obtained, find them. If not, give the
reason.

Find sin 10° sin 50° sin 70°.

Analysis: Because sin 10° sin 50° sin 70° = cos 80° cos 40° cos 20°
and 20°, 40°, 80° are multiple relationship, consider the double
angles formula: sin 10° sin 50° sin 70° and cos 10° cos 50° cos 70°
are dual form, so solve them by matching method.
In addition, 10°, 50°, 70° are 10°, 60° −10°, 60° + 10° and triple
angles formula:
sin 3θ = 3 sinθ − 4 sin3 θ = 4 sinθ sin(60° − θ) sin(60° + θ), so find
the solution.
Solution 1:
Solution 2: Suppose A = sin10° sin 50° sin 70°, B = cos 10° cos 50°
cos 70°

Solution 3: sin 10° sin 50° sin 70°

Comment: Solution 1 has generality. Solve the question cos θ

by this method. Solution 3 uses sin θ
sin(60° − θ) sin(60° + θ) = sin 3θ.
Similarly, cos θ cos(60° − θ) cos(60° + θ) = cos 3θ and tan θ
tan(60° − θ) tan(60° + θ) = tan 3θ.
Prove sin 1° sin 2° sin 3° · · · sin 89° =
Proof:
 Suppose

Find
Solution 1:
Solution 2:

Solution 3:

Comment: This solution uses sines of subtraction of and

then eliminate several items after product-to-sum. Finally we get the
result. Generally,
If = 1, prove = 1.
Analysis: Exchange the A and B in condition, which is the
conclusion to proof, and so consider to prove cos2 A = cos2 B, sin2 A
= sin2 B. Note the conditions belong to the type a2+b2 = 1, so use
substitution method.

Proof: Suppose

∴ cos2 A = cosB cos ϕ, (a)

sin2 A = sinB sin ϕ (b)
(a) + (b) 1 = cosB cos ϕ + sinB sin ϕ = cos(B − ϕ)
∴ B − ϕ = 2kπ, (k ∈ Z)

Prove
Analysis: This problem is complex on the surface. There are angles
x, 2x, 3x and functions sines, cosines. Consider translate function of
angle x and 2x to cos x and sin x. In addition, it can be considered to
be unified into 2x to achieve the purpose of reducing the power.

Proof 1:
Proof 2:

Prove tan α + 2 tan2α + 4 tan4α + 8 cot 8α = cot α.

Proof:

∴ tan α = cot α − 2 cot 2α (9)

∴ tan 2α = cot2α − 2 cot 4α (10)
∴ tan 4α = cot4α − 2 cot 8α (11)

Comment: This method can be used to prove more general

conclusions:
tan x + 2tan2x + 22 tan 22x + · · · + 2n tan 2nx = cotx − 2n+1 tan
2n+1x.
If = prove

Proof 1: Suppose sin2 x = u, cos2 x = v,

Proof 2:
Suppose α, β are acute angles and sin2 α + sin2 β = sin(α + β), prove
α+β=

Proof 1:

Proof 2:
Exercises 2
Suppose sin α + cos α = find
In ΔABC, cosA = sinB = , find sinC.
Suppose sin α = , sin(α + β) = , α, β ∈ (0, 2), find cos
Find cos2 x + cos2
If cos find cos
If tan(α − β) = α,β∈ (0, π), find 2α − β.
In ΔABC, AB = which is the median of the
triangle. Find sinA.
Find period of function f(x) =
If find
In ΔABC, cotA + cotB + cotC = , judge the shape of ΔABC.
In isosceles trapezoid ABCD, AD//BC, height is 5, lower bottom BC =
5, radius of is 1, which remains a tangent to the bottom-up
position and two equal sides, the base angles are φ. Find sin φ. (See
Fig. 2.2.)

Fig. 2.2.

Fig. 2.3.

Find the maximum and minimum of function y = 7 − 4 sin x cos x + 4

cos2 x − 4 cos4 x.
If − ≤ x ≤ , find the maximum and minimum of f(x) = sinx + cos x.
As shown in Fig. 2.3, the city plans to build a sports lane on road OP
of the length of 8 km. The former part of the lane is the curved line
OSM, which is the image for the function y = A sin ωx(A > 0, ω > 0),
x ∈ [0, 4]. The top of the image is S (3, 2 ). The latter part of the
lane is the folding line MNP. To ensure the athlete’s safety, limit the
angle MNP = 120°.
(1) Find the distance between M and P and the value of A, ω.
(2) How to design to make the length of the folding line MNP to its
utmost.
Prove
Suppose n ∈ N∗, prove
Prove:
Suppose integers a and b meet = a+b csc 50°, find a and
b.
In ΔABC, A,B,C are the corresponding angles of side a, b, c. If a2 +
b2 − c2 = ab, , prove ΔABC is equilateral triangle.
If a, b ∈ N∗, and a > b, sin θ =
Prove, to all positive integers n, An is integer.
 Chapter 3

Trigonometric Functions

3.1. Graphs and Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Graphs and properties of sine, cosine, tangent and cotangent
functions:

1. Definition: y = sin x, x ∈ R, is named sine function; y = cos x, x ∈

R, is named cosine function. y = tan x, x ≠ kπ + , is named
tangent function; and y = cot x, x ≠ kπ (k ∈ Z), is named cotangent
function.
Sine, cosine, tangent and cotangent functions are all named
trigonometric functions.
2. Primary properties of sine, cosine, tangent and cotangent
functions
Please see the table in next page.

Exercise
Find the domain of function y =
Solution:
Comment: Draw all solutions on the number axis, and find
intersection sets by combination of quantities and spatial forms.
If f(x) = find the range of f(x).
Solution: According to the condition x ≠ kπ, x ≠ kπ + (k ∈ Z)
If y = sinx + , find the maximum and minimum.
Analysis: Use the change element method according to

Solution 1: Suppose sin x = =

Solution 2:

(1) If the minimum of f(x) = cos 2x − 2a(1 + cos x) is − , find the

range of values of a.
(2) If f(x) = sin4 x − sin x cos x + cos4 x, find the range of f(x).
Solution: (1)

When a > 2, f(x)min = 1− 4a, where cosx = 1.

When a < −2, f(x)min = 1, where cos x = −1.
When −2 ≤ a ≤ 2, f(x)min = − a2−2a−1, where cos x =
When a > 2 or a < −2, f(x)min ≠ −
(2) f(x) = sin4 x − sin x cos x + cos4 x =
Suppose t = sin2x, then

If

find cos(x + 2y).

Solution: Eliminate

Suppose f(t) = t3 + sint

∴ f(t) is an increasing function in [− , ]

Graphs and properties of function: y = A sin(ωx + ϕ) (A > 0, ω > 0,

x ∈ R)
Five Point Method
Using “Five Point Method” to plot the graph of y = A sin(ωx + ϕ)(A >
0, ω > 0, X ∈ R)
(1) confirm periodicity T =
(2) let ωx + ϕ = 0, then

Find five points:

(3) Charting, plot the graph of function in one period, then according
to the periodicity, will get the graph of function y = A sin(ωx + ϕ)(A
> 0, ω > 0,X ∈ R).
Translation Method
We can get the graph of the function y = A sin(ωx + ϕ) (A > 0, ω >
0,X ∈ R) as follows.
By the graph of function y = sinx, the graph of function y = sin(ωx
+ φ) has the following ways to transform:
(1) Transform, and then translation: graph of y = sinx
The abscissa of all points be extended (0 < ω < 1) or narrowed
(ω > 1) by times the graph of y = sin(ωx) left (φ > 0) or right (ϕ
< 0) translation unit, the graph of y = sin(ϕx + φ)
The ordinates of all points be extended or narrowed (0 < A <
1) by A times the graph of y = A sin(ωx + φ)
(2) Translation, and then transform. The graph of y = sinx left (φ > 0)
or right (φ < 0) translation unit, the graph of y = sin(x + ϕ)
The abscissa of all points be extended (0 < ω < 1) or
narrowed (ω > 1) by times the graph of y = sin(ωx+φ)
The ordinates of all points be extended or narrowed (0 < A < 1)
by A times the graph of y = A sin(ωx + ϕ).
Primary Properties of y = A sin(ωx + φ) (A > 0, ω > 0)(k ∈ Z)
When y = A sin(ωx + φ) means simple harmonic oscillation, A is
named amplitude, which means maximum distance from the
equilibrium position; f = named frequency, which means
number of times per unit time of reciprocating vibration; ωx + φ is
named phase. When x = 0, ϕ is named primary phase.
The graph of y = A sin(ωx + φ) is both axisymmetric graph and
central symmetry graph. Its symmetric axis is
and its center of symmetry is
Similarly, we can research primary properties of function of y = A
cos(ω x + φ)(A > 0, ω > 0, x ∈ R) and y = A tan(ωx + φ)(A > 0, ω > 0,
x ∈ R) (k ∈ Z).

Exercise
Find monotone interval of f(x) =
Solution:
f(x) = ,
f(x)is monotone increasing function
∴ sin is monotone decreasing function

∴
f(x) is monotone decreasing function
∴ sin is monotone increasing function
 ∴

∴ decreasing interval is

increasing interval is

Comment: Translate function into standard form y = A sin(ωx + φ)(A

> 0, ω > 0), and then find the solution.
If x ∈ find maximum of y = −
Solution:

Comment: If it is difficult to translate the function, consider the use

of the monotonous of function. To prove that monotonous of two
functions are the same in the same interval, the maximum
(minimum) value is obtained at the same point.
Let f(x) = find minimum of f(x).
Solution:
Suppose g(x) = then g(x) ≥ 0.
So g(x) is increasing function in and decreasing function in
and the symmetric axis of y = g(x) is x = , so for all there
exists x2 ∈ and mange g(x2) = g(x1) (see Fig. 3.1).
so

Fig. 3.1.

Comment: If it is difficult or impossible to solve the problem of non-

conventional functions, we can use outflanking tactics like
monotonous and symmetries of function and also use the calculus to
solve.
If f(x) is the decreasing function in (−∞, 1]. To x ∈ R, f(k − sin x) ≥ f(k2
− sin2 x) is always satisfied, find k.
Solution:

According to (1)

According to (2):

According to (3), (4): k = −1.

Comment: Using the monotone property of the function, take the
problem to inequality problem. The inequality problem is often using
the separation variable method. After separation of variables, the
following conclusions are often used.

Suppose inequality sin2 θ + 3mcos θ − 6m − 4 < 0 is

satisfied, find the range of m.
Solution: 3m > is always satisfied,

Let cos θ−2 = t,−2 ≤ t ≤ −1, u =

When t = −2, umax =
If (x + 3 + 2 sinθ cos θ)2 + (x + a sin θ + a cos θ)2 ≥ is always
satisfied to all x ∈ R and all θ ∈ [0, ], find the range value of a.
Solution 1: Using

Let t = sinθ + cos θ, t ∈ [1, ], sin θ cos θ =

Solution 2: Let y = x,

Suppose f(x) = 3 sinx + 2 cos x + 1, a, b, c ∈ R, and af (x) + bf (x − c)

= 1 is always satisfied for all x ∈ R, find .
Solution: Let c = π, ∴ for all x ∈ R, f(x) + f(x − c) = 2 is satisfied, ∴ let
a = b = , c = π,
∴ for all x ∈ R, af(x) + bf(x − c) = 1, = −1.
 Fig. 3.2.

Generally, f(x) = sin(x+ϕ)+1, f(x−c) = sin(x+ ϕ − c) + 1 (0 < ϕ

< and tan ϕ = ,
∴ af(x) + bf(x − c) = 1 is equivalent to

According to known condition, for all x ∈ R, we have

If b = 0, then according to (1), a = 0, which does not meet (3), ∴ b ≠

0. ∴ According to (2), sinc = 0, ∴ c =2kπ + π or c = 2kπ (k ∈ Z).
When c = 2kπ, cosc = 1, then (1) and (3) are contradiction.
∴ c = 2kπ + π(k ∈ Z), cos c = −1.
According to (1) and (3), a = b = , = −1.
Comment: First guess: the use of special values, extreme values to
explore, discover the law of the problem. Solve the problem by the
method of undetermined coefficient method. First guess is an
important mean and method to promote the development of
mathematics.
(1) If y = A sin ωx(A > 0, ω > 0) has at least 50 maximums in [0,1],
find the maximum of ω.
(2) If y = 3 sin(ωx)(ω > 0) has at least 50 maximums in [a, a + 1], find
the maximum of ω.
(3) In plane rectangular coordinate system xoy, find the area of the
image formed by the closed graph of f(x) = a sin ax + cos ax (a >
0) and g(x) =
(4) The large of interval (m, n), [m, n], (m, n], [m, n) is defined n−m(n
> m), the sum of interval of the solution set which meets sin x cos
x+ cos2 x+b > 0, x ∈ [0, π] exceeded find the range interval
of b.
Solution: (1) Minimum occurs once in a period, but minimum occurs
twice in a period and period. Moreover, period can guarantee
the emergence of 50 minimum.
If y has at least 50 maximums in [0,1]

(3) f(x) = where φ = its period is amplitude is

The image formed by the closed graph of f(x) and g(x) is
shown in image 1, which has the symmetry (S1 = S2, S3 = S44). This
can be cut growth for graphics as rectangle ABCD, where length is
and width is as the shown in image 2, ∴ its area is
 Fig. 3.3.

(4) sin x cos x + cos2 x + b =

Suppose f(x) = sin x cos x + cos2 x+b > 0, x ∈ [0, π], is
equivalent to f(x) > −b x ∈ [0, π].
When x ∈ [0, ], its large of the solution set is equal to , short of ;
∴ left and right of the solution set are short of .
When < f(x)
Comment: By means of combining numbers with shapes, the
problem is solved by using the method of periodic, symmetry and
cut-paste algorithm.
Maximum and minimum of trigonometric function
Find the maximum of triangular function by means of the appropriate
trigonometric transformation or algebraic

Fig. 3.4.

transformation. Turn to essential trigonometric function or algebraic

function, and then using the boundedness of trigonometric function
or common method, find the maximum of function.
The type of y = a sin x+b (or y = a cos x+b), using |sin x| ≤ 1 (or |cos
x| ≤ 1) to solve.
The type of y = a sin x+b cos x, introducing auxiliary angle φ,
translate into y = sin(x+φ), using |sin(x + φ)| ≤ 1 to solve.
The type of y = a sin2 x+b sin x+c (or y = a cos2 x+b cos+c), let t =
sinx (or t = cos x, |t| ≤ 1), and then translate it into the most value
problem of quadratic function in the closed interval.
The type of y = (or y = get sinx (or cos x), using |sin x|
≤1 (or |cos x| ≤ 1 to solve, or using separation of constant method to
solve.
The type of y = (or y = and then translate it into the
sin(x + φ) = g(y).
To the most problems of function which include sin x±cos x or sin x
cos x, let sinx±cos x = t, |t| ≤ , and then translate sin x cos x into
the relational expression about t.
In the solution of the problem with the maximum value of
trigonometric functions, the parameters are should be discussed.
Can be solved by calculus.

Exercise:
If f(x) = 2 cos2 x + sin2x + a, and x ∈ , |f(x)| < 2, find the range
value of a.
Solution:

If α, β ∈ (0, ), α + β) ≠ and α, β meet sin β = sinα cos(α+β), (1) use

tan α to represent tan β; (2) find maximum of tan β.
Solution:

(1) sin β = sinα · cos α · cos β − sin2 α · sin β, sin β(1 + sin2 α) =
sinα · cos α · cos β
cos β ≠ 0, tan β(1 + sin2 α) = sinα cos α

(2) x = tan α, (x > 0)

Suppose f(x, y, z) = sin2(x − y) + sin2(y − z) + sin2(z − x), x, y, z ∈ R,

find the maximum of f(x, y, z).
Solution:

When the maximum of f(x, y, z) is

The maximum of F(x)=| cos2 x + 2 sinx cos x − sin2 x + Ax + B| is M
in 0 ≤ x ≤ which is related to A and B. What about the value of A,
B, M is minimum? Prove your result.
Solution 1:
F(x) =
If A = B = 0, F(x) =

when
Proof: ∀A,B,M ≥ ,
if A,B,M <

(10)
(11)

(12)

(10) + (12) − 2 × (11) ⇒ 0 < 0 which is a contradiction.

A=B=0
∴M≥ , ∴ A = B = 0, ∴ M = .

Solution 2: F(x) = when A = B = 0, F(x)max = M

= , to prove is the minimum value of M, i.e., implies to prove:
when A ≠ 0, B ≠ 0, M < .

(i) when A > 0,B > 0, take x = , M ≥ F ( ) =

(ii) A < 0, B < 0, take x = M≥ =
(iii) when A > 0, B < 0,
• take A· > −B, x = , M ≥ F ( ) =
• take A· < −B, x = , M ≥ F ( ) =
(iv) A < 0, B >0,
• take −A· > B, x = , M ≥ F ( ) =
• take−A· < B, x = , M ≥ F ( ) =
∴ when A = 0, B = 0, Mmin = .
If f(x) = (0 < x < π).
(1) represent f(x) as polynomials about cos x;
(2) find the range value of f(x);
(3) if cos x has two different sign in f(x) = k(cos x−2), find the range
value of k.
Solution:
(1)

(2)
(3) 4 cos2 x + 2 cos x − = k(cos x − 2),

let t = cos x, t ∈ [−1, 1], g(t) = 4t2 + (2−k)t + 2k − , one root in [−1, 0),
another root in (0, 1]

If the minimum of f(x) = (sinx+4 sin θ+4)2 + (cos x−5 cos θ)2 is g(θ),
find the maximum of g(θ) (see Fig. 3.5).

Fig. 3.5.

Solution 1:
 let t =
∴ g(θ) = t2 − 2t + 1 = (t − 1)2, t ∈ [0, 8],
∴ g(θ)max = (8 − 1)2 = 49.

Solution 2: In the cartesian coordinate plane, let

A(cos x,4 + sinx), B(5 cos θ,−4 sinθ)

∴ |AB|2 = (cos x − 5 cos θ)2 + (sinx + 4 sinθ + 4)2

f(x) = |AB|2, A in the circle : x2 + (y − 4)2 = 1
B in the ellipse : = 1.

For all B, g(θ) = (|BC| − 1)2, C(0, 4) is the center of a circle

∴ the maximum distance between C(0, 4)

a, b, A, B ∈ R and f(θ) = 1−a cos θ−b sin θ−Acos 2θ−B sin 2θ.
Prove: To all θ ∈ R, f(θ) ≥ 0 is satisfied, then a2 + b2 ≤ 2 and A2 + B2
≤ 1.
Proof: Using auxiliary angle formula:

First prove : a2 + b2 ≤ 2
Suppose : θ = a + 45°, θ = a − 45°
f(a + 45°) = (13)

f(a − 45°) = (14)

Then prove: A2 + B2 ≤ 1.
Let θ = β, θ = β + π,
f(β) = 1 − γ cos(β − α) − Rcos 0 = 1 − γ cos(β − a) − R ≥ 0 (15)
f(β + π) = 1 − γ cos(β − α + π) − Rcos 2π
= 1 + γ cos(β − a) − R ≥ 0 (16)
(15) + (16) ⇒ R2 = A2 + B2 ≤ 1.

Suppose M is the maximum of f(x) = 1 + and m is the

minimum. Find M + m.
Solution: Suppose F(x) = f(x) − 1, we know F(x) is odd function, and
its graph symmetrizes origin
Fmin(x) = m − 1, Fmax(x) = M − 1,
∴ −(m − 1) = M − 1,
∴ M + m = 2.
If the graph of f(x) = | sin x| has only three intersection points with
line y = kx (k > 0), α is the maximum of the abscissa of intersection
points. Prove:

Fig. 3.6.

Proof: As shown in Fig. 3.6, two graph are tangency in (π,

Suppose point of tangency A(α,−sin α), α ∈ (π,
Comment: Solving the problem about the tangent of the curve,
calculus can be a simple solution to this problem.

Suppose f(x) =
(1) Find the monotony interval of f(x).
(2) If f(x) ≤ ax is satisfied to all x ≥ 0, find the range value of a.
Solution:
(1) f′(x) =

• When 2kπ − < x < 2kπ + (k ∈ Z), cosx > − , ∴ f′(x) > 0.
• When 2kπ + < x < 2kπ + (k ∈ Z), cosx < − , ∴ f′(x) < 0.
∴ f(x) is monotony increasing function in every interval

f(x) is monotony decreasing function in every interval

(2) By convention, variables separation: a ≥ =

it is unable to solve whether the derivation or the other methods.
Only to find the necessary condition of f(x) ≤ ax, and then improve
gradually.

Let g(x) = ax − f(x),

∴ When a ≥ , g′(x) ≥ 0.
g(0) = 0, ∴ when x ≥ 0, g(x) ≥ g(0) = 0, ∴ f(x) ≤ ax.
 Let h(x) = sin x − 3ax, h′(x) = cos x − 3a

∴ When x ∈ [0, arccos 3a), h′(x) > 0.

∴ h(x) is monotone increasing in [0, arccos 3a).
∴ When x ∈ (0, arccos 3a), h(x) > h(0) = 0, ∴ sinx > 3ax.

Comment: In the process of solving problem, if it is difficult, retreat

to the simple without losing nature, gradually weave, detour step by
step in circuitous process. In the course of the detour, we have used
the method of strengthening the proposition to solve the problem by
the differential calculus.
Suppose a, b ∈ R+n ∈ N, n ≥ 1.

Find the minimum of y =

Solution: List:
Suppose p, q ∈ R, x ∈ (0, ). Find the minimum of f(x) =
Solution 1: Let α = = 1.
According to H¨older’s inequality: ai, bi ∈ R (1 ≤ i ≤ n),
α + β = 1, αβ > 0; then

Solution 2: Carlson inequality:

According to Carlson’s inequality,

when

equal sign is satisfied.

Solution 3:

when
equal sign is satisfied.

Exercise
If the graph of y = 3 cos(2x + ϕ) is centrally symmetrical about point
, 0), find the minimum of |ϕ|.
If the graph of f(x) = sinωx + cosωx (ω > 0) has two adjacent
intersections with line y = 2, and distance of these two points is π.
Find the monotony increasing interval of f(x).
If there is an overlap between graph of y = to the
right translation 6 unit and graph of y = find the minimum
of ω.
When 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, inequation sin ≥ kx is satisfied. Find the range
value of k.
Find the monotony decreasing interval of f(x) =
Find the maximum and minimum of y = in [0, π].
If the graph of f(x) = sin(ωx + ϕ), (ω > 0) has first point N(6,0) on the
origin of the right with x-axis, and f(2 + x) = f(2 − x), f(0) < 0. Find
analytic form of f(x).
If f(x) = 2a sin2 x − 2 − a sin x cos x + a + b − 1, (a, b ∈ R, a < 0),
which domain is [0, ] and range is [−3, 1], find a + b.
If the graph of f(x) = A sin(ωx + φ), x ∈ R (A > 0, ω > 0, 0 < φ < )
has two intersection points with x-axis, and distance of these two
points is , the lowest point is .
(1) Find analytic form of f(x).
(2) When find the range of f(x).
Suppose f(x) =
(1) Find the period of f(x).
(2) If the graph of y = g(x) and y = f(x) is symmetrical about straight
line x = 1, find the maximum of y = g(x) (x ∈ [0, ]).
f(x) =
(1) Suppose x = x0 is symmetric axis of y = f(x). Find g(x0).
(2) Find the monotony increasing interval of h(x) = f(x)+g(x).
Prove, there are only real number pairs (c, d) in (0, ), c, d ∈ (0, ),
and c < d, let sin(cos c) = c, cos(sin d) = d.
f(x) = is monotone decreasing in (0, ), find the range of m.
For all a, θ constant F(a, θ) = (a, θ ∈ R, a ≠ 0), find the
range of F(a, θ)
α, β, γ ∈ (0, ), cos α + cos β + cos γ = 1, find the minimum of tan2 =
α + tan2 = β + 8tan2 = γ.
Suppose x1, x2, x3, x4 are positive real numbers and x1 + x2 + x3 + x4
= π, find the minimum of

The equation x3 sin θ − (sin θ − 2)x2 + 6x − 4 = 0 has three positive

real roots, find the minimum of u =
Whether there is a function f : R → R, that makes the real numbers
x, y, f(x + f(y)) = f(x) + siny constant?
− < f(x) + g(x) < and − < f(x) + g(x) < , prove for all x ∈ R, cosf(x)
> sin g(x), and thus prove for all x ∈ R, cos f(x) > sin g(x).
Set the function f(x) for all real x are satisfied f(x+2π) = f(x).
Prove there are four functions fi(i = 1, 2, 3, 4):
(1) i = 1, 2, 3, 4, f(x) is even function, and fi(x + π) = fi(x);
(2) f(x) = f1(x) + f2(x) cos x + f3(x) sin x + f4(x) sin 2x.
Suppose a1, a2, . . ., an are constant real numbers, x is variable
number, and

prove x2 − x1 = mπ, and m is an integer.

Find the range of a, if
always holds in θ ∈ [0, ].
θi ∈ (0, ), tan θ1 · tan θ2 · · · tan θn = n ∈ N*, there is cos θ1 + cos
θ2 + · · · + cos θn ≤ λ, If the above conditions are met for θ1, θ2, . . .,
θn, find the minimum of λ.
 Chapter 4

Inverse Trigonometric Functions and

Trigonometric Equations

4.1. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inverse sine function, inverse cosine function and inverse
tangent function
The inverse function of is called inverse sine
function, which is defined as y = arcsin x, x ∈ [−1, 1].
The inverse function of y = cos x (x ∈ [0, π]) is called inverse cosine
function, which is defined as y = arccos x, x ∈ [−1, 1].
The inverse function of is called inverse tangent
function, which is defined as y = arctan x.

Primary properties of inverse trigonometric functions

Operation of inverse trigonometric functions
Trigonometric operation of inverse trigonometric functions:
sin(arcsin x) = x (|x| ≤ 1),
cos(arccos x) = x (|x| ≤ 1),
tan(arctan x) = x (x ∈ R).
Negative arguments:
arcsin(−x) = −arcsin x,
arcos(−x) = π−arccos x,
arctan(−x) = −arctan x.
Inverse trigonometric operation of trigonometric functions:

The calculation of the inverse trigonometric function can be

obtained by setting the angle. Get trigonometric function value of the
known angle and the range of the angle, so that the problem of
inverse trigonometric function is converted into the problem of
trigonometric function value.
Exercise
If
(1) when find x;
(2) when x ∈ [0, 2π], find x;
(3) when x ∈ R, find the set of value of x.
Analysis: Find α if trigonometric function value of α is known. The
angle has more than one, so the number of angles should be
determined according to the range of the angle. The method can be
divided into the following steps:
(1) Determine the quadrant of angle α.
(2) If the function value is positive, find the corresponding acute
angle.
(3) If the function value is negative, according to its quadrant, find
the corresponding form.
(4) If the angle is out of [0, 2π], express this angle with the form of
coterminal angle.
Solution:
(1) is increasing function;
∴ one x satisfies

∴
(2) The value of sin x is positive in the first quadrant and second
quadrant;
two x satisfy in (0, 2π], which are and

(3) When x ∈ R, according to the periodicity of sine function,

Comment: Known trigonometric function values for angle, the

general idea is to find trigonometric functions corresponding to the
absolute value of the acute angle, and then use induction formula for
the districts corresponding to the angle. In the end, we use the
periodicity of the trigonometric function for the general solution.
Express following x with inverse trigonometric:
(1)
(2) cos x = a, a ∈ [−1, 1], x ∈ [−4π,−3π];
(3)
Solution:
(1)

(2) x ∈ [−4π,−3π],
∴ x +4π ∈ [0, π], cos(x + 4π) = cos x = a
∴ x = −4π + arccos a.
(3)

Comment: sin x = a, so is the condition of x = arcsin x. If

x is not in make a compound angle of x in by induction
formula, then carry out the transformation, and therefore pay special
attention to the interval of the angle. Other trigonometric functions
are similar to the corresponding transformation.
If
try to compare the size of f(α), f(β), f(γ), f(δ).
Solution 1: f(x) symmetric monotone increasing in
monotone decreasing in and

Solution 2:
Comment: Using the geometric meaning as well, make α, β, γ, δ
and π − α, π − δ to lie in the complex plane, and then we have f(α) >
f(β) > f(γ) > f(δ) because f(x) is decreasing function in
Find the domain and range of the following function:
(1)
(2) y = arccos(x2 − x):
(3)
(4) ln[arccos(ex − 1)];
(5) y = arctan x + arcsin x.
Solution:

(3) Inverse trigonometric functions domain: R.

So we only need x ≠ 0.

(4)

∴ −1 ≤ ex − 1 < 1, ex < 2
∴ x < ln 2
−1 < ex − 1 > 1,
∴ 0 < arccos(ex − 1) < π,
∴ domain:(−∞, ln 2) ∪ (−∞, ln π).
(5) Domain of function is [−1, 1],
y = arctan x and
y = arcsin x are increasing functions in [−1, 1]
∴ f(−1) ≤ y ≤ f(1),
∴ domain is [−1, 1],
range is [−arctan 1 − arcsin 1, arctan 1 + arcsin 1],
namely
Comment: Pay attention to that range of inner function of compound
function which is the definition domain of outer function.
In ΔABC, y = arccos(sin A) + arccos(sin B) + arccos(sin C), find the
range of y.
Solution:
If ΔABC is an acute triangle, then
if ΔABC is a non-acute triangle, then

Find the value of the following expression:

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) arcsin(sin2000°).
Solution:
(4) arcsin(sin 2000°) = arcsin [sin(5 × 360° + 200°)]
= arcsin[sin(200°)] = −arcsin[sin(20°)] = −20°.
Comment: In this problem, to pay special attention, the method of
finding angle is similar to the method in function problem, but the
range of the angle is more subtle.
Solve the inequality arccos x > arccos x2.
Solution:
If

find the value of arctan(x + 3y).

Solution:

Prove arcsin(cos x) = arccos (sin x),

Proof 1:

∴
∴ arcsin(cos x) = arccos(sin x).
Proof 2: Suppose A = arcsin(cos x).
According to Fig. 4.1, we can know AC = sin x.

∴ cos A = sin x, A = arccos(sin x).

Therefore, the original inequality is established.

Fig. 4.1.

If a, b, c are three sides of a right triangle (where c is hypotenuse),

prove

Proof: Suppose
Find the value of
Solution: Suppose

If 0 < x < 1, find the value of

Solution: Suppose
Find the value of
Solution:

At the same time on both sides of the inverse tangent:

Find the value of

Solution:
According to the sine operation of inverse sine function:

let
Draw the graph of

Solution:
Suppose (see Fig. 4.2).
4.2. Trigonometric Equations
A trigonometric equation is any equation that contains a
trigonometric function.

Fig. 4.2.

Solution set of simplest trigonometric equation:

Simplest trigonometric equation

Solution set
sin x = a |a| ≤ 1 {x|x = kπ + (−1)k arcsin a, k ∈ Z}

|a| > 1

cos x = a |a| ≤ 1
{x|x = 2kπ ± arccos a, k ∈ Z}

|a| > 1

tan x = a
{x|x = kπ +arctan a, k ∈ Z}

Most trigonometric equations can be divided into one of these

types:
Simplest type: as asin(wx + φ) + b = 0. Method: Transform to sin x =
A, and solve the equation with solution set of simplest trigonometric
equation.
Substitution type: as a sin2 x + b sin x + c = 0. Method: Transform to
(A1 sin x − B1)(A2 sin x − B2) = 0 and then transform to type (1).
Type of asin x + b cos x + c = 0. Method: Transform to type (1) with
the auxiliary angle formula.
The same equivalent triangle ratio type: as sin(w1x + φ1) = sin(w2x +
φ2)

(5) Homogeneous type: as a sin2 x + b sin x cos x + c cos2 x = 0.

Method: Transform to a tan2 x + b tan x + c = 0
Attention in solving trigonometric equations:
(1) For a range of solutions of the equation, first find out the general
form of the equation. Then according to the problem, determine
the value range of k, and finally calculate the equation in the
specified range. It can avoid the omission of the solution of
equations.
(2) Using the formula to the denominator, square, square root. The
use of tangent, cotangent may generate extraneous roots or root
lost. Therefore in the deformation process it should pay attention
to whether the deformation of each step of the solution is the
same strain; attention should be paid to the inspection.
(3) The expression of general solution of trigonometric equation form
is not the only form. Do not get excited over a little thing, if there
are different expressions.
Method of solving trigonometric equations: keep simple,
namely

Exercise
Find the value range of k, if equation (2 − cos x)k = 2 + cos x has
real solution.
Solution: The original equation transforms into (k + 1) cos x = 2k −
2.
• When k = −1, the equation has no real solution.
• When k ≠ −1,
If the equation has real solution,
Comment: When solving equation sin x = a, cos x = a, pay attention
to the range of a. Equation has solution if and only if |a| ≤ 1.
Solve equations:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) sin x + cos x + tan x + cot x + sec x + csc x + 2 = 0;
(6)
Solution:

Go to the denominator: sin 2x sin x

∴ sin 2x sin x = cos2x cos x, cos 3x = 0

Solve the equation

Solution: Let

Comment: Pay attention to application of universal replacement

formula.
Solve the equation

Solution:
Take two tangents:

Comment: When solving the inverse sine function equation and

inverse cosine function equation, we need to check the root.
Because domain of these two function is [−1, 1], the range of x may
be expanded during solving process.
Find x in [0, 2π], which satisfies the following condition:

Solution: Let,

(1) Solve the equation

Solution: When (When equal sign is satisfied.)
When
It is an odd function.
∴
∴ Solution set is
(2) How many real roots satisfy equation in [0, 20]?
Solution: Suppose
When y − 0, the solution of equation is [0, 20], k ∈ Z.
 When the graph of can intersect to the graph
of y = 2,

∴ When
∴ The function is increasing from and then
descending to

Similarly, the equation has two roots in

Therefore, there are 122 roots.

Exercise 4
Solve the inequality

Solve the equation logsin3x(cos x − cos 2x) = 1.

In ΔABC, if cos3A + cos3B + cos3C = 1, prove one angle in ΔABC is
constant value.
In ΔABC, draw a vertical line of BC from A, the BC is
divided into 3 and 17 two line segments. Find the area of ΔABC.
If find the value of sin2 α + sin2 β.
Find the range of
There is an inscribed square in the right-angled triangle ΔABC, and
one of the side is hypotenuse BC of ΔABC.
(1) Suppose AB = a, ∠ABC = θ, express S1 which is area of ΔABC
and S2 which is area of square with a and θ.
(2) If a is constant, and θ is variable, find the θ when is minimum.
Find
Find all constants c, let is an odd function in

Solve sin3 x + cos5 x = 1.

If x1, x2 are two arctan x1 + arctan x2.
Find
Let a ∈ R. Discussion about the solutions of the equation cos 2x + 2
sin x + 2a − 3 = 0 in [0, 2π].
Solve cosn x−sin n x = a, where n is arbitrarily positive integer.
Solve cos2 x + cos2 2x + cos2 3x = 1.
 Chapter 5

Solutions of Triangles

5.1. Solutions of Triangles

Law of sines and law of cosines, area of triangles
Laws of Sines
In {R is the radius of circumcircle of
ΔABC)
Laws of Sines reveal the quantitative relationship between three
sides of the triangle and its diagonal sine. There are four elements, if
any three, for fourth.
Function of law of sines:
(1) known two angles and arbitrary side of triangle, for other sides
and an angle (one solution);
(2) known two sides and the diagonal of one side, for the other side
and two angles (one solution or two solutions).
Law of Cosines
In AABC,

Laws of Cosines reveal the quantitative relationship between

three sides of the triangle and one side diagonal cosine. There are
four known elements, if three, for fourth.
Function of law of cosines:
(1) known three sides, for three angles (one solution);
(2) known two sides and their included angle, for the third side and
other angles (one solution).
Formula of Triangles Area

Study Relationship of Trigonometric Ratios in the Triangle,

Accumulating Some Familiar Knowledge Blocks

The shape of the triangle is determined from the trigonometric

equation, often by Laws of Sines, translate side to the sine of one
angle or vice versa. By Laws of Cosines, translate three sides to
cosine of one angle or translate cosine of one angle to relationship of
three sides.
By using Laws of Sines or formula of triangle area find
the angle, and finally calculate the angle by its sine. Because angle
belongs to (0, π), two supplemental non-right angles are an arbitrary
acute angle and an obtuse angle, their sines must be the same.
Control the range of the angle in order to judge whether which angle
is correct.
In ΔABC, if find B by law of sines,

B = 30° or B = 150°,
A = 60° by triangular sum theorem
B ∈ (0°, 120°),B = 30°,
Commonly used formula in ΔABC
In ΔABC, A > B ⇔ sin A > sin B.
In ΔABC, sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 2(1 + cos A cos B cos C),
 cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 1 − 2 cos A cos B cos C.

In non-right-angled triangle ΔABC, tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan

B tan C.
In ΔABC,

Exercise
In ΔABC, angles A, B, C correspond to the side a, b, c.
If a2 + b2 − c2 = ab, and prove ΔABC is a equilateral
triangle.
Analysis: a2 + b2 − c2 = ab, by Laws of Cosines, C = 60°;
is a hybrid containing sides and angles.
By Laws of Sines and Cosines, transform relationship of angles to
sides first or relationship of sides to angles, so as to achieve the
purpose to solve this problem.
Solution 1:
sin A cos B+cos A sin B−sin B = sin A cos B− cos A sin B, which
implies sin B = 2 cos A sin B,
sin B > 0, ∴ 0 < A < 180°, ∴ A = 60°,
ΔABC is an equilateral triangle.
Solution 2: C = 60°.

Solution 3: C = 60°.

(R is the radius of circumcircle of ΔABC)

∴ which implies b2 + c2 − a2 = bc.
∴
∴ ΔABC is a equilateral triangle.
Comment:
(1) If relationship between the sides and angles is known in the
triangle, determine the shape of a triangle. Solution 1 translates
sides into angles and Solution 2 translates angles into sides. No
matter what kind of solutions, cosine law is the bridge of realizing
the transformation.
(2) When solving the questions about triangles, some of the more
complex problems often need to using sine law and cosine law
alternately, so as to achieve the purpose of simplification.
Sometimes, some conclusions and formulas are derived from the
sine and cosine theorems.
(3) This case that involves the basic mathematics thinking method is
a method of equivalent translation, such as side into angle, angle
into edge, tangent into sine (cosine). In the transformation
process, but also penetrate the elimination (reduce the number of
unknowns) the basic problem solving method.
In ΔABC, if B = 30°, find the area of ΔABC.
Analysis: This problem belongs to the problem to solve triangle
which is known as the diagonal of the two sides and one opposite
angles. There are many ways to deal with it.
Solution 1: First find angles, and find sin C by sine law. Then find
the area.
Solution 2: First find sides, and find a by cosine law. Then find the
area.
Solution 1: According to law of sines:

(1) When C is an acute angle, C = 60°, A = 90°,

(2) When C is an obtuse angle, C = 120°, A = 30°,

Solution 2: According to law of cosines,

Comment: When solving triangle where two sides and opposite

angle are known, the discussion on the triangle is a difficult point in
the application of the sine law to solve the triangle.
In ΔABC, angles A, B, C correspond to sides a, b, c, which are
geometric sequence. Find the range of
Analysis: Because the function is expressed in the form of the
triangle form of angle B, the condition b2 = ac can be transformed to
the form of the triangle of angle B.
Solution:

Comment: This question is used knowledge of inequality, cosine

law, cosines and sines of addition and subtraction of two angles.
Translate it into general function by auxiliary formula, and then find
the range of trigonometric. The range of angle B in is always
ignored in the problem solving, leading to the wrong answer

In ΔABC, angles A, B, C correspond to sides a, b, c. If c − a is equal

to the height of side AC, find the value of
Solution: In the right-angled triangle ΔABC, let ∠C = 90°, ∠A = 30°,
AB = 2
In ΔABC, angles A, B, C correspond to sides a, b, c. If 9a2 + 9b2 −
19c2 = 0, find the value of

Solution 1:
According to the condition,

According to the law of cosines,

Putting (1) into (2) implies

Solution 2:

Comment: Solution 1 uses sine law, cosine law and the mutual
conversion of the side and angle relations, which shows the flexibility
of thinking. Solution 2 uses sine law and cosine law from required
type, which is concise and lively.
In ΔABC, angles A, B, C correspond to sides a, b, c, which are
geometric sequence. Find the range of
Solution: Let common ratio of a, b, c is q, so b = aq, c = aq2,

∴ Only find the range of q.

a, b, c are geometric sequence; the maximum side is a or c.
∴ If a, b, c are sides of triangle, a + b > c and b + c > a.

Comment: When solving problems, we often use two implied

conditions: “the sum of the two sides of the triangle is more than the
third one”, “the difference between the two sides of the triangle is
less than the third one”.
If ΔABC is inscribed in the unit circle, three bisectors of angles A, B,
C extended to A1, B1, C1 intersection of this circle, find the value of

Solution: As shown in the figure, connect

In ΔABC, if a2 + b2 = 6c2, find the value of (cot A + cot B) tan C.
Solution:
 We always meet the inequality about the side (a, b, c) of triangle,
angle (A, B, C), height (ha, hb, hc), midline (ma, mb, mc), angular
bisector (ta, tb, tc), semi-perimeter (p), radius of inscribed circle (r),
radius of circumcircle (R), radius of escribed circle (ra, rb, rc) and
area (Δ). These inequalities are called trigonometric inequalities.
Proof of trigonometric inequalities always solved by uniform
replacement as following type (∗). First prove the following
conclusion.
Sufficient and necessary condition, that a, b, c are three sides of
triangle, is that there exist three positive numbers x, y, z where a = y
+ z, b = z + x, c = x + y and type (∗) holds at the same time.
Proof: First prove the necessity. If there exist positive numbers x, y,
z that meet type (∗), then a + b > c, b + c > a, c + a > b. So a, b, c
are three sides of triangle.

And then prove sufficiency. If a, b, c are three sides of triangle, let

So type (∗) holds and x, y, z
∈ R+.
The relationship of a, b, c, x, y, z as following figure. In type (∗)
replacement:
∴ Through type (∗) replacement, trigonometric inequality can be
transformed into algebraic inequality containing x, y, z, and then
make the proof algebra.
Exercise
In the convex quadrilateral ABCD, the diagonal line AC bisects
∠BAD, and point E is on the extended line of CD. G is intersection of
BE and AC. Extend DG to the extended line of CB to F. Prove ∠BAF
= ∠DAE.

Analysis: This problem involves many angles. If we use the method

of pure plane geometry, it may be more annoying. We use of
triangular method to prove: first set the parameters, and then
calculation.
Proof: Suppose ∠BAF =α, ∠DAE =β. ∠BAC = ∠DAC = θ.
In ΔAFB and ΔABC, according to the Laws of Sines:

Suppose O is the intersection of EF and AC,

so

In ΔEFC, according to Ceva’s theorem:

Therefore, by (3)–(6)

Vertex angle of isosceles triangle ABC is π/7, and D is the point on

the waist Prove AD = BC.
Analysis: AD and BC are in a relatively dispersed position.
should be a breakthrough, and prove it by the relationship of sides
and angles of triangle.

Proof: A = π/7, suppose α = π/14.

∴ A = 2α, and 7α = π/2.
∴ 3α = π/2 − 4α.

Suppose AD = m, AC = n, BC = a.

In ΔACD, according to the Laws of Sines:

In isosceles triangle ABC,

Therefore by (8) and (9)
am2 −an2−ma2+mn2 = 0 ⇒ (m−a)(am+n2) = 0 ⇒ m = a.
∴ AD = BC.

Comment: Research contest problems with triangle can often make

the relationship between the quantities in question simple. Convert
complex geometric transformation and complex deductive reasoning
for operation of trigonometric function. This method is simple and
clear thinking. Communication triangle and the geometry
relationship, in addition to the direct use of trigonometric function
definition and the triangle formula, mainly by means of sine law and
cosine law and area formula.
In quadrilateral ABCD, the diagonal line AC bisects ∠BAD, and E is
the point on CD. F is intersection of BE and AC. Extend DG to the
extended line of CB to G. Prove ∠GAC = ∠EAC.
Proof: Suppose ∠BAC = ∠CAD = θ, ∠GAC = α, ∠EAC = β.
According to the Mailer Laws:

∴ cos α sin β = cos β sin α, tan α = tan β.

 y = tan x is monotone increasing in (0, π/2)
∴α=β
∴ ∠GAC = ∠EAC.

Comment: This question uses the Mailer Laws which establish

equivalent relation of one side. Solve it by the knowledge of area and
trigonometric function. Through this question, the key of application
of the Mailer Laws is to combine the condition and select appropriate
section line.
is tangent to as well as three sides of the triangle ABC, E, F,
G, H are points of tangency, P is the intersection of the extended line
EG and extended line FH.
Prove: PA⊥BC.

Proof: Extend PA, and D is intersection of BC and PA, connect O1A,

O1E, O1G, O2A, O2F, O2H,

in APEF; according to Laws of Sines:

CG and CE are the tangent lines of

∴ ∠PEF = ∠CGE = 180° − ∠3 ⇒ sin∠PEF = sin∠3.

Similarly, sin ∠PFE = sin ∠4.

in ΔPHA and ΔPGA, according to Laws of Sines:

O1EFO2 is right-angled trapezoid, and A is on the line O1O2

In the non-obtuse triangle ABC, AB > AC, ∠B = 45°, O and I are the
incenter and excenter of triangle ABC, and = AB − AC. Find sin
A.
Analysis: so think of Euler’s formula, and then solve
it as problem about ∠A.
Solution: According to Euler’s formula:

According to (10), (11) and

Shown as in the figure, O and I are the incenter and excenter of
triangle ABC. AD is the height of side BC, and I is on the segment
OD. Prove radius of circumcircle of triangle ABC equals to radius of
escribed circle of side BC.

Analysis: Suppose three sides of ΔABC are a, b and c. Radius of

escribed circle of side BC is ra, and radius of circumcircle is R. So
To prove

Proof: Suppose AB = c, BC = a, CA = b, radius of circumcircle is R,

and radius of escribed circle of side BC is ra. Suppose K is the
intersection point of extension lines of AI and circumcircle of triangle
ABC, so OK is radius of
E and F are two points on the side BC of acute triangle, and ∠BAE =
CAF, MF⊥AB, FN⊥AC, (M, N are pedals), extend the AE to
circumcircle of triangle ABC in D. Prove: area of quadrilateral AMDN
equals to area of triangle ABC.
Proof: Suppose ∠BAE = α, ∠CAF = α, ∠EAF = β.
So

Only to prove

∴ ∠BAD = ∠CAF,∠BDA = ∠ACF

ΔABD~ΔAFC.
Therefore condition (13) holds.

In ΔABC, ΔA = 60°, through incenter I of triangle to make the parallel

line AC, which intersects line AB at F. Take point P at side BC.
Prove:
Analysis: Suppose ΔBFP = α, to prove
Only to prove α = ΔB − α
∠B − α is an acute angle.
∴ Only to prove sin α = sin(∠B − α).
Proof: Suppose BC = 3, radius of inscribed circle of ΔABC is r.
According to Laws of Sines:

P is the point inside ΔABC, ∠APB−∠ACB = ∠APC−∠ABC. D and E

are incenters of ΔAPB and ΔAPC. Prove: AP, BD and CE intersect
at one point.
Analysis: To prove AP, BD, CE intersect at one point, the condition
is about the relation of angles, so it is difficult to use CEVA’s
theorem. Suppose BD and AP are intersect at M, and then M is on
the CE. BD and CE are angular bisectors of ∠ABP and ∠ACP, so
only to prove Solve it by condition and cosine law.

Proof: Extend AP, which intersects BC at K and circumcircle of

ΔABC at F, connect BF and CF

Similarly, ZAPB − ZACB = ∠PBF.

∠PCF = ∠PBF and according to Laws of Sines:

Suppose BD and AP intersect at M, and BD is bisector of

Suppose CE and AP intersect at N, and CE is bisector of

∴ M and N are coincidence.

∴ AP, BD and CE intersect at one point.
5.2. Area Method
In the plane geometry, the calculation and proof of the area of the
triangle and polygon are a basic problem. Using the method of area,
especially the cut-fill method, the application of product
transformation in solving problems can solve a series of problems
related to area, so it is favored by area method.
Triangle area formula: in ΔABC, a, b and c are opposite sides of
A, B and C, and ha is the height of a. R and r are radius of
circumcircle and inscribed circle of In addition
to Sec. 5.2, introduces besides the following formula:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) SΔABC = 2R2 sin A sin B sin C,
(5)
(6)
(7)
In addition to the above formula, the following theorems are often
used:
(1) The area of a figure equals the sum of its parts.
(2) Equal areas are two congruent form.
(3) The area of the triangle, the parallel quadrilateral, the trapezoid
equal when their base and height are equal (equal base of
trapezoid should be understood as sum of two bottom equal).
(4) The area of a similar triangle is equal to the square of the similar
ratio.
(5) The ratio of area of a triangle, a trapezoid, or a trapezoid which
base (or height) is equal is equal to the ratio of height (or base).
(6) Ratio of isogonal or supplementary triangle area is equal to the
ratio of product of both sides of the isogonal included angle or
supplementary angle; ratio of equilateral parallelogram area is
equal to the ratio of product of both sides of the isogonal included
angle.
(7) Common side theorem: lines AB and PQ intersect at M, so
(8) Common angle theorem: ∠ABC and ∠A′B′C′ is equal or
complementary, so

Exercise
M is the midpoint of side BC of an arbitrary triangle ABC. Take point
E and F on AB and AC. EF and AM intersect at N. Prove

Proof: MB = MC

Equation (2) ÷ ΔABC, and by (1), we get

Common side theorem:

Multiplying both sides with

Comment: This question can also be solved by Mailer Laws’
theorem.
E is the midpoint of side AB of inscribed quadrilateral ABCD,
EF⊥AD, EH⊥ABC. Prove EG bisect FH

Proof:
Suppose GE and FH intersect at P, ∠HEP = α, ∠FEP = β, ∠EPF = θ

α and ∠C complementary, ∠A and ∠C complementary,

∴ α = ∠A,
Similarly, β = ∠B.
O is center of circumcircle of quadrilateral ABCD, and O1 is center of
inscribed circle. AC and BD intersect at E. Prove E, O, O1 are
collinear.

Proof: Suppose OO1 and BD intersect at E1, OO1 and AC intersect

at E2,

E, O, O1 are collinear.

R is radius of quadrilateral ABCD, and r is radius of inscribed circle.

Similarly,

∴ E, O, O1 are collinear.
Comment: In the first phase of the “secondary mathematics” in
2002, the author gave the proof which is solved by reverse evolution
in exchange for proof. The inversion method is not easy to be
accepted by students, many readers wrote to ask other new
methods, now we give another proof method (“method of identity” +
“area method”).

Exercise 5
In ΔABC, B = 2A. Prove
In ΔABC, a, b, c are corresponding edges of angles A, B, C. If a2 +
b2 = tc2, and cot C = 2004(cot A + cot B), find the constant t.
In ΔABC, D is a point on the BC, BD = p, DC = q. Prove

In ΔABC, corresponding edges of angles A, B, C are in an arithmetic

progression.
(1) Prove
(2) Find 5 cos A − 4 cos A cos C + 5 cos C.
(3) If find sin A + sin C.
In ΔABC, if B = 2A, and B2 = A · C, find cos A cos B cos C.
In ΔABC, ∠B = ∠C, P and Q are respectively on AC and AB, and AP
= PQ = QB = BC, find ∠A.
If the area of ΔABC, S = a2 − (b − c)2, and b + c = 8, find the
maximum of S.
In ΔABC, there is an angle of 60°, and the ratio of the two sides of
the angle is 8:5, inscribed circle area is 12π, find the area of ΔABC.
Lengths of inscribed quadrangles are AB = 2, BC = 6, CD = DA = 4,
find the area of quadrilateral ABCD.
Width of a rectangular corridor is 1.5 meters. A car which can
promote flexible flat bottom surface is rectangular and width of 1
meter. If you want to smooth over rectangular corridor, the maximum
length of the flat car should not to exceed the number of meters?
In ΔABC, a, b, (b = 1), c are corresponding edges of angles A, B, C.
If and are roots of equation judge the
shape of ΔABC.
O is a point in ΔABC, and SA, SB and SC express areas of ΔBOC,
ΔCOA and ΔAOB. Prove and
In ΔABC, D, E and F are midpoints of BC, CA and AB. X, Y and Z
are foot points of height of BC, CA and AB. ZD and FX intersect at L.
ZE and FY intersect at M. DY and XY intersect at N. Prove L, M and
N are all on the Euler line of ΔABC.
In acute ΔABC, ∠BAC = 60°, AB = c, AC = b, and b > c, the line
through O which is circumcenter of ΔABC and AB intersect at X, and
the line through M which is the orthocenter of ΔABC and AC
intersect at Y. Prove
(1) Perimeter of ΔABC, P = b + c.
(2) OM = b − c
In ∠ABC, AP divides equally ∠ABC. AP and BC intersect at P. BQ
divides equally ∠ABC. BQ and CA intersect at Q. If ABAC = 60° and
AB + BP = AQ + QB, find the interior angles of ΔABC.
 Chapter 6

Trigonometric Substitution and Trigonometric

Inequality

6.1. Trigonometric Substitution

If x2 + y2 = r2, suppose x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ.

If x2 + y2 ≤ r2, suppose x = k cos θ, y = k sin θ (0 ≤ k ≤ r).
If suppose x = a cos θ, y = b sin θ.
If suppose x = a sec θ, y = b tan θ.
If suppose x = tan α, y = tan β.
If x2 + y2 + z2 = r2 (r > 0), suppose
x = r cos α cos β, y = r cos α sin β, z = r sin α.

Exercise
Solve equation

Analysis: According to the condition 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, we have x

= sin2 α, y = sin2 β.

Solution: Suppose x = sin2 α, y = sin β, .

Comment: The role of triangle substitution is to remove the radical
from the equations, make it easier.
If x, y ∈ (−2, 2) and xy = −1, find the minimum of
Analysis: This function is related to the problem of multiple values,
and the structure is presented 4 − x2 and 9 − y2, which can be
considered for the triangular element method.

Solution: Let x = 2 cos α, y = 3 cos β, α, β ∈ (0, π)

If and only if the equality was cot2 α = cot2 β and | sin α sin β| =
therefore

Comment: The purpose of the introduction of the triangular element

is to simplify the structure of μ, so that the triangle operation and the
use of the properties are obtained.
If sequence {an} meets and if sequence
{bn} meets Prove
Analysis: Use trigonometric substitution to simplify recursive
formula an+1 and bn+1, and further apply sequence knowledge to
solve the problem.

Proof:
Let

Comment: Recursive sequence containing radicals, so using the

triangle substitution method would be more effective.
Suppose f1(x) = x2 − 2, for all n ≥ 2, fn(x) = f1[fn−1(x)]. Prove: roots of
equation fn(x) = x are not equal.
Analysis: fn(x) = f1[fn−1(x)] − 2 ⇒ cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1 and then use
triangle substitution.

Proof: If |x| > 2 ⇒ fn(x) > fn−1(x) > ··· > f1(x) = x2 − 2 > x, contradict to
fn(x) = x, |x| ≤ 2.
Let x = 2 cos θ (0 < θ < π)
Suppose fn(x) = 2 cos 2nθ.

So there are no other roots in the original equation.

Comment: This problem is the use of triangular substitution to find

the root of equation.
Suppose meet
find a.
Analysis: Starting from the structure of x2 + y2, and solve it with
triangular substitution.
Solution:
Similarly

Comment: When we meet the most valuable problems of

multivariate function, we use triangle substitution to solve the
difficulties of multiple and fraction.
Suppose a, b ∈ R+, find the maximum of f(x) =
Analysis: Because (1 + 2x) + (1 − 2x) is constant, think of
and then use the triangle substitution.

Solution: Suppose

∴ We can suppose
if and only if

Comment: Substitution relationship is implicit in this problem. The

key is to find the implicit relationship and reveal the key to solving
the problem.
Suppose a, b, c ∈ R+, and abc + a + c = b, find the maximum of

Analysis: Change abc + a + c = b into suppose a = tan α, c

= tan γ. Then solve it.
Solution: According to the condition a + c = (1 − ac)b,
if and only if when which implies

Comment: When we meet the most valuable problem of multivariate

function, boundedness of trigonometric function and elimination are
the main function when solving problem with triangle substitution.
Real numbers x, y meet 3x2 − xy + 3y2 = 20, find the maximum of
8x2 + 23y2.
Solution: Suppose
Suppose y = tx, so

∴ When

the maximum of 8x2 + 23y2 is 160.

If x, y > 0, x2 + (y−2)2 = 1, find the range of
Solution: Suppose x2 + y2 = r2(r > 0), x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ.
Substitute x2 + (y − 2)2 = 1;
If x, y, z ∈ R+, x2 + y2 + z2 = 1, find the minimum of s =
Solution:

x, y, z ∈ R+, x2 + y2 + z2 = 1.

Suppose

if and only if

If x, y, z ∈ R, xy + yz + zx = 1, find the maximum of xyz(x + y + z).

Solution: Suppose xy = cos2 α cos2 β, yz = cos2 α sin2 β, zx = sin2
α;
if and only if

6.2. Trigonometric Inequality

The inequality of trigonometric functions is called triangle inequality.
The following inequalities are common in ΔABC:
Exercise
In ΔABC, prove:

Proof:
(1) Replacement equation (∗)

(2) Replacement equation (∗)

(3) Replacement equation (∗)

Expansion and simplification:

Add the following inequalities

In ΔABC, prove:

Proof:
(1) Replacement equation (*)

(2) Replacement equation (*)

(3) Replacement equation (*)

In ΔABC, prove:

Proof:
(1) Replacement equation (*)

(2) Replacement equation (*)

(3) Replacement equation (*)

Similarly,

(4) Replacement equation (*):

Similarly,
In ΔABC, prove:

Proof:
(1) Replacement equation (*):

(2) According to the Law of Sine:

(3) Replacement equation (*):

Comment: (1)R ≥ 2r is called Euler formula, if and only if triangle is

equilateral triangle, and inequality holds.
This is the strengthening form of the Burke inequality (a2 + b2 + c2 ≥
for the third IMO test, question (a2 + b2 + c2 ≥ ab + bc + ca).
In ΔABC, if a + b + c = 1, prove:
Proof:
Method 1: Replacement equation (*):

Method 2: Suppose a = sin2 α cos2 β, b = cos2 α cos2 β, c =

Method 3: Suppose a = sin2 α cos2 β, b = cos2 α cos2 β, c = sin2 β.
Method 4: a + b > c, b + c > a, c + a > b,
In ΔABC, prove:

Proof: Replacement equation (∗)

Suppose ∴ mnt = 1,
Comment: This question can also be solved as follows:

∴ The original inequality is proved.

From a point in triangle ABC to three sides for vertical line OM, ON,
OP, prove: OA + OB + OC ≥ 2(OM + ON + OP) (Aidesi Modeer
Theorem).
Prove: Suppose OM, ON, OP respectively x, y, z. By A, M, O, P four
points of the circle and the cosine law MP =
Similarly,

In non-right-angled triangle ABC, prove:

Proof: Suppose tan A ≥ tan B ≥ tan C.

By the sort inequality
tan2 A + tan2 B + tan2 C
≥ tan Atan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A.

Comment: This problem also can be proved by Cauchy inequality,

(1) In ΔABC, prove: (p = a + b + c is the
perimeter of ΔABC).
(2) In ΔABC, prove: (R is the radius of
circumcircle of ΔABC).
Proof:

By above three formulas

3M ≥ a(A+B+C)+b(A+B+C)+c(A+B+C) = π(a+b+c).

By inequality and (sine law), we have

Comment: In any ΔABC, if we have the three sides a ≤ b ≤ c, then
the three angles will be A ≤ B ≤ C.
Moreover, we have the following:
trigonometric functions:
sin A ≤ sin B ≤ sin C, cos A ≤ cos B ≤ cos C;
three heights:
three midlines:
three angular bisectors:
The order of the above-mentioned equations makes it as a good
basis for the application of the inequality of the common laws (sine
law, cosine law, area formula) and the use of common inequality:

In addition to the above example, you can also get the following
series of results:
If

Proof:

As shown in figure, make a circle of units, so is area of unit circle in

the first quadrant. The area of the shadow is the right of the equation
(*).

Comment: This problem can be generalized to a finite rectangle:

so

Prove

Proof:

In ΔABC, prove:

Proof:
Similarly,

Adding (3) − (5), we get

Therefore, the inequality holds.

If sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 1 (A, B, C are acute angles), prove

Proof:
Comment:
(1) If y = f(x) is convex up function in (a, b), x1, x2, . . ., xn ∈ (a, b),

If and only if x1 = x2 = · · · = xn, the inequality holds in above type.

(2) If y = f(x) is convex down function in (a, b), x1, x2, . . ., xn ∈ (a, b)

If and only if x1 = x2 = · · · = xn, the inequality holds in above type.

If ∠A, ∠B, ∠C, are three interior angles in acute ΔABC, prove

sin A + sin B + sin C + tan A + tan B + tan C > 2π.

Proof 1: According to universal formula:

Proof 2: Suppose ∠A’s end side OM and unit circle intersect at M,
and make MN⊥Ox through M. Make tangent line QP through Q and
line OM intersect at P. Known by trigonometric function:

Prove sin A+tan A > 2∠A by calculating the area. Make tangent line
of circle through M and line PQ intersect at T.
In acute ΔABC, prove sin A + sin B + sin C + tan A + tan B +

Solution:

Let

so
Similarly, sin B + tan B = 4(r + r5 + r9 + ···), sin C + tan C = 4(s + s5 +
s9 + ···).
So the left side of the inequality is equal to:
If A, B, C are three interior angles in ΔABC, find the maximum of

Solution: A,B,C are three interior angles in ΔABC

Let

Exercise 6:
Find the range of
Find the range of
In ΔABC, If the maximum side of ΔABC is
find the minimum side.
If sequence {an} meet a1 =1 and find a2005
If a2 + b2 = 1, find the minimum of
Find the maximum and minimum of
Solve inequality
Find the maximum and minimum of
If x, y, z are not all zero, find the maximal of
Prove: (x, y, z are non-negative real number,
and x + y + z =1).
Any given 13 different real numbers. Prove: there are at least two of
them (suppose x and y) meet
If the sequence {an} is defined recursive method,
and n = 1, 2, 3, . . ., prove: {an} is monotonous.
Known x, y are positive integers, and x − y = 1,

The sequence {an} meets and the sequence

{bn} meets: prove:
The area of a planar convex quadrilateral is 32 cm2, where sum of
length of a pair of edges and a diagonal is 16 cm. Try to find all
possible length of the other diagonal.
Solve:

If a, b, c are real numbers and abc + a + c = b, find the maximum

In ΔABC, find integer part of

If α, β, γ are three interior angles that correspond to vertex A, B, C in

ΔABC, find one point D in AB that CD is mean terms of proportion of
AD and BD, and its necessary and sufficient condition is

In ΔABC, find the maximum of

If x, y, z, a, b, c ∈ R+ and cy + bz = a, az + cx = b, bx + ay = c, find
the minimum of
If a, b ∈ R+, n ∈ N*, N ≥ 1, find the minimum of

find the minimum of

BC, CA, AB tangent inscribed circle of ΔABC at D, E and F, DG⊥EF

at G. Connect and extend BG and CG which intersect AC and AB at
H and I. If HE = 3, IF = 4, BC = 21, find the area of ΔABC.
If radius of inscribed circle of the triangle is 1, find the minimum area
of the triangle.
In acute ΔABC, prove:

If prove:

In the right-angled triangle ΔABC, AC = BC, ΔACB = 90°, D, E in AB,

the circle through C, D and E intersects AC at P, and intersects BC
at Q. Prove the necessary and sufficient condition of AP + BQ = PQ
is ΔDCE = 45°.
In ΔABC, ha, hb, hc are heights of ΔABC, R,r, p are respectively the
radius of circumcircle, the radius of inscribed circle and semi-
perimeter of ΔABC. Prove:
If I is the center of inscribed circle of equilateral ΔABC and r = 2000,
if P is one arbitrary point in and d1, d2, d3 are distances from P to
side BC, CA, AB, prove: can be three sides of one
triangle.
If prove: cos θ1 + cos θ2 + cos θ3
< 2.
In ΔABC, prove:

If ha, hb, hc are heights in non-obtuse ΔABC, prove:

If α, β and γ are three interior angles in arbitrary triangle, find the
minimum of

If
prove:
If find minimum positive a that meets the following two
conditions:

If n ∈ N∗ and
In ΔABC, ∠C ≥ 60°, prove:
In parallelogram ABCD, ΔABD is an acute triangle, AB = a, AD = 1,
∠BAD = α. Prove: KA,KB,KC,KD (A,B,C,D are the center, the radius
is 1) can cover parallelogram ABCD, and its necessary and sufficient
condition is
 PART II
Complex Number
 Chapter 7

Concept of Complex Number

Imaginary Unit, Complex Number, Modulus of Complex Number

i2 = −1, the number i is called imaginary unit; suppose a, b ∈ R, any
number of the form z = a + bi is called a complex number, a is the
real part of z, and b is the imaginary part of z. We write a = Re z, b =
Im z. To complex number z = a + bi, when b = 0, z is the real
number; when b = 0, z is called an imaginary number; when a = 0
and b = 0, z is called a purely imaginary number. A collection of all
complex numbers is called complex set, and we write it C.
In the plane rectangular coordinate system, Z(a, b) expresses
complex number a + bi. The distance from Z to origin is called
modulus of complex number. The modulus of z = a + bi (a, b ∈ R) is
written |z| or |a + bi|, and
To learn the concept of complex number, pay attention to the
following:
(1) When we write the algebraic form of complex number a + bi, do
not leave out a, b ∈ R. If not, a, b do not necessarily express the
real and imaginary parts of the complex number, and in this case,
the definition of equality of complex numbers and formula for
modulus of complex numbers cannot be used. Do not think that a
complex number must be an imaginary number, and do not even
think a complex number is certainly not a real number. Should
master the following relations: complex number a + bi (a, b ∈ R),
(2) If two complex numbers are not real numbers, the size of them
cannot be compared. That is two imaginary numbers cannot be
compared the size and a real number and an imaginary number
cannot be compare the size. Only two real numbers can be
compared the size.
(3) In complex plane, the origin is not a point on the imaginary axis
(y-axis), which is a point on the real axis (x-axis).
(4) After the concept of number is extended to the complex number,
real number of computing properties, concepts and relations is
not necessarily applicable in complex set, such as the property of
the inequality, the definition of absolute value and even power of
the number is not negative and so on.

Exercise
Complex number so what is the
real number m when z is a real number? The imaginary number?
Purely imaginary number? Zero?
Solution:

(1) When Imz = m2 − 10m + 24 = (m − 4)(m − 6) = 0, namely m = 4

or 6, z is a real number.
(2) When Imz = m2 − 10m + 24 = (m − 4)(m − 6) ≠ 0, namely m ≠ 4,
m ≠ 6, and m ≠ −4, z is an imaginary number.
(3) When
 then z is a purely imaginary number.
(4) When

then z = 0.
Complex number If the point
corresponding to z in complex plane is in the second quadrant, find
the range of a.
Solution:

(1) Find the modulus of z = 4a − 3ai (a < 0).

(2) If find |z|max − |z|min.
(3) If |z| = 1, ω = z3 − 3z − 2, find |ω|max + |ω|min.
(4) If for all θ ∈ R, the modulus of z = (a + cos θ) + (2a − sin θ)i is no
more than 2, find the range of a.
Solution:
if and only if namely
quality holds. When x = −1, |w|min = 0,

If |z| = 1 and z2001 + z = 1, find the complex number z.

Solution: z2001 = 1 − z, two sides take modulus, |z20011 = |1 − z|,
|z|2001 = |1 − z|, take |z| = 1 into the equation. ∴ |z − 1| = 1.
∴ Solutions to the equation should be satisfied

The plural of the corresponding two circle is

After test, they are not the solution of the original equation, so
there is no solution to the original equation.
Complex Conjugates

Complex conjugates: complex numbers a + bi and a − bi are

called complex conjugates. If z = a + bi, we write its conjugate as

Property of complex conjugates

(i) Operations property:

(ii) Important conclusion:

if and only if vectors corresponding to z1, z2 have the

same direction, inequality holds in right; if and only if vectors
corresponding to z1, z2 have the opposite direction,
inequality holds in left.

z is an imaginary number if and only if z

Exercise
If imaginary number z meets
Solution: (1) Method 1: Suppose z = x + yi, x, y ∈ R.

Method 2:

(2) Method 1: Suppose z = x + yi, x, y ∈ R,

Method 2:
Comment: The complex number has algebraic form a + bi (a, b ∈ R)
with whole form z. Using the property of modulus of complex
numbers and complex conjugates, sometimes it can be directly
analyzed by whole form z. In addition, pay attention to the distinction
between in complex number field and |a|2 = a2 in real
number field.
Suppose z1, z2 ∈ C, prove:
Proof:

If complex number find

Solution 1:

Solution 2:

If |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = r, find

Solution:
If |z| = 1, find range of |z2 − z + 1|.
Solution:

Suppose

and when x = −1, |2x − 1| = 3

Suppose z is imaginary number, is real number, and −1 < ω

< 2.
(1) Find |z| and range of real part of z.
(2) Prove: is a purely imaginary number.
(3) Find the minimum of ω − u2.
Analysis: is a real number, so it can be analyzed by
definition of complex numbers and property of complex conjugates.
Solution: (1) Suppose z = a + bi, a, b ∈ R,

(2) Method 1: Suppose z = a + bi, a, b ∈ R.

Method 2:

(3) By (1) and (2),

If and only if namely when a = 0, the equality holds.
∴ The minimum of u is 1.
Comment: Method 2 to question (2) uses the property of complex
conjugates and the overall application of complex number z; pay
attention to equality conditions when using the basic inequality in
question (3).

Equality of Complex Numbers

Two complex numbers are equal when their real parts are equal and
their imaginary parts are equal.

a + bi = c + di ⇔ a = c and b = d.

If z1 and z2 are not real numbers, their size cannot be compared.

According to the definition of complex concepts and complex
equal, the complex problem is transformed into the problem of real,
namely “complex transform to real”. This is a commonly used
method to solve complex problems, which is the mathematics
reduction thinking method in complex applications.

Exercise
If 2z + |z| = 2 + 6i, find z.
Solution: Suppose z = x + yi (x, y ∈ R).
(1) Solve |z − (1 − 2i)|2 + z − (3 + 4i) = |z + (3 − i)|2 + (2 − 3i), where
z ∈ C.
(2) If |z + (3 + 4i)| = |(z + (1 + 2i))| = |z − (1 − 2i)|, find z.
Solution: (1) Suppose z = x + yi (x, y ∈ R),
(2) Suppose z = x + yi(x, y ∈ R),

If find z.
Analysis: Suppose z = a + bi, a, b ∈ R, or solving complex
conjugates on both sides of the equation is also obtained.
Solution 1: Suppose z = a + bi, a, b ∈ R.
Solution 2:

Comment: Method 1 uses complex transform to real from equality of

complex numbers, which is the basic method; method 2 takes the
complex conjugates of both sides, structure equations, which is
global analysis method.
Suppose two complex sets M= {z|z = a + i(1 − a2), a ∈ R},

If M ∩ N ≠ Φ, find the range of m.

Analysis:

has solution; eliminate z, separate variable m after finishing, and find

the range of m.
Solution: M ∩ N ≠ Φ
Comment: To find range of parameters in the equation, separate
variable is commonly used to find the range.
Complex Plane: The complex plane is a geometric representation of
the complex numbers established by the real axis and the orthogonal
imaginary axis. It can be thought of as a modified Cartesian plane,
with the real part of a complex number represented by a
displacement along the x-axis, and the imaginary part by a
displacement along the y-axis. The complex set C, set of all the
points z in the complex plane and vectors are one-to-one
correspondence.

Complex problem has four tools (algebraic tools, tool geometry and
vector tools and triangular tool), especially effective number shape
union thinking. To the problem solving, bring the flexibility and
intuitive.
If find the maximum and minimum of |z|.
Solution: |z|max = 11, |z|min = 1.
Suppose

If elements ai(i = 1, 2, . . ., 8) are non-zero real numbers which

belong to set A = {a1, a2, . . .,a8}, there is at least one element which
is non-negative real numbers in set B = {a1a3 + a2a4, a1a5 + a2a6,
a1a7 + a2a8, a3a5 + a4a6, a3a7 + a4a8, a5a7 + a6a8}.

Analysis: In six given numbers, a1, a2, . . ., a6 come in pairs. They

can be constructed into four complex numbers z1 = a1 + a2i, z2 = a3
+ a4i, z3 = a5 + a6i, z4 = a7 + a8i, six number of modules
corresponding to each two complex numbers differential modes
appear.

Solution: Suppose z1 = a1 + a2i, z2 = a3 + a4i, z3 = a5 + a6i, z4 = a7 +

a8i.
Similarly,

To prove that there is at least one non-negative real number in right

from (3) to (8) according to geometric meaning of complex number
(z1, z2, z3, z4 corresponding four vectors and
cosine laws:

Only to prove that there is at least the minimum angle between two
vectors less than or equal to This is clearly established.
Suppose z1, z2, . . ., zn ∈ C and |z1| + |z2| + ··· + |zn| = 1, prove: there
are several complex numbers where sum of their modulus is not less
than these n complex numbers.
Solution:
Suppose zj = aj + bj, j = 1, 2, 3, . . ., n.
From the drawer principle of the right side of the four in at least one
paragraph ≥
Suppose

Comment: The complex number inequality has been used, suppose

z = a + bi (a, b ∈ R), so |z| ≤ |a| + |b|.
We can also think about the problem from another point of view: use
line y = x, y = −x to divide the plane into four ranges.
|z1|+|z2|+· · · +|zn| = 1, ∴ in these ranges, sum of modulus of all
complex numbers are no more than at least one range. For
simplification, we can suppose this region to be a range of the
positive x-axis ( take the modulus, ∴ we can rotate it if it is not this
range).
Suppose zkt = at + ibt, t = 1, 2, 3, . . .,m (1 ≤ m ≤ n, m ∈ N∗), so
This problem is a definitive solution.
Suppose complex z1, z2 meet:

find the maximum and minimum of |z1 − z2|.

Solution: As in the figure, according to (3), arbitarily x2, y2 ∈ it

has

Following prove if not:

Inverse monotonic property of sine, cosine function in it has

Inverse monotonic property of sine, cosine function in it has

∴ The locus of z1 only shows the point (1, 1). The locus of z2 has the
origin as the center and as the radius of circle.

According to the figure:

Comment: When finding the locus of z2, it is also used to guess the
idea of the card. When proving guess use proof by
contradiction to rule out and
If |z − z1| = λ|z − z2| (λ is positive constant number) and z1 = z2,
discuss the locus of z in complex plane.
Analysis: Using and find locus of z in
complex plane.
Solution: (1) When λ = 1, the locus is perpendicular bisector of
segment Z1Z2.
(2) When λ ≠ 1, the equation is equivalent to

Expand:
According to inequality of modulus and reverse Cauchy inequality,

Comment: When λ ≠ 1, the circle in plane geometry is called

Apollonius circle about

Exercise 7
If |z| = 1 and find z.
If |z − 4i| = |z − 4i| and find z.
what is x (1) when z is a
real number; (2) z is an imaginary number; (3) z is a purely
imaginary number.
If z1 = cos α + i sin α, z2 = cos β + i sin β and find cos(α
− β).
O is the origin in complex plane, and Z1 and Z2 are two points in
complex plane, which meet the following:
 arguments corresponding complex number Z1 and Z2 are,
(i)
respectively, fixed value θ and −θ;
(ii) suppose area of ΔOZ1Z2 is S,
find minimum of modulus of focus z of ΔOZ1Z2.
Two points A and B correspond to −3 and z in complex plane, and |z|
= 1. P is a trisection points of segment AB which close to point A.
(1) Find the locus of P.
(2) corresponds to z′, find the locus of z′.
If A, B and C are three non-collinear points corresponding to
complex numbers prove: curve
and the median line that
parallel to line AC in ΔABC have only one intersection point, and
then find the point.
If |z| = 1 and u = z4 − z3 − 3z2i − z + 1, find the maximum of |u| and
complex number z when maximum of |u| is obtained.
 Chapter 8

Operations with Complex Number

8.1. Operations with Complex Number

Addition and subtraction:

(a + bi) ± (c + di) = (a ± c) + (b ± d)i (a, b, c, d ∈ R).

Geometrical meaning of addition and subtraction operation: Suppose

z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di (a, b, c, d ∈ R).
Addition: Suppose points Z1 and Z2 correspond to z1 = a + bi, z2 = c
+ di (a, b, c, d ∈ R) in complex plane

(1) Make points Z1 and Z2 correspond to z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di (a, b,

c, d ∈ R) in complex plane, and connect OZ1, OZ2; where vectors
.
(2) Make a parallelogram OZ1ZZ2 where are adjacent edges.
(3) Diagonal vector is the geometrical meaning of z1 + z2.
(4) Diagonal vector is the geometrical meaning of z1 − z2.
Multiplication: (a + bi)(c + di) = (ac − bd) + (bc + ad)i (a, b, c, d ∈
R).
Product of n complex number z is written zn. When z ≠ 0, z0 = 1;
when z ≠ 0, n ∈ R, The arithmetic of real number power of
integers is still applicable to the complex number; when m, n ∈ Z and
z ≠ 0, zm·zn = zm+n, (zn)m = zmn, (z1z2)n = Operation with i: i4n =
1, i4n+1 = i, i4n+2 = −1, i4n+3 = −i (n ∈ z),

Division: (a, b, c, d ∈ R).

Operation skill:
The addition and multiplication of the complex number satisfy
commutative law and associative law, and satisfy distribution
law of the multiplication.
Suppose z1 = a1 + b1i, z2 = a2 + b2i, z3 = a3 + b3i (a1, a2, a3, b1, b2,
b3 ∈ R).
Commutative law: z1 + z2 = z2 + z1;
Associative law (z1 + z2) + z3 = z1 + (z2 + z3).

Exercise
Calculate: (1) (3 + 2i) + (1 − i) − (2 − 3i); (2) i2009 + i−2009;
Analysis: Calculate i4 in question (2), and first calculate (1±i)2 in
question (3).
Solution:
(1) (3+2i)+(1−i)−(2−3i) = (3+1−2)+(2−1+3)i = 2+4i.
(2)
(3)

Comment: (a ± ai)2 = ±2a2i (a ∈ R). The results of the above often

make the operation of the complex number relatively simple.
Calculate: i29 + i30 + i31 + i32 + · · · + i250.
Solution:
i4k+1 = i, i4k+2 = −1, i4k+3 − i, i4k = 1,
∴ i + i2 + i3 + i4 = 0
∴ i29 + i30 + i31 + i32 + · · · + i250 = −1 + i.
If k ∈ N, calculate: (ik + ik+2 + ik+3)48.
Solution: According to the periodicity of i:
ik + ik+2 + ik+3 = −ik+1,
∴ (ik + ik+2 + ik+3)48 = (−ik+1)48 = (i4)2k+12 = 1.
If z = 1+i and = 1 − i, find a, b.
Solution:

Calculate: (1)
Solution:

Comment: Use ω3 = 1, 1 + ω + ω2 = 0, where

Distance Formula Between Two Points in the Plane and Express

Common Curves with Complex Numbers
If Z1(a, b) and Z2(c, d) correspond to z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di in
complex plane, then
Express common curves with complex numbers:
(1) The center of the circle is origin O and r is the radius: |z| = r.

z1 = a + bi (a, b ∈ R) is the center of the circle and r is the radius: |z

− z1| = r.
Circle region (excluding boundary), where z1 = a + bi (a, b ∈ R) is the
center of the circle and r is the radius: |z − z1| < r.

Circle out area (excluding boundary), where z1 = a+bi (a, b ∈ R) is

the center of the circle and r is the radius: |z − z1| > r.
Ring region (excluding boundary), where z1 = a+bi (a, b ∈ R) is the
center of the circle and r is the radius, and z2 = c + di (c, d ∈ R) is the
center of the circle and R is the radius: r < |z − z1| < R.
If points Z1 and Z2 correspond to z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di (a, b, c, d
∈ R) in complex plane, midperpendicular of segment of Z1Z2 : |z −
z1| = |z − z2|.
(3) Elliptic equation:

where z1, z2 are focus and major axis is 2a. When |F1F2| = |z1 −
z2| = 2a, equation (1) expresses segment Z1Z2; when |F1F2| = |z1
− z2| < 2a, no locus.

(4) Hyperbolic equation:

where z1, z2 are focus and real axis is 2a. When |F1F2| = |z1−z2|
= 2a, equation (2) expresses ray Z1x′ and Z2x; when |F1F2| = |z1
− z2| > 2a, no locus.

Exercise
If z1 ∈ {z|z − i| = |z + 1|}, z2 ∈ {z|z − 2| = 1}, find the range of |z1 − z2|.
Solution: |z − i| = |z + 1| is the midperpendicular of segment AB(A(0,
1),B(−1, 0). |z − 2| = 1 is the circle where the center is (2, 0) and 1 is
the radius.
The distance from center of the circle to the straight line:

∴ |z1 − z2|min = |DE| = |CE| − |CD| = , no maximum.

∴ |z1 − z2| ≤ .
If |z| = 3, find the minimum and maximum of
Solution:

|z − 1 + |max = |AP| = 3 + |OP| = 5,

|z − 1| + |min = |PB| = 3 − |OP| = 3 − 2 = 1.
If |z + 3 − 4i| = 2, find the minimum and maximum of |z|.
Solution: |z + 3 − 4i| = 2
∴ |z|max = |OB| = |OA| + |OB| = 5 + 2 = 7,
|z|min = |OC| = |OA| − |AC| = 5 − 2 = 3.

If ||z − i| − 2| + |z − i| − 2 = 0, find S (the area of the graph)

corresponding to the point set in the complex plane.
Solution:
||z − i| − 2| + |z − i| − 2 = 0
∴ ||z − i| − 2| = 2 − |z − i|
∴ ||z − i| − 2| ≥ 0, ∴ |z − i| ≤ 2 ∴ S = 4π.
The complex plane region K is composed of the point Z
corresponding to the complex number z. If real parts and imaginary
parts of all belong to [0, 1], find the area of K.
Solution:
Suppose

According to (1)–(3), the area of K is given by

(1) If S ∩ T = Φ, find the range of t.

(2) If S ∪ T = S, find the range of t.
Analysis: Analysis from the geometric significance of modulus of
complex numbers.
Solution: Suppose
So set T expresses the circle and its internal where the center is (t,
1) and 1 is the radius. Set S expresses the circle and its internal
where the center is (1, 0) and 3 is the radius. See the below figure.
(1) If S ∩ T = Φ, two circles are out:

(2) If S ∪ T = S, two circles contain or inscribe.

Comment: About the problem of the complex number Z, if it can

be determined that the graphical background of Z, it is very
effective to take the composition method to solve, intuitively!
If imaginary number z meets m (m ∈ R),
find z.

Solution:

Suppose z = x + yi (x, y ∈ R),

 z is imaginary number

∴ |z − 1|2 = 9.
z = x − xi, ∴ (x − 1)2 + x2 = 9
∴ x2 − x − 4 = 0

If 11z10 + 10iz9 + 10iz − 11 = 0, find |z|.

Solution: According to the conditions
suppose z = a + bi (a, b ∈ R),

Suppose f(a, b) = 112 + 220b + 102(a2 + b2),

g(a, b) = 112(a2 + b2) + 220b + 102.
If a2 + b2 > 1, then g(a, b) > f(a, b), |z|9 < 1,
∴ |z| > 1, a2 + b2 < 1, contradiction with subject.
If a2 + b2 < 1, then g(a, b) < f(a, b), |z|9 > 1.
∴ |z| > 1, a2 + b2 > 1, contradiction with subject.
∴ a2 + b2 = 1, ∴ |z| = 1.
Comment: First guess a2 +b2 = 1, and then prove a2 +b2 = 1.
Exercise 8
If (1 + i)z1 = −1 +5i, z2 = a − 2 − i, where i is imaginary unit, a ∈ R,
and find the range of a.
If three vertices of a square are A(1, 2), B(−2, 1), C(−1, −2) in
complex plane, find the complex number that corresponds to its
fourth vertices D.
A, B and C are three points that correspond to complex numbers
find the ratio of three sides in ΔABC.
Two points Z1, Z2 correspond to two non-zero complex numbers z1,
z2, which meet:
z2 = z1 · ai (a > 0), midpoint of segment Z1, Z2 corresponding to
3 + 4i;
Find the maximum area of ΔZ1OZ2 (O is origin) and its z1, z2.
If |z + 2 + 3i|2 + ||z − 2 − 3i|2 = 40, find |z|.
If A and B are two points correspond to the roots of equation x2 − 2x
+ 2 = 0 in complex plane, and the complex number that corresponds
to C meets (1+i)2(1+z) = −6, find the maximum angle of ΔABC.
If and their modulus are equal,
and argument of find a and b.
If non-zero complex numbers x and y meet x2 + xy + y2 = 0, find

If real numbers x and y meet

find the minimum and maximum of f(x, y) = |2x −
4y − 9|.
The equation of the curve C in the complex plane is
= 2a (a > b > 0), z1, z2, z3 are three points
in C, point Z1 corresponding to complex bi and find the
number of ΔZ1Z2Z3.
P1 and P2 are the two point sets of the complex plane:
P1 = { z ∈ C, m ∈ R, m < 9} (m is constant),
P2 = {ω|ω = 2iz, z ∈ P1}.
(1) When m changes in what range, P1 ∩ P2 ≠ ϕ.
(2) If m = 5, z1 ∈ P1, z2 ∈ P2, find the range of the minimum and
maximum of |z1 − z2|.
If |z| = 5 and corresponding point (3+4i)z in the complex plane is on
the angular bisector of the second and fourth quadrant,
find z and m.
If x is an imaginary number and is the real root of equation y2 −
ay + a + 1 = 0, find the range of a.
If |z| = 1, find the maximum of u = |(z − a)2(z + β)| (α, β > 0).
A = {x||z − c| + |z + c| = 2a, z ∈ C, a > c > 0}. If a and c take all
positive real numbers and z + i ∈ A, try to make the image
corresponds to set A in the complex plane.
 Chapter 9

Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number

Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number

Argument of Complex Number
Arg z is the angle θ from the positive real axis to the vector
representing z = a + bi, and arg ∈ [0, 2π).
Trigonometric Form of Complex Number

As shown in the figure,

and any complex number z = a+bi can be expressed as z = r(cos θ+i

sin θ); z = r(cos θ + i sin θ) is called trigonometric form of complex
number. Moreover,
Pay attention to: (1) Every non-zero complex number has only
modulus and argument, and can be uniquely determined by it, so
sufficient necessary condition that two non-zero complex numbers
are equal is that their modulus and arguments are equal.
(2) Trigonometric form of complex number: r ≥ 0; sine and
cosine are the same; cos θ, sin θ are connected by the plus; real
part is r cos θ, imaginary part is r sin θ.

Exercise
If find trigonometric form of complex number of
zw + zw3.

Solution:

Find trigonometric form of complex number:

(1) 1 + cos θ + i sin θ (0 ≤ θ ≤ π);
(2)
(3) 1 + i tan α;
(4) i sin α;
(5)

Solution:
If z = 3 cos θ + i sin θ, find the maximum of y = tan(θ−argz) (0 < θ <
) and its θ.

Solution:
If and only if
If is purely complex number, find the locus of
complex number z.
Solution:
is purely imaginary, ∴ |a| = 1 and a ≠ ±1.
∴ Suppose a = cos θ + i sin θ, θ ∈ (0, π) ∪ (π, 2π), z = x + yi (x, y ∈
R);

We cancel the θ, which implies y2 = −4(x − 1)(x ≠ 1).

So the track is the focus of the origin, the x-axis is the axis of
symmetry, open to the left and not containing (1, 0) of a parabola.
If 0 < θ < 2π, z = 1− cos θ + i sin θ, μ = a2 +ai, and zμ is purely
imaginary number, a ∈ R,
(1) find the arg μ of complex number μ (express with θ);
(2) if ω = z2 + μ2 + 2zμ, is ω a positive real number? Why?
Solution:
(1) zμ = (1 − cos θ + i sin θ)(a2 + ai) = [a2(1 − cos θ) − a sin θ] + [a2
sin θ + a(1 − cos θ)]i,
and zμ is purely imaginary,

According to , a ≠ 0, and 0 < θ < 2π, ∴ 1 − cos θ ≠ 0.

∴ According to ,

(i) When corresponding points in the first

quadrant, ∴ arg
(ii) When in the fourth
quadrant, ∴ arg
(2) ω cannot be a real number, actually, according to the condition,

Multiplication and Exponentiation of Complex Number

Operation law: If z1 = r1(cos θ1 + i sin θ1), z2 = r2(cos θ2 + i sin θ2),
then z1z2 = r1r2[cos(θ1 + θ2) + i sin(θ1 + θ2)].
Geometrical meaning: are two vectors corresponding to z1
= r1(cos θ1 + i sin θ1) and z2 = r2(cos θ2 + i sin θ2), rotates θ2 in
counterclockwise direction, modulus is r2 times to the original, get
which expresses z1z2.
Exponentiation of complex number — Dymov theorem If z =
r(cos θ + i sin θ), then zn = rn(cos nθ + i sin nθ)(n ∈ N*).
Exercise
In the complex plane, four vertices of a square are Z1, Z2, Z3, O (O is
origin) in a counterclockwise direction. If z1 = 1 + corresponds to
Z2, find the complex numbers corresponding to Z1 and Z3.
Solution: If the complex numbers z1 and z2 correspond to Z1 and
Z3,

(1) If and Q correspond to complex

numbers prove ΔOPQ is isosceles and rightangled triangle
(O is origin).
(2) If |z1| = 2, |z2| = 3, 3z1 − 2z2 = – i, find z1z2.

Proof:

Included angle of OP and OQ is

∴ OP⊥OQ.
 |OP| = | | = 1, |OQ| = |z2w3| = 1.
∴ ΔOPQ is isosceles and right-angled triangle.

(2) If z1 = 2(cosα + i sin α) and z2 = 3(cosβ + i sin β),

and the necessary and sufficient condition of the complex number is
given by

By (1) ÷ (2), we have

According to universal formula:

Comment: Question (2) appeared the National High School Math

League in 2001, and reference answer is given skill strong solution.
According to the characteristics of the problem, triangle form of
complex number seems to be more conform with the student’s
thinking characteristics, but also not complicated. It can also use the
geometric meaning of complex number.
If |z1| = |z1 + z2| = 3, |z1 − z2| = find
Solution: According to the condition
|z1 + z2|2 = (z1 + z2)( 1 + 2) = 9,

∴ |z1|2 + |z2|2 + z1 2 + 1z2 = 9,

|z1 − z2|2 = (z1 − z2)( 1 − 2) = 27,

∴ |z1|2 + |z2|2 − (z1 2 + 1z2) = 27,

∴ |z1|2 + |z2|2 = 18,

|z1|2 = 9, ∴ |z2| = 3,
and z1 2 + 1z2 = −9, |z1 2| = | 1z2| = 9.
Suppose z1 2 = 9(cos θ + i sin θ),

When z1 2 = 9w, 1z2 = 9w2,

∴ (z1 2)2000 + ( 1z2)2000 = −92000;

When z1z2 = 9w2, z1z2 = 9w,
∴ (z1 2)2000 + ( 1z2)2000 = −92000.
∴ The original type is equal to log3 92000 = 4000.
If n = 2000, find
Solution:
If the 20 vertices of the unit circle inscribed 20-sided regular are z1,
z2, . . ., z20, how many different points are corresponding to

Solution: The 20 vertices of the unit circle inscribed 20-sided regular

are if Z1 = cos θ + i sin θ, by complex multiplication,
By periodic imaginary unit i, four different values are known.
If z = x + yi (x, y are rational numbers) and |z| = 1, prove: to any
natural numbers n, |z2n − 1| is rational number.

Solution: Let z = cos θ + i sin θ,

Here we prove sin nθ, cos nθ are rational numbers.
(1) When n = 1, sinθ and cos θ are rational numbers. And they are
clearly established by the subject.
(2) Suppose when n = k, sin kθ, cos kθ are rational numbers.

sin(k + 1)θ = sinθ · cos kθ + cos θ · sin kθ,

cos(k + 1)θ = cos θ · cos kθ − sin θ · sin kθ.
∴ when n = k + 1, sin(k+1)θ, cos(k +1)θ are rational numbers.
∴ For all n ∈ N, sin nθ is rational number.
∴ We obtain the original proposition.
If sinA + sin3A + sin 5A = a, cosA + cos 3A + cos 5A = b, prove:
(1) when b ≠ 0,

Solution:
(1) According to the condition

b + ai = (cos A + cos 3A + cos 5A) + i(sin A + sin 3A + sin 5A)

= (cosA + i sinA) + (cos 3A + i sin 3A) + (cos 5A + i sin 5A)
= (cosA + i sinA) + (cos A + i sinA)3 + (cos A + i sinA)5
= (cosA + i sinA)3 + [(cosA + i sinA)−2 + 1 + (cos A + i sinA)]
= (cos 3A + i sin 3A) + (1 + 2 cos 2A). (*)
 b ≠ 0.
∴ Condition by the plural,

(2) Take modulus on the both sides of (*), we get = |(1 + 2

cos 2A)|.
On both sides of the upper type, the proof is complete.
For given n ∈ N*, prove sin 1 + sin 2 + sin 3 + · · · +sin n ≤
Proof: Suppose z = cos 1 + i sin 1,
∴ | sin 1 + sin 2 + sin 3 + · · · + sinn|

≤ |(cos 1 + i sin 1) + (cos 2 + i sin 2) + (cos 3 + i sin 3) + · · · + (cos n

+ i sin n)|

= |(cos 1 + i sin 1) + (cos 1 + i sin 1)2 + (cos 1 + i sin 1)3 + · · · + (cos

1 + i sin 1)n|

= |z + z2 + z3 + · · · + zn|

In the complex plane, complex number z1 moves on segment

connecting 1 + i and 1 − i. Complex number z2 moves on the circle,
where the center is origin and 1 is the radius. Find: (1) the locus of
are of the moving rang of z1 · z2; (3) area of the moving range
of z1 + z2.

Solution: Suppose z1 = 1 + ti(−1 ≤ t ≤ 1), z2 = cos θ + i sin θ (0 ≤ θ <

2π); then
(1) If let = x + yi(x, y ∈ R),
 (2) Because z1 · z2 = (1 + ti)(cos θ + i sin θ)
= (cos θ − t sin θ) + i(sin θ + t cos θ).
If let z1 · z2 = x + yi (x, y ∈ R),

∴ The image of z1 · z2 is the area of concentric circle where

the center is origin and radius is

|t| ≤ 1, ∴ rmin = 1, rmax =

∴ S = 2π − π = π.
∴ The area of z1 · z2 moving range is π.
(3) z1 + z2 = 1 + cos θ + i(t + sinθ),
If let z1 + z2 = x + yi (x, y ∈ R),

then

∴ The image of z1 + z2 is the area of the concentric circle, where

center is (1, t) and radius is 1.
|t| ≤ 1.
∴ The area is 4 + π.

If complex numbers z1, z2, . . ., zn are geometric progression, where

|z1| ≠ 1 and q (|q| = 1 and q ≠ ±1) is the common ratio. ω1, ω2, . . .,
ωn meet: where k = 0, 1, . . ., n, h is known complex
number, prove: points P1, P2, . . ., Pn corresponding to ω1, ω2, . . .,
ωn are all on the ellipse where focal length is 4.
Solution: Suppose
z1 = r(cos α + i sin α), q = cos θ + i sin θ, and r ≠ 1, θ ≠ kπ
∴ zk = z1 · qk−1 = r[cos[α + (k − 1)θ] + i sin[α + (k − 1)θ],

Let wk = x + yi (x, y ∈ R); according to the conditions of the plural:

Eliminate α, θ we can get

Explain the point Pi (i = 1, 2, . . ., n) both on the same ellipse. The

focal length is

Division and Square of Complex Number

Division law
If z1 = r1(cos θ1 + i sin θ1), z2 = r2(cos θ2 + i sin θ2), then
[cos(θ1 − θ2) + i sin(θ1 − θ2)].
Geometrical meaning
are two vectors corresponding to z1 = r1(cos θ1 + i sin θ1)
and z2 = r2(cos θ2 +i sin θ2), rotates θ2, in clockwise direction,
modulus is times to the original, get which expresses
Square of complex number
If z = r(cos θ+i sin θ), then (k = 0, 1, 2, . . .,
n − 1).
Exercise
If

Solution:

If z1, z2 ∈ C, |z1| = 1, |z2| = 4, z1 − z2 = 1 −

Proof: Suppose z1 = cos α + i sin α, z2 = 4(cos β + i sin β)

If z = cos θ + i sin θ(0 < θ < π),

Solution:
If z = 1 + i, find
Solution:

Exponent Form of Complex Number

Triangle form of complex number can also be expressed by
exponent form of complex number: z = reiθ. In the multiplication and
division of complex number, we have certain advantages.
Euler formula: eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ.
Some solutions

Exercise
If 1, z1, z2, . . ., zn−1 are n roots of equation zn = 1(n ≥ 2, n ∈ N), find

Analysis:
(1) According to the condition: 1, 2, . . ., n −
1).
(2) Using complex division to simplify:
(3) The solution of this case can be got by using the triangle
knowledge:
Solution: z1, z2, . . . zn−1 are roots of equation zn = 1 (n ≥ 2, n ∈
N*).
Whether n is odd or even, it has

Prove:
Analysis: According to exponent form of complex number:
Expand type by using the binomial theorem, and
then get right type.
Proof: According to exponent form of complex number and binomial
theorem:
Comment: In the final step, the establishment is due to Euler’s
formula. Sum is real numbers, so each item remains real parts.
Because and sin(−x) = −sin x, sum of imaginary parts are
zero.
When n = 2, 3, 4, this identity can be simplified to cos2 θ =
by using cos(−x) = cos x.
These formulas are of great use.
If n is a prime number and more than 3, find

Solution: Suppose

Because n is more than 3 of prime numbers,

∴ (−1)n−1 = 1, and 3, 3 × 2, . . ., 3(n − 1) was n except. The
remainder solutions are not the same

n is a positive integer, aj(j = 1, 2, . . ., n) is complex number, and

there are to any non-empty set I of assemblage
{1, 2, . . ., n}. Prove:
Proof: Suppose 1 + aj = rj ≥ 0, |θj| ≤ π, j = 1, 2, . . ., n;

suppose r, θ are real numbers,

From the geometrical meaning of complex number:

Using mathematical induction to the assemblage I, from (i) and

lemma, we have
From (ii),

Exercise 9
If find the range of arg z.
In complex plane, A and B are vertexes of ΔOAB, and its
corresponding complex numbers are z1, z2 (O is origin). If z1 − (1 +
i)z2 = 0 and |z2 − 2 − 2i| = 2, find the maximum and minimum of area
of ΔOAB.
If |z| = 1, find the maximum of u =
One of the vertex of the quadrilateral OABC is at the origin. Point A
moves on y = x + 2(|x| ≤ 1), and C moves on the unit circle. Find the
area of moving area of B.
The first item of geometric progression {zn} is 48, common ratio is
is the sequence of real parts of its original sequence,
and it do not change the original order. Find
α, β, γ are arguments of z1, z2, z3. If |z1| = 1, |z2| = k, |z3| = 2 − k, and
z1 + z2 + z3 = 0, find the range of cos(β − γ).
are arguments of non-zero complex number z1, z2. If z1 + z2 =
5i, |z1z2| = 14, find the minimum of and its z1, z2.
If α2012+β2012 expresses the binary polynomial about α+β,αβ, find the
sum of coefficient of this polynomial.
If complex sequence find |an −
an+1|.
If |z| = 1, w = z4 − z3 − 3z2i − z + 1, find z where |w| is the maximum.
If |z − z0| = find z1 and z0; (2) prove:
if the argument of z1 is minimum.
Difference of two roots of equation z2 − (2 cos θ + i sin2 θ)z + i cos
θ(1 − cos 2θ) = 0(θ ∈ R) is b + ci (b, c ∈ R), find the locus of focus of
parabola y = −x2 + bx + c.
For x ∈ R, find the range of
If x, y, A, B ∈ r, A = x cos2 θ + y sin2 θ, B = x sin2 θ + y cos2 θ, prove:
x2 + y2 ≥ A2 + B2.
For n ∈ N, Sn is the minimum of
and its sum is 17. If only one n makes Sn an integer number, find n.
In an acute triangle ABC, if tan A = m, tan B = m − 2, prove:

Complex numbers z1, z2, z3, z4, z5 meet:

Find the maximum of |z5|.
 Chapter 10

Complex Number and Equation

In field F, f(x) = 0 is called equation of nth degree with one

unknown, where f(x) is a polynomial of nth degree with one unknown
in field F. If the number α in field F meets , α is root in field F.

Roots of Complex Coefficient Polynomial of Nth Degree with

One Unknown
In 1799, German mathematician Gauss proved a very important
theorem in polynomial theory.
Theorem 1 (Fundamental Theorem of Algebra): Every
nonconstant single-variable polynomial with complex coefficients has
at least one complex root.
Deduction 1: Every polynomial f(x) of degree n ≥ 1 has exactly n
complex roots where k multiple roots have k roots.
Deduction 2 (Unique Decomposition Theorem): If do not consider
the order of the factors, f(x) with complex coefficients is uniquely
decomposed into the form of

where αi (i = 1, 2, . . ., s) are the different complex roots of f(x) and

mj (j = 1, 2, . . ., s) are its multiple roots,
The root of a polynomial with real coefficients:
To every polynomial of degree n ≥ 1 with real coefficients, according
to fundamental theorem of algebra, it has at most n complex roots.
Theorem 2: If imaginary number α is a root of a real polynomial f(x),
then its complex conjugate is also a root.

Binomial equation: Like the equation anxn + a0 = 0 (a0, an ∈ C, an ≠

0) is called binomial equation. Every binomial equation can be
translated into the form xn = b (b ∈ C), which can be solved by
extracting the complex number.

The geometric meaning of nth complex root:

If xn = b (b ∈ C), it is called the nth root of complex number b. This
nth root corresponds to n points in complex plane and these points
are evenly distributed in the origin as the center, with as the
radius of the circle.

Viete Theorem:

Theorem 3: Suppose that x1, x2, . . ., xn are n roots of equation anxn

+ an−1xn−1 + · · · + a1x + a0 = 0 (an ≠ 0), so

Specially, a quadratic equation with real coefficients is ax2 + bx +

c = 0 (a, b, c ∈ R, a ≠ 0), so
Roots of Polynomial with Rational Coefficient or Integral
Coefficient:

Theorem 4: If reduced fraction is the root of polynomial with

n
integral coefficient f(x) = anx + an−1x n−1 + · · · + a1x + a0, then
(1) r|a0, s|an;
(2) f(x) = where g(x) is polynomial with integral coefficient.

Discrimination of Equations with Real Coefficient:

A quadratic equation with real coefficients is ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a, b, c
∈ R, a ≠ 0), and discriminant is Δ = b2 − 4ac.
When Δ > 0, the equation has two different real numbers x1, 2 =

When Δ = 0, the equation has two same real numbers x1, 2 =

When Δ < 0, the equation has a pair of conjugate imaginary roots

Discriminant of higher order equation with real coefficients:

Theorem 5: Suppose x1, x2, . . ., xn are roots of higher order

equation with real coefficients: anxn + an−1xn−1 + · · · + a1x + a0 = 0
(n > 1, ana0 ≠ 0).

∴ (1) When x1, x2, . . ., xn are real numbers, Δ1 ≥ 0, and Δ2 ≥ 0.

(2) When Δ1 < 0 or Δ2 < 0, x1, x2, . . ., xn are not all real numbers.
Proof: According to Viete theorem:

Let so original equations are translated into a0yn +a1yn−1 +

a2yn−2 + · · · + an−1y + an = 0, and its roots are

Similarly,

∴ When x1, x2, . . ., xn are real numbers, and

Conclusion (1) holds.
∴ Conclusions (1) and (2) are each converse-negative proposition.
∴ Conclusion (2) holds.

Criterion of Divisibility of Polynomial:

Theorem 6: If n roots of polynomial f(x) are different, and these roots

are roots of another polynomial g(x), then f(x)|g(x).

Lagrange’s Interpolation Formula:

In complex number sets, every polynomial of degree m (m ≤ n) can

be only represented as follows:

Namely,

Property of n-order Unit Root of 1:

Property 1: The n-order unit root of 1 has n roots, which are

Property 2: (εk)n = 1, εk = (ε1)n, |εk| = 1 (k = 0, 1, 2, . . ., n − 1).

Property 3: When n is even number, ε0 = 1 is only the real root;
when n is odd number, are two real numbers. Other
imaginary roots are pair of pair of conjugates, where εk and εn−k are
conjugates and εk · εn−k = 1 (k = 0, 1, 2, . . ., n − 1).
Property 4: {εk} is closed for multiplication and division, where
product of several roots of equation xn − 1 = 0 is also the root of this
equation and quotient of two roots (or reciprocal of root) is also the
root of this equation.
Property 5:

Especially, when 1 + ε1 + ε2 + · · · + εn−1 = 0 or k ≠ 0, 1 + εk +

Property 6: If p1, p2, . . ., pm are coprime numbers to each other and

n = p1, p2, . . ., pm, so n-order unit roots of 1 are product of P1p1-
order unit root and P2 p2-order unit root,. . ., Pm pm-order unit root.
Property 7:

especially, when
Property 8: εk represents the N equal points of the unit circle in the
complex plane (or vertices of inscribed regular n polygon of unit
circle), where ε0 = 1 is the intersect of unit circle and positive real
axis.
Some n-order unit root of 1 is called primitive n-order unit root of
1 (primitive root for short). One is not m-order unit root of 1 if and
only if m < n.
For example, 3-order unit root of 1 is and ω2 =
4-order unit root of 1 is i and −i.
Property 9: All primitive root of 1 can be found in all unit roots εk (k =
0, 1, 2, . . ., n−1) where k are all integers which are less than n and
coprime with n. The number of primitive n-order root of 1 is equal or
less than the number of these numbers which are coprime with n
and note it ϕ(n). When p and q are coprime, ϕ(p · q) = ϕ(p) · ϕ(q).

Property 10: All n-order unit root of 1 equal to n successive integer

power of its any primitive root; if n = p1p2 . . . pm and P1, P2, . . ., Pm
are coprime to each other, all prime n-order unit root equal to product
of prime P1-order unit root, prime P2-order unit root, . . ., prime Pn-
order unit root.
For example, prime 12-order unit root of l is equal to product of
prime 3-order unit roots of 1 which are ω, ω2 and prime 4-order unit
roots of 1 which are i, −1. Its prime roots are

Property 11: In n-order unit root of 1, each pair of conjugate prime

roots corresponds to inscribed regular n polygon, and vice versa.
Namely, the number of inscribed regular n polygon is equal the
number of pair of conjugate prime n-order roots of 1, which is
(Inscribed regular n polygon means dividing the circle n parts
equally, and, every p (where p and n are coprime and p > ) points of
division connect to regular n polygon.)
The proof of the above is not difficult, as a practice for the reader.
Because of these properties, unit root of 1 in the problem solving
(especially the math contest) has a wide range of applications.

Exercise
If z ∈ C and equation x2 − zx + 4 + 3i = 0 has real roots, find the
minimum of |z|.

Analysis: Suppose x0 = a + bi (a, b ∈ R) is the real root of equation.

Consider from the equality of complex number.

Solution: Suppose x0 = a + bi (a, b ∈ R) is the real root of equation;

If and only if namely, the equality holds.
∴ the minimum of |z| is
Comment: The imaginary coefficient quadratic equation has real
roots. “Δ < 0” cannot be used. We should suppose the real root and
consider from the perspective of the equality of complex number.
If z1, z2 are two imaginary roots of real coefficient quadratic equation,
find the range of |(a − 4) + ai|.
Analysis: Take care that two imaginary roots are conjugate complex
numbers in real coefficient quadratic equation.
Solution:

(1) 1 + 2i is imaginary root of equation x2 − 2x + k = 0, find k.

(2) 1 + 2i is imaginary root of equation x2 − 4x + k = 0, find k.
Solution: (1) Another root is 1−2i, ∴ k = (1+2i)(1−2i) = 5.
(2) (1 + 2i)2 − 4(1 + 2i) + k = 0 ⇒ k = 7 − 4i.
Comment: The difference between the former and the latter: the
former: k ∈ R, x2 − 2x + k = 0 is an equation with real coefficient; the
latter x2 − 4x + k = 0 is not an equation with real coefficient (an
equation with complex coefficient). So the latter cannot use
imaginary pairs theorem of equation with real coefficients. When
solving the problem, see the conditions clearly.
(1) Solve x2 − 3x + 5m = 0 (m ∈ R).
(2) Suppose p is a given even prime number, k ∈ R and
find k.
Solution: (1) Δ = 9 − 20m.
• When Δ = 9−20m > 0, namely,
• When Δ = 9 − 20m = 0, namely, m =
• When Δ = 9 − 20m < 0, namely, m >

(2) Suppose = n, n ∈ N*, ∴ k2 − pk − n2 = 0, so

p2 + 4n2 is square number. Suppose it m2, m ∈ N*, ∴ (m − 2n)(m +
2n) = p2,
p is a prime number, and p ≥ 3,

If one of the root of equation with real coefficient x2+kx+k2 − 3k = 0 is

an imaginary number which modulus is 2, find k.
Analysis: According to imaginary pairs theorem of equation with real
coefficients, suppose this pair conjugate imaginary roots is z, , so z
· = 22 = 4. The equation can be constructed by Viete theorem.
Solution: Original equation has imaginary roots, ∴ Δ = k2 − 4(k2 −
3k) < 0 ⇒ k > 4 or k < 0. Suppose one root of equation is z, so
another root is , and z = |z|2 = 4 ⇒ k2 − 3k = z = 4 ⇒ k = 4
(rejection) or k = −1. ∴ When k = −1, the equation has an imaginary
number which modulus is 2.
If x1, x2 are two roots of equation with real coefficients x2 +x+p = 0
and |x1 − x2| = 3, find p.
Solution: Δ = 1− 4p,
(1) When Δ ≥ 0, namely, when are real roots, so

(2) When Δ < 0, namely, when p > x1, x2 are imaginary roots,
suppose x1 = a + bi (a, b ∈ R), so x2 = a − bi.

Comment: This example does not clearly indicate that the roots are
the real or imaginary roots, so must be discussed. The wrong
solution: so
If α, β are two roots of equation with real coefficients, x2−mx+3 = 0,
find |α| + |β|.
Analysis: α, β are two roots of equation with real coefficients, x2 −
mx + 3 = 0, so we only need to discuss whether two roots are real
roots or imaginary conjugate roots. Then according to Viete theorem
and modulus of complex numbers, find |α| + |β|.
Solution: Δ = m2 − 4 × 3 = m2 − 12,
(1) When Δ ≥ 0, namely, when m ≥ or m ≤ − , αβ = 3 < 0, so |
α| + |β| = |α + β| = |m|.
(2) When Δ < 0, namely, when − <m< ,

If α, β are two imaginary roots of equation with real coefficients ax2 +

bx + c = 0 and

Solution: α, β are two imaginary roots of equation with real

coefficients ax2 + bx + c = 0

so (α − β)(α2 + αβ + β2) = 0
α≠β

If and the real part and imaginary part of z + 3 are opposite

numbers. Is the imaginary is exist? If exist, find z; if not, give the
reason.
Analysis: This is an exploration problem. Firstly, assume the
existence, then find it according to the known conditions. If it does
not exist, then give the contradiction.
Solution: Assume exist imaginary number z = a + bi (a, b ∈ R, b ≠
0),
If i is a root of equation x3 + 2x + k = 0, find two roots and k.
Solution: i is a root of equation
∴ i3 + 2i + k = 0, so k = −i.
∴ The original equation is x3 + 2x − i = 0
∴ (x − i)(x2 + ix + 1) = 0
∴ x − i = 0, namely, x = i.
x2 + ix + 1 = 0

∴ Other two roots are x = and k = −i.

(1) If equation x3 sin θ − (sin θ + 2)x2 + 6x − 4 = 0 has three positive

roots, find the minimum of

(2) Suppose a, b, c are roots of equation x3 −k1x−k2 = 0 (k1 + k2 ≠ 1),

find
(3) Find the number of rational root (x, y, z) of
(4) P(x) = x5 + a1x4 + a2x3 + a3x2 + a4x + a5. When k = 1, 2, 3, 4,
P(k) = k · 2007, find P(10) − P(−5).
(5) Find the number of different non-zero integer solution of equation

(6) Solve x5 − 11x4 + 36x3 − 36x2 + 11x − 1 = 0.

(7) Solve x6 + x5 + 2x4 + x3 + 2x2 + x + 1 = 0.
(8) Solve x6 + x5 + x3 + x − 1 = 0.

Solution: (1) Equation (x − 1)(x2 sin θ − 2x2 + 4) = 0 has three

positive roots.

∴ Equation x2 sin θ − 2x2 + 4 = 0 has two positive roots.

If and only if sin θ = the equality holds. ∴ u ≥

(2) x3 − k1x − k2 = (x − a)(x − b)(x − c)
∴ a+b+c = 0, ab+bc+ca = −k1, abc = k2 and 1−k1 −k2 = (1 − a)(1 − b)
(1 − c),
According to (1): Substitute it into (3): (y − 1)(y3 − y − 1) = 0.
∴ y3 − y − 1 = 0 has no rational root, ∴ y = 1.
According to (1): x = −1. According to (2) z = 0 (contradict z ≠ 0).
∴ This equation has two rational roots:

(4) Let Q(x) = P(x) − 2007x, so when k = 1, 2, 3, 4, Q(k) = P(k) −

2007k = 0.
∴ 1, 2, 3, 4 are roots of Q(x) = 0.
Q(x) is 5-order equation, so suppose
Q(x) = (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)(x − 4)(x − r)
P(10) = Q(10) + 2007 × 10 = 9 × 8 × 7 × 6(10 − r) + 2007 × 10
P(−5) = Q(−5) + 2007×)(−5) = (−6)(−7)(−8)(−9)(−5 − r) + 2007 × (−5)
∴ P(10) − P(−5) = 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 15 + 2007 × 15 = 75465.
(5) Using a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 − ab + b2), the original equation
is equal to

Divide x by two sides of equation, and after arrangement:

x(x4 − 98x2 − 288x + 385) = 0

Then divide x: (x2 − 31)2 − (6x + 24)2 = 0.

Namely, (x2 + 6x − 7)(x2 − 6x − 55) = 0, so
(x + 7)(x − 1)(x + 5)(x − 11) = 0.
After examine: x1 = −7, x2 = 1, x3 = −5, x4 = 11 are roots of original
equation.
∴ Original equation has four integer roots.
(6) x = 1 is the root of original equation, so
(x − 1)(x4 − 10x3 + 26x2 − 10x + 1) = 0.
Find roots of x4 − 10x3 + 26x2 − 10x + 1 = 0 as follows:
Divide x2 by two sides of original equation:

∴ Five roots of original equation are

(7) Left = x6 + x5 + x4 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x2 + x +1
 ∴ (x4 + x2 + 1)(x2 + x + 1) = 0

(8) Left = x6 + x5 − x4 + x4 + x3 − x2 + x2 + x − 1
∴ (x4 + x2 + 1)(x2 + x − 1) = 0

In complex set C, solve zn = ( )m (m, n ∈ N).

Solution: (1) When m ≠ n, suppose n > m.
When z = 0, it meets original equation.
∴ z = 0 is solution of original equation.
When z ≠ 0, take modulus by both sides.
∴ |z|n = | |n, namely, |z|n−m = 1.
Substitute into original equation, so zm+n = 1.

(2) When m = n, we have the following.

For arbitrary z ∈ R, they meet the original equation.
If z is imaginary number, let z = reiθ (r > 0) and substitute it into
original equation.
∴ (eiθ)2n = 1, namely, (k = 1, 2, . . ., n − 1).
∴ The solution of original equation is
Suppose n ∈ N, 0 < r ∈ R. Prove: equation xn+1+rxn−rn+1 = 0 has no
complex root which modulus is r.

Proof: (reductio ad absurdum): Suppose z is the root where r is

the modulus of original equation.

Take modulus by two sides: |z|n|z + r| = rn+1.

which is the intersect of circle |z| = r and circle |z + r| = r.

Substitute z1 into (4): cos

According to equality of complex number:

Substitute z2 into (4), and similarly, which is a contradiction.
∴ z1 and z2 are not roots of original equation.
∴ The original equation has no complex root which modulus is r.

In complex set C: solve

Solution: Suppose

Subtracting two equations:

According to equality of complex numbers:

Substitute r1 = , r2 = 4 into (5) and (6), so x = ±(1 + i).

In complex plane, find the area of polygon whose vertices are points
corresponding to roots of equation
Solution: According to geometric meaning of quadratic equation: six
points corresponding to roots of construct inscribed
hexagon of circle whose radius is |x| =
∴ Side of regular hexagon is so the area of this regular hexagon
is
Suppose A = {z|z18 = 1, z ∈ C.}, B = {ω|ω48 = 1, ω ∈ C}, D = {zω|z ∈
A, ω ∈ B}, find the number of elements of D.
Solution:

8 and 3 are coprime and 8k + 3t can equal to any integer.

8k + 3t can be equal to 0, 1, 2, . . ., 143, namely, zw has 144
different numbers.
∴ Set D has 144 elements.
If q is the 7-order extraction root of 1, find
Solution: q7 = 1.
If q = 1, original type is equal to
If q ≠ 1, original type is equal to

q ≠ 1 and q7 = 1
∴ q6 + q5 + q4 + q3 + q2 + q + 1 = 0,
namely, q6 + q4 + q = −(1 + q2 + q3 + q5)
= −(1 + q2) · (1 + q3).
 ∴ The original type is equal to − 2.
∴ The original type is equal to or − 2.
If the modulus of complex number A is 1, prove: the roots of
equation are all different.

Proof:

According to componendo and dividendo method:

Let k = 0, 1, 2, . . ., n − 1, take n different real roots of original

equation which are

Prove: in complex plane, all points outside a certain point belonging

to S = {z|z3 + z + 1 = 0, z ∈ C} are in annulus
Proof: Suppose
 f(x) is increasing function.
∴ f(x) = 0 has only one real root x0.
Suppose other two complex roots of f(x) = 0 are z1 and .
According to Viete theorem: z1 · · x0 = −1.

∴ Beside x0, other two roots belonging to

S are in the annulus

If a, b, c are real numbers and complex numbers, z1, z2, z3 meet

find |az1 + bz2 + cz3|.

Solution: Use triangular form and exponential form of complex

number to solve the following.
Suppose

eiθ + eiϕ + e−i(θ+ϕ) = 1.

Take the imaginary part of two sides:

 ∴ θ = 2kπ or ϕ = 2kπ or θ + ϕ = 2kπ, k ∈ Z.
∴ z1 = z2 or z2 = z3 or z3 = z1.
If z1 = z2, then

Comment: According to |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = 1 and properties of

conjugate complex numbers

According to (7) and (8): (z1 − z2)(z2 − z3)(z3 − z1) = 0.

Namely, z1 = z2 or z2 = z3 or z1 = z3 and then solve the problem.
Find the maximum integer n which makes all non-zero solutions of
equation (z + 1)n = zn + 1 into the unit circle. (Chinese National Team
Selection Test in 1989).
Solution: According to binomial theorem:
Suppose that non-zero solutions are zi (i = 1, 2, . . ., n − 2).
According to Viete theorem:

Suppose n > 4 which meets the condition, so zi · = |zi|2 = 1 and xi

= zi + are real numbers (i = 1, 2, . . ., n − 2).
The coefficients of the equation are real numbers and the root is in
the form of a conjugate number.
∴ Non-zero solutions can be expressed as (i = 1, 2, . . ., n − 2), so
According to Viete theorem: real numbers xi (i = 1, 2, . . ., n − 2) are
n − 2 roots of equation with real coefficient xn−2 − t1xn−3 + t2xn−4 + · ·
· + tn−3x + tn−2 = 0. According to Theorem 5,

Δ1 = (n − 3)(−t1)2 − 2(n − 2)t2 ≥ 0

∴ (n − 4)[(n − 5)2 − 12] ≤ 0

∴n≤5+ < 9, ∴ n ≤ 8.
When n = 8 the equation is given by
∴ (8z6 + 28z5 + 56z4 + 70z3 + 56z2 + 28z + 8)z = 0.
Non-zero solutions are six roots of the following equation

Equation (9) can be translated:

4(z3 + z−3) + 14(z2 + z−2) + 28(z + z−1) + 35 = 0
∴ 4(z + z−1)3 + 14(z + z−1)2 + 16(z + z−1) + 7 = 0
Δ2 = (3 − 1) · 162 − 2 · 3 · 14 ·7 = −76 < 0.
According to Theorem 5, roots of 4x3 +14x2 + 16x +7 = 0 are not all
real numbers.
∴ There is root zi of Eq. (9), which make is not a real number.
n = 8 does not meet the problem set
conditions.
When n = 7, the equation is given by

Non-zero solutions are −1 and cos 120° ±i sin 120°, and they are on
the unit circle.
∴ The maximum number n of integer is 7.
Suppose a, b, c are three sides of the non-isosceles triangle ABC,
where area is SΔ,

Proof: The quadratic polynomial is given by

f(x) = x3 − (x − x1)(x − x2)(x − x3).
Take different figures: x1 = a, x2 = b, x3 = c,

∴ f(a) = a3, f(b) = b3, f(c) = c3.

According to Lagrange formula,

Compare the coefficients of the x2 on both sides of the formula.

By the Helen formula, and p =

Obviously it cannot be established,

Comment: According to Lagrange formula, find one of the general

formulas of any finite sequence a1, a2, a3, . . ., am:

an = f(n) = b1 · nm−1 + b2 · nm−2 + · · · + bm.

This shows: general formulas of a1, a2, a3, . . ., am equal to the value
of g(x) when x = n, and b1, b2, bm are constants.
For example, suppose a1 = 1, a2 = 5, a3 = 11, find one general
formulas of this sequence.
Suppose an = f(n) = b1 · n2 + b2 · n + · · · + b3.
Then, x = n, x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 3 and f(1) = 1, f(2) = 5, f(3) = 11.
According to Lagrange formula:

Simplify, n2 + n −1 = f(n).
So the general formulas is an = n2 + n − 1 (n = 1, 2, 3).
Find the remainder term of g(x) = x3 − x which is divided by f(x) = x81
+ x49 + x25 + x9 + x.
Solution:

g(x) = x3 − x = x(x − 1)(x + 1)

∴ x1 = 0, x2 = 1, x3 = −1
f(0) = 0, f(1) = 5, f(−1) = −5

∴ The complement form of f(x) = x81+x49+x25+x9+x divides g(x) = x3

− x is r(x) = 5x.
Comment: According to Lagrange formula, find the residue of
polynomial division.
According to division formula with remainder, polynomial f(x) and
g(x)(g(x) ≠ 0) must exist polynomial q(x) and r(x) (deg r(x) < deg q(x)
or r(x) = 0)where f(x) = g(x) · q(x)+r(x). Suppose deg f(x) > n, degg(x)
= n, and g(x) = (x − x1)(x − x2) · · · (x − xn).
According to Lagrange formula,

According to factorization, (x − xi)|(f(x) − r(x)), so g(x)|(f(x) − r(x)).

deg g(x) = n
∴ degr(x) ≤ n − 1 ≤ n
∴ r(x) is the residue of g(x) divided by f(x).
The given integer: x0 < x1 < · · · > xn. Prove: among x0, x1, . . ., xn in
xn + a1xn−1 + · · · + an, one of the absolute is not less than
(Nineteenth IMO pre-selection)
Prove: According to Lagrange’s formula:

Assume that the conclusion is wrong, namely, when j = 1, 2, . . ., n,

P(xj) <
∴ 1 (first coefficient of P(x)) equal to sum of first coefficient of
and its modulus is no more than

Contradiction, so the original conclusion is established.

Comment: Obviously, a special case in this example is as follows: to
polynomial with real coefficient f(x) = xn + a1xn−1 + · · · + an−1x + an,
the conclusion is follows: Among |f(1)|, |f(2)|, . . ., |f(n + 1)|, at least
one of them is not less than

Exercise 10
Find the number of roots of equation x2 − 3|x| + 2 = 0 in complex set.
If quadratic equation x2 + zx + 4+ 3i = 0 (i is imaginary unit) has real
root, find the minimum of |z|.
If equation x2 − (2i − 1)x + 3m − i = 0 has real root, find the range of
m.
If z1, z2, z3, . . ., z6 is 6-order extraction root of 2 + i and their arg’s
are α1, α2, α3, . . ., α6, find tan α1 tan α2 + tan α2 tan α3 + · · · + tan
α6 tan α1.
If α is the root of
Suppose z = x + yi (x, y ∈ R) and |z +2| − |z − 2| = 4, find the locus of
point (x, y) corresponding to z.
Factorization in complex range: x3 − 2x2 + 4x − 8.
Solve complex equation: z3 = .
If is one root of equation x2+px+q = 0 (p, q ∈ R), find the arg of
p + qi.
If z1 and z2 are imaginary roots of x2+5x+m = 0 and |z1−z2| = 3, find
m.
If quadratic equation x2 − (i + tan θ)x − (2 + i) = 0 has a real root, find
θ.
In complex plane, M is the set of points corresponding to roots of x10
= 1. How many right triangles among the triangles are vertices from
M.
If quadratic equation x2 +2(p − q)x +2(p2 + q2) = 0 (p, q ∈ R) has
imaginary root and x3 is real number, find
If equation x2 +(4+i)x+4+ai = 0 (a ∈ R) has real root b and z = a + bi,
find the range of arg of (1 − ci)(c > 0).
Prove: points corresponding to complex roots of zn cos θn + zn−1 cos
θn−1 + zn−2 cos θn−2 + · · · + z cos θ1 + cos θ0 = 2 are all outside of
curve are real numbers).
Suppose z1, z2, . . ., zn ∈ C, n ≥ 2. Prove:

If x, y ∈ R, prove:
Suppose a, b are real numbers, and equation x4+ax3+bx2+ax+1 = 0
at least has one real root, find the minimum of a2 + b2.
Suppose find

If complex numbers z1, z2 meet |z1 + z2| = 2, |z1z2| = 3, and

find the maximum and minimum of arg(z).
Suppose a and b are real numbers. If A is the solution set of
equation x2 +a|x|+b = 0 in C, and B = {n|n = |A|, ∀a, b ∈ R}, find set
B.
are 10 complex roots of equation

Prove: where the maximum

integer is given by 4m − 3 ≤ n.
Prove:
(1) If n > 3 and n is a prime number,

If x, y, z and w meet

find x2 + y2 + z2 + w2.
If f(z) = C0zn +C1zn−1 +C2zn−2 +· · ·+Cn−1z +Cn is n-order polynomial
with complex coefficient, prove: there must be a complex number z0
where |z0| ≤ 1 and |f(z0)| ≥ |C0| + |Cn|.
 Answers

Exercise 1

We have

We have

We have
The question is equivalent to find the range of m = − cos2 x−sin x,

Suppose sin x − sin y = t, ∴ cos x cos y − sin x sin

The origin type is equal to

(1) When cos α > 0, namely, α is the first or fourth quadrant angel or
on the positive x-axis,

(2) When cosα < 0, namely, α is the second or third quadrant angel
or on the negative x-axis,
= −2 tan α = 2 tan α if and only if tan α = 0,

∴ α = (2k + 1)π.
∴ The set is

sin A(sin B + cos B) − sin C = 0

∴ sin A sin B + sin A cos B − sin(A + B) = 0

∴ sin A sin B + sin A cos B − sin A cos B − cos A sin B = 0

∴ sin B(sin A − cos A) = 0

 B ∈ (0, π)

∴ sin B ≠ 0, ∴ cos A = sin A

Exercise 2
Let

Method 1:
Method 2:
Suppose E is the midpoint of BC, ∴ DE//AB, and Suppose
BE = x, ∴ In ΔBDE, cos ∠BED = − cos ∠ABC =

According to cosine law, the solution is x = 1,

(rejection), ∴ BC = 2. ∴ AC2 = AB2 + BC2 − 2AB · BC

According to sine law, sin

We have
Method 1:

Similarly, A = B = 60°, ∴ ΔABC is equilateral triangle.

Method 2:
 (cot A + cot B + cot C)2 = ( )2 ⇒ cot2 A + cot2 B + cot2 C + 2(cot A
cot B + cot A cot C + cot B cot C) = 3, (*)
A + B + C = π,
∴ tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C.

Multipling cot A cot B cot C by both sides

∴ cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1.

Substitute it for type (*), we get cot2 A+ cot2 B + cot2 C − 1 = 0

∴ cot2 A + cot2 B + cot2 C − (cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A)

= 0,

⇒ (cot A − cot B)2 + (cot A − cot C)2 + (cot B − cot C)2 = 0

∴ ΔABC is equilateral triangle.

Suppose E is tangent point of circle and AD and G is tangent point of

circle and AB, so OG ⊥ AB, OE ⊥ AD
AD//BC, ∴ EO ⊥ BC, it and BC intersect at F.
Connect OB, and suppose ∠OBG = α, ∠OBF = β,
∴ ϕ = α + β.
Finding sin ϕ is equal to finding sin(α + β),
OF ⊥ BF, OE = 1, EF = 5, OF = 4,
BC = 5, ∴

In the right-angled triangle

In the right-angled triangle

= (1 − sin 2x)2 + 6.
The maximum of z = (u − 1)2 + 6 in [−1, 1] is given by
zmax = (−1 − 1)2 + 6 = 10.

The minimum of z = (u − 1)2 +6 in [−1, 1]is given by

zmin = (1 − 1)2 + 6 = 6.
∴ When sin 2x = −1, ymax = 10; When sin 2x = 1, ymin = 6.

According to trigonometric function line:

Method 1:
In ΔMNP, ∠MNP = 120°, MP = 5.
Suppose ∠PMN = θ, ∴ 0° < θ < 60°.

∴ broken line track MNP is the longest when θ = 30°,

namely, broken line track MNP is the longest when ∠PMN = 30°.

Method 2:

In ΔMNP, ∠MNP = 120°, MP = 5,

According to cosine law:
Comment: Answer and presentation mode of question (2) is not
unique.
Besides methods 1 and 2, it can also be designed as:
point N is on the
perpendicular bisector of segment MP.

Suppose
Suppose
In ΔABC,
Suppose

Suppose Ak, Bk ∈ Z

∴ Ak+1 = (a2 + b2)k+1 sin(k + 1)θ = Ak(a2 − b2) + Bk · 2ab

Bk+1 = (a2 + b2)k+1 cos(k + 1)θ = Bk(a2 − b2) − Ak · 2ab
Ak,Bk ∈ Z

∴ Ak+1,Bk+1 ∈ Z.

According to mathematical induction, ∀ n ∈ N*, An ∈ Z.

Exercise 3
 The image of function y = 3 cos(2x + ϕ) is central symmetry about
point

Make the image of and y2 = kx. If inequality sin kx

holds, k ≤ 1.

∴ f(x) is decreasing function

f(2 + x) = f(2 − x), f(x) is axial symmetry about x = 2.
The first intersection of image and x-axis at the right of the
origin is N(6, 0)

∴ namely, T = 16

Substitute N(6, 0) into

(1) The lowest point

∴ Distance between two adjacent intersects on the x-axis is

(1)

(2) (x, g(x)) is an arbitrarily point on the image of y = g(x) and its
symmetric point is (2 − x, g(x)) about x = 1.
(1)

When k is an even number,

∴ The function is increasing function.

∴ Increasing interval of function h(x) is
Suppose f(x) = sin(cos x) − x, x ∈
∴ f(x) is continuous function in definition domain.
Take arbitrary
f(x1) = sin(cos x1) − x1, f(x2) = sin(cos x2) − x2
y = cos x is a decreasing function in
cos x1 > cos x2
∴ sin(cos x1) > sin(cos x2)
∴ x1 < x2
∴ sin(cos x1) − x1 > sin(cos x2) − x2
∴ f(x1) > f(x2)
∴ f(x) is a decreasing function in

∴ There is only one intersection of x-axis and image of function

f(x) in

∴ There exists only one real number to make equation

sin(cos c) = c hold.

Similarly, there exists only one real number to make

equation cos(sin d) = d hold.
cos(sin d) = d,
∴ sin(cos(sin d)) = sin d

∴ There is a unique solution c of equation sin(cos c) = c in

∴ c = sin d
 When x > 0, sin x < x,
∴ sin d < d
∴ c < d.

Take arbitrary 0 < x1 < x2 < .

Inequality f(x1) > f(x2) always holds equal to

always holds

∴ m cos x2 − 2 sin x1 cos x2 > m cos x1 − 2 sin x2 cos x1

∴ m(cos x2 − cos x1) > 2 sin(x1 − x2)

∴ cos x2 − cos x1 < 0

∴ always holds.

Let
Suppose μ = F(a, θ)
Equally holds if and only if < and cos α = cos β
Note f(x) = x3 sin θ − (sin θ − 2)x2 + 6x − 4, ∴ f(1) = 0

∴ f(x) = (x − 1)(sin θ · x2 − 2x − 4)
∴ f(x) = 0 has three real roots
∴
f(0) = a
∴ There is no function which meets the condition.

Note
∴ f(x) = g(x) + h(x), g(x) is even function and h(x) is odd function.
For arbitrary x ∈ R, g(x + 2π) = g(x), h(x + 2π) = h(x).
Let

It is easy to prove that fi(x) (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) is even function and fi(x +

π) = fi(x) (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) to arbitrary x ∈ R.
Then prove: for arbitrary x ∈ R, f1(x) + f2(x) cos x = g(x).
When clearly established.

∴ For arbitrary x ∈ R, f1(x) + f2(x) cos x = g(x).

Prove: For arbitrary x ∈ R, f3(x) sin x + f4(x) sin 2x = h(x).

When clearly established.

∴ For arbitrary x ∈ R, f3(x) sin x + f4(x) sin 2x = h(x).

∴ Conclusion is evident.

Firstly, prove that f(x) is not identical to 0.

For all real number x, cos(ai + x) ≥ −1

∴ There is at least one real number x = −a1 to f(x) ≠ 0.

Then, according to addition theorem:
If A and B are equal to 0 at the same time, f(x) is identical to 0, which
is contradictory with above conclusion.
When

When

The Equality holds if and only if θ1 = θ2.

When n ≥ 3, cos θ1 + cos θ2 + · · · + cos θn ≤ n − 2.

In fact, suppose θ1 ≥ θ2 ≥ θ3 ≥ · · · ≥ θn,

so cos θ1 ≤ cos θ2 ≤ · · · ≤ cos θn;
only need to prove: cos θ1 + cos θ2 + cos θ3 ≤ 2;

If 8 cos2 θ2 cos2 θ3 + sin2 θ2sin2θ3 ≥ 1, then cos θ1 ≤ sin θ2 sin θ3.

∴ cos θ1 + cos θ2 + cos θ3 ≤ 2.

If 8 cos2 θ2 cos2 θ3 + sin2 θ2 sin2 θ3<1, then

9 cos2 θ2 cos2 θ3 − cos2θ2 − cos2 θ3 < 0.

∴ tan2θ2 >
 In addition, when
cos θ1 + cos θ2 + · · · + cos θn → n − 1.
∴ λmin = n − 1.

Exercise 4
We have
cos 5x + cos x > 2 cos 2x ⇒ 2 cos 2x(1 − cos 3x) < 0
⇒ cos 3x <1 and cos2x < 0

After inspection, is the root of origin equation.

Substitute C = 180° − (A+B) into cos 3A +cos 3B + cos 3C = 1.

 ∴ cos 3A + cos3B − cos 3(A + B) = 1, namely,
sin 3A sin 3B = (1 − cos 3A)(1 − cos 3B).
Squaring both sides, we get

sin2 3A sin2 3B = (1 − cos 3A)2(1 − cos 3B)2

⇒ (1 − cos 3A)(1 − cos 3B)(cos 3A + cos3B) = 0
∴ cos 3A = − cos 3B = cos(180° − 3B)
⇒ 3A = 180° − 3B ⇒ C = 120°.

Suppose the height of BC is AD = h, so

tan(∠BAC) = tan(∠BAD + ∠CAD)

Definition domain: x ≠ −1.

Suppose the side of inscribed square PQRS of the right-angled
triangle ABC is x,
PS//BC, namely ∠APS = θ.
In the right-angled triangles APS and the right-angled
triangles PQB,AP = x cos θ,
PB sin θ = x,
∴

AC = AB tan θ = a tan θ,
 ∴

Suppose and sin 2θ = t

The above type is equal to t2 − 4t(y − 1) + 4 = 0 ⇒ t =

According to (ii) and (iii): which is

impossible.
∴ Front of radical can only be negative
∴
The equality holds, if and only if sin 2θ = t = 2 1, namely,

Suppose
Suppose f(x) is odd function in so f(0) = 0.
∴ arctan 2 + c = 0 ⇒ c = −arctan 2.
If there is a c which meets the condition, c = −arctan 2.
Following we prove: when c = −arctan 2, f(x) is odd function in
Note when then function

∴ f (x) = arctan u(x) − arctan 2

The above discussion shows, when

To prove: when
Only to prove: tan(−f(−x)) = tan f(x) :

tan f(x) = tan(arctan u(x) − arctan 2) = = −2x

tan(−f(−x)) = tan _arctan 2 − arctan u(−x))

∴ if and only if c = −arctan 2, f(x) is odd function in

we have

∴ The solution of origin equation is

Suppose arctan x1 = α, arctan x2 = β, so and tan α = x1,

tan β = x2, α + β ∈ (−π, π).

namely, arctan x1 +arctan

Let

The origin equation equals to sin2 x − sin x = a − 1, namely,

Suppose
Make the image of y1:

When a − < 0 or a − > , namely, a < or a > 3, no solution.

When a− = , namely, a = 3, the equation has one unique solution

When < a − < or a − = 0, namely, 1 a < 3 or a = , the equation

has two solutions.
When a − = , namely, a = 1, the equation has four solutions: x = 0,
, π, 2π.
When 0 < a − < , namely, < a < 1, the equation has four
solutions.

When n is even number, cosnx = 1+sinn x ≥ 1.

If cosnx ≤ 1, then cosn x = 1. ∴ cos x = ±1, sin x = 0. ∴ x = kπ (k ∈ Z).

When n is odd number, cosnx = 1+sinn x ≥ 0 and sinn x = cosnx − 1 ≤

0
∴ The original equation is equal to | cos x|n + | sin x|n = 1.
Compare this equation with sin2 x + cos2 x = 1:
If x ≠ k · , then 0 < | cos x| < 1, 0 < | sin x| < 1.
When n > 2, | cos x|n + | sin x|n < cos2x + sin2 x = 1.
When n = 1, | cos x|n + | sin x|n = | cos x| + | sin x|

∴ When x ≠ k · , no solution.
When x = k · , x = 2kπ and x = 2kπ − (k ∈ Z) are solutions of
equation after inspection.
∴ When n is even number, x = kπ (k ∈ Z).
When n is odd number, x = 2kπ or x = 2kπ − (k ∈ Z).

Method 1: cos3 3x = (1 + cos 6x), cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x). Substitute

it into original equation:
2 cos2 2x + cos6x + cos2x = 0 (*)
cos 6x + cos 2x = 2 cos 4x · cos 2x.
∴ Type (*) is equal to cos 2x(cos 2x + cos 4x) = 0.
If cos 2x = 0, then x = (2k + 1)π, k ∈ Z.
If cos 2x + cos 4x = 0, then cos 4x = − cos 2x = cos(π − 2x)

4x = 2kπ ± (π − 2x), k ∈ Z
Method 2: 2 cos2x = 1 + cos 2x, 2 cos22x = 1 + cos 4x.
Through substitution and simplification, we get
cos 2x + cos 4x + 2 cos23x = 0.
∴ 2 cos 3x · cos x + 2 cos23x = 0,
∴ 2 cos 3x(cos x + cos 3x) = 0.
According to Sum-to-Product Formula:
4 cos x · cos 2x · cos 3x = 0. (†)
∴ Solution is x1 = ±90° + k · 360°, x2 = ±45° + k · 180°,
x3 = ±30° + k · 120°, k ∈ Z.
After inspection, these solutions all meet the origin equation.
Method 3:

Type (†) is equal to 2 cos 2x · cos x · cos 3x = 0.

The result follows as Method 2.

Exercise 5
Method 1: B = 2A, C = π − 3A.
According to sine law:
Method 2:
As above:
c2 = AD2 + BD2 − 2AD · BD · cos∠ADB

= AD2 + p2 − 2AD · p · cos∠ADB. (1)

Similarly, b2 = AD2 + q2 − 2AD · q · cos∠ADC. (2)

∠ADB + ∠ADC = π ⇒ cos∠ADB + cos∠ADC = 0.
Substitute types (1) and (2) into above type, we get
qc2 + pb2 = (p + q)AD2 + pq(p + q).

a + c = 2b, ∴ 2 sin B = sin A + sin C,

5 cos A − 4 cos A cosC + 5 cos C

According to solution of (1):

Suppose AP = PQ = QB = BC = x.
In ΔAPQ, AQ = 2x cos A, so AB = x + 2x cos A.
In ΔABC, AB cos namely,

⇒
∴ A = 20°.
 S = a2 − b2 − c2 + 2bc =

∴ 4 − 4 cos A = sinA ⇒ (4 − sin A)2 = 16 cos2 A

∴ sin

The radius of the inscribed circle of ΔABC is r = 2 . Suppose two

sides are 8x and 5x, so the third side is

In ΔABD, according to cosine law,

BD2 = AB2 + AD2 − 2AB · AD · cos A = 20 − 16 cos A.
In ΔBCD, BD2 = CB2 + CD2 − 2CB · CD · cosC
= 52 − 48 cos C
∴ 20 − 16 cos A = 52 − 48 cos C
∴ A = 120°, ∴ S = 16 sin 120° = 8 .

Suppose that car bottom is square ABCD, line BC and corridor wall
intersect at H,
∠ADF = θ.

∴ GH = EH + EG =

CH = CD · cot θ = cot θ, BG = AB · tan θ = tan θ.

∴ AD = GH − CH − BG =

Let sin θ + cos θ = t ∈ (1, ], so

f(t) is decreasing function in (1, ]

∴ f(t)min = f( )=3 − 2.

∴ x2 = 4x − 4 ⇒ x = 2.

∴ a2+c2 = b2, namely, ΔABC is right triangle.

Suppose α = ∠BOC, β = ∠COA, γ = ∠AOB and unit vector

so

Similarly,

sin

∴ sin α + sin β + sin γ = .

Take a point D on OA, where = sin α.
Make DE || OC, which intersect at E with extension line BO.
In ΔEOD, |DE| = sin γ, |EO| = sin β.
∴ = sin γ, = sin β
OD,OE and EO constitute a triangle
∴ sin α + sin β + sin γ = .
∴ The original proposition is proved.

Suppose O and H are circumcenter and orthocenter of ΔABC.

Suppose R is the radius of circumcircle of ΔABC.
Suppose ZC and FX intersect at P, connect OF,HL and OL.
OF ⊥ AB, PZ ⊥ AB
∴ OF || PZ, ∠OFL = ∠P.
F is the midpoint of hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle AXB.

Similarly ∠B = ∠DZB.

∠OFL = ∠LPH
∴ ΔOFL ~ ΔHPL

∴ ∠LOF = ∠LHP.
∴ The three points O, L and H are collinear, namely, point L is on the
line OH.
Similarly, M and N are on the line OH.

(1) Connect OC and OB, and note that CM and AB intersectat P,BM
and AC at Q.

∴ ∠CMB = 90° + ∠ABM = 180° − ∠BAM = 120°,

∠COB = 2∠BAC = 120°.
∴ Four points C,O,M and B are on the same circle.
CP⊥AB

∴ ∠AXM = 90° − ∠XMP = 90° − ∠OMC = 90°

−∠OBC = 60°
∠ABQ = 90° − 60° = 30°
∴ ∠XMB = 60° − ∠ABQ = 30° = ∠ABQ
∴ MX = XB.
Similarly, YM = CY.
∴ Perimeter P = AY +YX + AX

= AY + Y C + AX + XB = b + c.
(2) Suppose AO = R
Four points C,O,M and B are on the same circle.

∠MBO = ∠ABC − ∠ABQ − ∠COB

= ∠ABC − 30° − 30° = ∠ABC − 60°
∴ OM = 4R sin A sin(B − 60°) = 2Rsin(B − 60°).

b − c = 2R(sin B − sin C).

Only need to prove: sin(B − 60°)

Above type is clearly established.

∴ OM = b − c.

Method 1: In ΔABQ, according to sine law:

Method 2: In ΔABQ,
Method 3: Let A = 2θ, B = 2α
In ΔABP, ∠BAP = θ, ∠ABP = 2α,
∠APB = 180° − (2α + θ).
According to sine law:

In ΔABQ, ∠BAQ=2θ, ∠ABQ=α, ∠AQB =180° −(α+2θ).

According to sine law:
 θ is an acute angle.
∴ sin θ ≠ 0

A = 2θ = 60°
∴ B = 2α < 120°, α < 60°

According to type(*) :

∴ 0° < 3α +60° < 240°

∴ 3α + 60° = 180°

∴ B = 2α = 80°, C = 40°, A = 60°.

Exercise 6
Suppose an = tan θn.
Let a = cos θ, b = sin θ.

Let

∴ The maximum is 2 ; The minimum is − .

We have
Let x2 + y2 + z2 = r2 (r > 0);

suppose x = r cos α cos β, y = r cos α sin β, z = r sin α

Suppose z < , x = sin2 α cos2 β, y = cos2 α cos2β z

∴ xy + yz + zx − 2xyz = xy(1 − z) + z(x + y − xy)

Suppose 13 real numbers as tan i = 1, 2, . . ., 13.
Interval is equally divided into 12 intervals, so θi is at least in
one interval.
Suppose x = sec2 α, y = tan2α, 0 < α <

∴ 0 < A < 1.

Suppose area of quadrilateral ABCD is S = 32cm2, AD = y, AC = x,

BC = z,
namely, substitute
 a + c = (1 − ac)b and 1 − ac ≠ 0, ∴

Let α = arctana, β = arctanb, γ = arctanc, α, β, γ ∈

β,α + γ ∈ (0, π), ∴ β = α + γ

In ΔABC,

According to power mean inequality:

 When 0 < x < 1, x2 < x.

∴ Integral part of S is 4.

Make the circumcircle O of ΔABC, and suppose its radius is R. Take

one point D on AB, and suppose extension line of CD and
circumcircle intersect at E, so CD · DE = AD · DB. CD is mean term
of proportional of AD and DB which is equal to CD = DE.

D which meets the nature of proposition is equal to find one point E

on the circle where segment CE is divide equally by AB.
Find this point E if and only if CF ≤ HG where CF is the height of
ΔABC and HG is the height of chord AB.

CF = b · sin α = 2R · sin α · sin β

 radius ON⊥AB at M,

∴ GH ≤ MN = ON −OM = R − R · cos γ = 2R ·

∴ sin α · sin β ≤

Add these three inequalities,

b(az + cx − b) + c(bx + ay − c) − a(cy + bz − a) = 0, namely,

According to symmetry:

x, y, z, a, b, c ∈ R+,

∴ b2 + c2 > a2, a2 + c2 > b2, a2 + b2 > c2.

∴ ΔABC is acute triangle whose sides are a, b, c.
∴ x = cos A, y = cos B, z = cos C.

∴ The question equals to find the minimum of

According to inequality Carfunkel:

and identity:
Suppose A and B are undetermined positive constants.

The equality holds if and only if

According to type (i) and (ii):

According to type (iii):

By the above equation, we have: namely,

Let Suppose
so

∴ g(t1) < g(t2), g(t) is increasing function in

Let

so

Similarly,
Add those above types:

∴ The minimum of

As in figure, connect FD,

Similarly,
 ∠GFB = ∠GEC, ∴ ΔGFB ~ ΔGEC.
∴ ΔIFG ~ ΔHEG

BC = FB + EC = 21, ∴ FB = 12, EC = 9.
Suppose AF = AE = x.
∴ In ΔAEF, according to Menelaus law:

∴ Three sides of ΔABC are BC = 21,

According to Heron’s formula: SΔABC = 189.

As in figure, suppose the radius of inscribed circle of ΔABC is 1, and

O is incenter of the triangle. Connect OA, OB, OC, so OA, OB and
OC are three angular bisectors in ΔABC.
 According to mean value inequality:

The minimum of SΔABC is 3 if and only if

∴ When triangle is equilateral triangle, the area of triangle is
minimum which is 3 .

Firstly, prove the following lemma (Moscow mathematics competition

in 1963): a, b, c ∈ R+, prove:
Proof: According to symmetry, suppose:

Add above two inequalities:

Back to this question: in acute ΔABC,

Similarly,

∴ Inequality (1) is equal to:

only to prove:

∴ According to lemma, the above inequality holds.

Construct two vectors:

According to scalar product inequality:

Prove: connect PD and QE. Suppose ∠ACD = α, ∠BCE = β, ∠DCE =
γ, R is the radius of ΔCDE.
∠ACB = 90°, ∴ PQ = 2R, PD = 2Rsin α,QE = 2Rsin β.
∠ADP = ∠ACE,∠A is common angle, ∴ ΔADP ~ ΔACE,

Similarly,

BQ = 2R sin

∠A = ∠B = 45°, α+ β + γ = 90°,
sin(α + γ) = cos β, sin(β + γ) = cosα,
∴ AP + BQ
=2 sin α cos β + 2 sin β cos α
=2 sin(α + β).
(1) When ∠DCE = 45°, α+ β = 45°.
(2) When AP + BQ = PQ, 2 R sin(α + β) = 2R,

0° < α+β < 90°, ∴ α + β = 45°

Prove: (1) In ΔABC:

ha = b sin C = 2Rsin B sin C, hb = 2Rsin A sin C,

hc = 2Rsin A sin B,

In ΔABC:
Lemma: Suppose O is excenter of ΔABC. P is a point on
circumcircle of ΔABC and PO = d. Make PD⊥BC, PE⊥CA and
PF⊥AB, foot points are D, E and F. R is the radius of circumcircle of
ΔABC, so S_DEF = (R2−d2) sin A sin B sin C. Connect and expand
AP and intersect O at A′.

PE⊥AC, PF⊥AB,
∴ EF = AP sin A (i)
Similarly:
FD = BP sin B (ii)
ED = CP sin C (iii)
In ΔPBA′, according to sine law:
(iv)

According to type (iii) and (iv): (v)

According to type (ii) and (v): (vi)

According to type (i) and (vi):

Then prove original proposition:

ΔABC is equilateral triangle, ∴ d1 + d2 + d3 = 3r.

According to lemma:

According to Heron’s formula:

∴ Any sum of two is more than the third among

∴ construct three sides of triangle.

Prove: suppose θ1 ≥ θ2 ≥ θ3,

tan θ1 tan θ2 tan θ3 = 2

∴ cos θ2 + cos θ3 < 2 − sin2 θ2 − sin2 θ3 ≤ 2 − sin θ2 sin θ3

cos θ1 + cos θ2 + cos θ3 < 2 − sin θ2 sin θ3

 If inequality (ii) holds, according to inequality (i): cos θ1 + cos θ2+
cos θ3 < 2.
If inequality (ii) does not hold,

Prove:

The equality holds if and only if A = B = C.

(a) When ΔABC is obtuse triangle or right triangle,

When ΔABC is acute triangle, cos A, cos B, cosC > 0.

According to mean value inequality and sum-to-product law:

The equality holds if and only if A = B = C.

Prove:

Let x = cot A, y = cot B, z = cot C.

ΔABC is not obtuse triangle
∴ The above type is equal to that when x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0,
z ≥ 0 and xy + yz + zx = 1.
According to symmetry: suppose x ≥ y ≥ z ≥ 0, so

∴ The above type is equal to

∴ The original inequality holds.

According to symmetry: suppose α ≤ β ≤ γ, α, β and γ correspond to

sides a, b, c.
According to sine law:

After arrangement:

Similarly,

Equations (i) + (ii) + (iii) imply

Suppose x = sin3 α, y = sin3 β, z = sin3 γ.

∴ The original question is equal to that x, y, z > 0, x+y+z = 1.
Prove:

Note where 0 < x < 1.

∴ Tangential equation of f(x) at where 0 < x < 1,

Consider using tangent values to estimate the value of the curve, so

that we transform the “curve” into “straight”. So guess: when 0 < x <
1,

To prove (2), let so 0 < p, q < 1.

The equality holds if and only if p = q, namely,

The equality holds if and only if
∴ The original proposition holds.

According to

Firstly, prove one lemma: suppose

0 < p < 1, 0 < q < 1, p+q > 1, p2 + q2 ≤ 1,

namely,

1 − q ≤ x ≤ p.

∴ Let x = p sin α, 1 − x = q sin β, 0 <

∴ f(x) = pq(sin β cos α + sin α cos β)

= pq sin(α + β) cos(α + β)
= cos α cos β − sin α sin β
 sine function is decreasing function in

∴ f(x) = pq sin(α + β) takes the maximum if and only if

According to lemma: the maximum of left of type (b) is

According to (b): the minimum of a meets type (a):

∴ The root of type (c) is

∴ According to (c):

Note so
Using (i) and (ii),

Prove with mathematical inductive method

When n = 1, type (iii) holds.

To prove: when n = k + 1, type (iii) holds. Only to prove:
Namely,

According to sine law:

Suppose O is the center of circumcircle of ΔABD.
ΔABD is acute triangle, ∴ O is inside ΔABD.
∠C = ∠A < 90°, ∴ C is outside O.
Suppose the radius of O is R. If R ≤ 1, make three vertical line from
O, divide ΔABD into six right triangles.
∀P ∈ ABD, so P must fall into one of these six right triangles
(including the boundary).
Suppose P is inside the right-angled triangle ΔOAH, so AP ≤ AO = R
≤ 1. ∴ P is covered by KA.
∴ ΔABD is covered by KA, KB and KD.
Namely, parallelogram ABCD is covered by KA, KB, KC and KD.
If R > 1, OA = OB == OD = R > 1, so O is outside KA,
KB and KD.
∴ O cannot be covered by KA, KB, KC and KD.
Namely, if parallelogram is covered by KA, KB, KC and KD, R ≤
1.
We prove: R ≤ 1 ⇔ a ≤ cos α + sin α.
In ΔABD, BD2 = 1+a2 − 2a cos α = (2Rsin α)2, R ≤ 1 ⇔ a2 − (2 cos
α)a + 1− 4 sin2 α ≤ 0,

R ≤ 1 ⇔ cos α − √3 sin α ≤ a ≤ cos α + sin α.

R ≤ 1⇔−√3 sin α ≤ a − cos α ≤ √3 sin α.
Make DE⊥AB at E, and E is on AB, a = AB > AE = ADcos α = cos α,
so a − cosα > 0.
∴ R ≤ 1 ⇔ 0 < a ≤ cos α + sin α.

Exercise 7
Suppose z = a + bi (a, b ∈ R), so

According to (2), b = 0 or a = − .
When b = 0 and a2 + b2 = 1, a2 = 1.
According to (1), a2 + 3a < 0, ∴ a < − , ∴ a = −1.
When a = − and a2 + b2 = 1, b2 = .
According to (1),
∴
Suppose z = x + yi (x, y ∈ R).

Substitute z = x+yi (x, y ∈ R) into |z − 4| = |z − 4i|, so x = y.

If z ∈ R, x =0.

If |z − 1|2 = 13, x2 − x − 6 = 0 ⇒ x = 3 or − 2.

∴ z = 0 or 3+3i or − 2 − 2i.

When z is real number, imaginary part:

When x = 5, z is real number.

When z is imaginary number, imaginary part:

When z is pure imaginary number,

∴ When x = 4, z is pure imaginary number.

Therefore (3)2 + (4)2:

Suppose Z1, Z2 and Z correspond to z1, z1 and z, where z1 = r1(cos θ

+ i sin θ), z1 = r2(cos θ − i sin θ).
∴ Z is center of gravity of ΔOZ1Z2, and according to the geometric
meaning of addition:

If and only if

Make full use of complex number z = x + yi ↔ point (x, y) ↔ vector

Suppose P(x, y) and B(x′, y′)

Suppose B(x′, y′), so x′2 + y′2 = 1.

Suppose M(x, y) corresponds to z′, so

∴ (3x − 3)2 + (3y)2 = 1.

∴ The locus of z′ is (x − 1)2 + y2 = .

Suppose z = x + yi (x, y ∈ R); substitute it and according to equality

of complex number, we have
namely, y = (a + c − 2b)x2 + 2(b − a)x + a.
A, B and C are noncollinear
∴ a + c − 2b ≠ 0, which can be seen that the curve is a parabola
section.
The midpoints of AB and BC are so equation of DE
is
Simultaneously
< < .
∴ Median line DE is parallel to the AC of the triangle, where it and
parabola have only one intersection.
This point is which corresponds to

Suppose z = x + yi, xy ∈ R,
so x2 + y2 = 1 and z2 = x2 − y2 + 2xyi = (2x2 − 1) + 2xyi
∴ |u| = |2(2x2 − 1) − 2x − 3i| = |(4x2 − 2x − 2) − 3i|.
Note t = 4x2 − 2x − 2
x ∈ [−1, 1]

∴ When t = 0, namely, z = 1 or

∴ When t = 4, namely, z = −1, |u|max = 5.

Exercise 8
Suppose D(x, y), so
corresponds to
(x + yi) − (1 + 2i) = (x − 1) + (y − 2)i;
corresponds to (−1 − 2i) − (−2 + i) = 1 − 3i;
∴ (x − 1) + (y − 2)i = 1− 3i

∴ point D corresponds to 2 − i.
The sufficient and necessary condition for the existence of positive
root a is

Δ = 2500 − 4S2 ≥ 0.

The symmetry axis corresponding to the parabola

When S = 25, a = 1 where

Method 1: Suppose z = a + bi, a, b ∈ R,

|z + 2+ 3i|2 + |z − 2 − 3i|2 = 40
∴ |a + bi + 2 + 3i|2 + |a + bi − 2 − 3i|2 = 40,
∴ (a + 2)2 + (b + 3)2 + (a − 2)2 + (b − 3)2 = 40.
After arrangement: a2 + b2 = 7, namely, |z| = .
Method 2: |z + 2+ 3i|2 + |z − 2 − 3i|2 = 40
Method 3: |z +2+3i| = |z − (−2 − 3i)| express distance between the
point Z corresponding to complex number z and A(−2,−3)
corresponding to −2 − 3i.
|z − 2 − 3i| = |z − (2 + 3i)| expresses distance between the point Z
corresponding to complex number z and A(2, 3) corresponding to 2
+ 3i.
As in the figure, in ΔZOA and ΔZPB:

|ZA|2 = |z|2 + |OA|2 − 2|z||OA| cos∠AOZ

|ZB|2 = |z|2 + |OB|2 − 2|z||OB| cos∠AOZ
∴ |ZA|2 + |ZB|2 = 2|z|2 + 2|OA|2
∴ 2|z|2 + 2 × 13 = 40, ∴ |z| = .

|z1| = |z2|, |z1| ≠ 0, ∴ (1)

Argument of
(2)
According to (1) and (2), namely, z2 = z1i.
Above type can also be written as follows: b−1+( −b)i = i(2 − a
+ ai) ⇒ b − 1 + ( − b)i = −a + (2 − a)i.
According to the equal of complex number:

Let z = x + yi(x, y ∈ R), so |z − √3| + |z + | = 4,

point z is on the ellipse whose focus is ( , 0) and long half axis is
2.

∴ equation of ellipse is and its parameter equation is

∴ f(x, y) = |4 cos θ − 4 sin θ − 9| = |4 cos(θ + ) − 9|.

When θ + = 0, namely, θ = − , f(x, y)min = 9− 4 ,
where x = ,
When θ + = π, namely, , f(x, y)max = 9+4 ,
where

The equation of a curve of the known complex number C is ellipse,

which is

⇒ |Z1Z2| = |Z1Z3|,∠Z2Z1Z3 = 90° ⇒ ΔZ1Z2Z3 is

isosceles and right triangle.
Suppose line equation of Z1Z2 is

so line equation of Z1Z3 is

According to (*) and (**):

y2 = kx2 + b, change k into in the second solution:

⇒ (k − 1)[b2k2 + (b2 − a2)k + b2] = 0

⇒ k = 1 or b2k2 + (b2 − a2)k + b2 = 0,
Δk = (b2 − a2)2 − 4b2 = (a2 + b2)(a2 − 3b2).
• When a > b, there are three ΔZ1Z2Z3.
• When a = b, there are two ΔZ1Z2Z3.
• When a < b, there is only one ΔZ1Z2Z3.

+ 3i(¯z − z) + m = 0 ⇒ (z + 3i)( − 3i) = 9 − m

⇒ |z + 3i| =
m < 9, ∴ point set of above equation is the circle P1 where (0,−3) is
the center, and is the radius.
and substitute it into above equation:
.
P2 is the circle where (6, 0) is the center, 2 is the radius, so the
question equal to find the range of m where P1 and P2 have
intersection.
∴ where is distance of centers of two
circles.
, 3 express the difference and sum of radius of two
circles.
∴ −36 ≤ m ≤ 4.

When m = 5, P1 is M : |Z + 3i| = 2, P2 is N: |z − 6| = 4.
Suppose line MN and circle intersect at A, C, D and B.
E and F are points on two circles, and connect ME, NF.
If one point in E and F is difference with A and B,
|AB| = |AM|+|MN|+|NB| = |ME|+|MN|+|NF| > |EF| .
At the same time: |ME| + |EF| + |NF| > |MN|
∴ |ME| + |EF| + |NF| > |MC| + |CD| + |DN|, |EF| > |CD|,
|MN| = 3 , |CD| = 3 − 6,
∴ |z1 − z2|max = 6+3 · |z1 − z2|min = 3 − 6.

Suppose z = x + yi, (x, y ∈ R), |z| = 5, ∴ x2 + y2 = 25,

(3 + 4i)z = (3+4i)(x + yi) = (3x − 4y) + (4x + 3y)i.

(3 + 4i)z is the corresponding points on angular bisector of the
second and the fourth quadrant in the complex plane.

When x = 1+7i, |1 + 7i −m| = 5 , namely, (1−m)2+72 = 50, so m =

0,m = 2.
When z = −(1 + 7i), m = 0,m = −2.

Let

y ∈ R, x is imaginary number, namely, equation (1) has imaginary

roots.

∴ Δ = y2 − 4 < 0⇒−2 < y < 2. Conversely, when −2 < y < 2, equation

(1) has no imaginary roots.
∴ Equation

f(y) = y2 − ay + a + 1 = 0 (2)

has at least one real roots in (−2, 2).

If two roots of equation (2) meet −2 < y < 2, its necessary and
sufficient condition is given by

If one root of equation (2) meets −2 < y < 2, its necessary and
sufficient condition is given by

But when a = 5, two roots of equation (6) are 2 or 3, out of the

question.
∴a≤2−2 or a > 5.

Suppose z = x + yi(x, y ∈ R), |z| = 1 ⇒ x2 + y2 = 1 and |x| ≤ 1;

If if and only if

If < −1, f(x) = (a − x)2(b + 2x) (a = )

is decreasing function in [−1, 1].
Prove as follows:
Suppose −1 ≤ x1 < x2 ≤ 1

f(x) = 2x3 + (b − 4a)x2 + 2a(a − b)x + a2b;

f(x2) − f(x1)

a − 1 ≥ 0, b > a + 3 > 0,
∴ f(x2) − f(x1) < 0

∴ f(x) is decreasing function in [−1, 1].

∴ umax = |(1 + α)2(1 + β)| if and only if x = −1, namely, z = −1.

If f(x) = (a−x)2(b+2x) is
increasing function in [−1, 1].

∴ umax = |(1 − α)2(1 + β)| if and only if x =1, namely z = 1.

For given positive numbers a and c(a > c), equation |z − c| + |z +c| =
2a expresses ellipse where equation is

To arbitrary a and b,
a>b

∴ a2 > 5
 ∴ x2 + (a2 − 4)y2 = a2, namely,x2 − 4y2 = a2(1 − y2).

If 1 − y2 = 0, |y| = 1 and x2 − 4y2 = 0.

∴ x = ±2, y = ±1.
Namely, A1 = {(2, 1), (2,−1), (−2, 1), (−2,−1)} ⊂ A.
If 1 − y2 > 0, |y| < 1 and x2 − 4y2 > 5(1 − y2), namely, |y| < 1 and x2 +
y2 > 5.

∴ A2 = {(x, y)|x2 + y2 > 5 and |y| < 1} ⊂ A.

If 1 − y2 < 0, |y| > 1 and x2 + y2 < 5.

∴ A3 = {(x, y)|x2 + y2 < 5 and |y| > 1} ⊂ A.

∴ A = A1 ∪ A2 ∪ A3.

Exercise 9
Suppose z = r(cos θ + i sin θ), ⇒ 2 cos 4θ = 1 −
⇒ cos 4θ ≤
Let k = 0, 1, 2, 3, so the range of arg z is

∴ included angle of and is and |z1| =

|z2|, so SΔOAB = |z1||z2| sin ∠AOB = |z2|2.
 |z2 − 2 − 2i| = 2, ∴ 2 − 2 ≤ |z2| ≤ 2 + 2.

∴ (SΔOAB)max = 6+4 , (SΔOAB)min = 6− 4 .

Method 1:

if and only if 4 + cos x = ( +1)(1 + cos x) = ( +3)(1− cos x),

namely, cos and the equality holds.

Method 2: Introduce parameter λ

if and only if

namely, and the equality holds.

Suppose
Obviously, locus of B is system of circles which the center is (x0, x0
+2) and the radius is 1. O1(−1, 1),O2(1, 3)O1O2 = 2 , so the locus
of B is a rectangle and two semicircle.

∴ S = 2× 2 + π × 12 = 4 + π.

i
⇒ n = 6k + 1 (k = 0, 1, 2, .. .), namely, the 1st
item, the 7th item and the 13th item of {an} are real numbers.

Suppose z1 = cos α + i sin α, z2 = k(cos β + i sin β),

z3 = (2 − k)(cos γ + i sin γ),

Add after two square types,

k ≠ 0, k ≠ 2.
∴ After arrangement:

When k = 1,

When k = or cos(β − γ)min = −1.

Suppose z1 = r1(cos θ1 + i sin θ1), z2 = r2(cos θ2 + i sin θ2) (r1, r2 > 0)

If and only if r1 = r2 = , the equality holds.

cos(θ1 − θ2) ≥ −1,

∴ −1 ≤ cos(θ1 − θ2) ≤

When cos(θ1 − θ2) = −1, = 53 ⇒ r1 = 7 or 2,

and θ1 − θ2 = (2k + 1)π (k ∈ z) ⇒ z1 = 7i, z2 = −2i or z1 = −2i, z2 = 7i.

In the expansion type αk + βk, let α + β = 1, αβ = 1.

The sum of these coefficients is given by Sk = αk + βk, so α, β are

two roots of equation x2 − x + 1 = 0.
Take k = 2012, so Sk = −1.

Firstly, prove:

When n = 1, |a1| = |1 + i| = .
Suppose when n = k, proposition holds.
So when n = k + 1,

Suppose z = cos θ+i sin θ, so ω = z2 ·[(4 cos2 θ−2 cos θ−2)−3i].

∴
 ∴ Necessary and sufficient condition for the minimum of |ω|is
given by

4 cos2 θ − 2 cos θ − 2 = 2(2 cos θ + 1)(cos θ − 1) = 0.

Namely, z = 1 or

z0 − (1 + i)z1 = 0, ∴ z0 − z1 = z1i,

∴ |z0 − z1| − |z1| = .

∴ z1 = (cos π + i sin π),

z0 = (1+i)z1 = (1+i)·√2 (cos π + i sin π) = −1+ i.

Suppose Z1 and Z0 correspond to complex number z1 and z0 in
complex plane.
z0 − z1 = z1i, ∴ OZ1⊥Z0Z1

Re z0 < Re z1, |z1 − z0| = .

∴ OZ1 is the right tangent to Z0 which passes through the origin.

The foucs of parabola is

If suppose foucs F (X, Y), so
the locus equation of foucs is

the locus equation of foucs is Y = (−1 ≤ X ≤ 1).

Original function equals to

∴ Construct complex

||z1| − |z2|| ≤ |z1 − z2| = 1 ∴ −1 < y < 1.

∴ The range of function is (−1, 1).

Construct complex z1 = A + Bi, z2 = x + yi

 Sn is integer number and suppose Sn = m;

∴ n4 + 172 = m2, namely, m2 − n4 = 172

∴ (m + n2)(m − n2) = 289 and

In acute ΔABC, tan B = m − 2 ⇒m > 2.

Suppose z1 = 1+mi, z2 = 1+(m − 2)i,

so A = arg(1+mi), B = arg(1+(m − 2)i).

According to known inequality and |z1 − z2| + |z1 + z2| ≤

∴ if and only if z1 = eiθ, z2 = e−iθ,
(θ = arctan ).

Exercise 10
Suppose x = a + bi (a, b ∈ R), so (a + bi)2 − 3|a + bi| + 2 = 0.

Suppose x = x0 ∈ R, so
Suppose x = x0 ∈ R, so − (2i − 1)x0 + 3m − i = 0.

Suppose α1 < α2 < · · · < α6. {αn} is arithmetic sequence and

common difference is
Add six types: 1 + tan α2 tan α3 =
+ tan α6 tan α1 = tan α1 tan α2 + tan α2 tan
α3 + · · · + tan α6 tan α1 = −6.

F1(−2, 0), F2(2, 0), ∴ |F1F2| = 4.

∴ The locus of z is a ray F1(x).

Original type = (x − 2)(x + 2i)(x − 2i).

Obviously, z = 0 is the solution of equation.

 is one root of equation x2 + px + q = 0(p, q ∈ R), so is
another root.

Suppose z1 = a + bi(a, b ∈ R), so z2 = a − bi.

Suppose x = x0 ∈ R, so − (i + tanθ)x0 − (2 + i) = 0.

Points corresponding to roots of x10 = 1 are 10 vertexes of regular

decagon. Choose one diameter and other 8 points can construct 8
right triangles, so there are 8×5 = 40 right triangles.

Equation with real coefficient has imaginary number

 x2 + (4 + i)x + 4+ai = 0(a ∈ R) has a real root b,

When 0 < c ≤ 1, the complex number z(1 − ci), its real part greater
than 0 and the imaginary part greater than or equal to 0, the auxiliary
angle in [0, ) are as follows:

When c > 1, the complex number its real part greater than 0
and the imaginary part less than 0, the auxiliary angle in are as
follows:
∴ The auxiliary angle main value range of (1 − ci) (c > 0) is

The two sides of the equation are taken from the model:

if |z| ≤ , then

It is a contradiction, so the point of each complex root is outside of

the curve |z| = .

When n = 2, left= |z1|+|z2|, right= |z1 + z2|+|z1 − z2| ≥ 2|z1|.

right ≥ 2|z2|,

∴ right = |z1 + z2| + |z1 − z2|

≥ (2|z1| + 2|z2|) = left.

Assume that inequality does not hold when n,

When n+ 1,

∴ The original inequality holds.

Suppose so 1+ω + ω2 = 0,
Obviously, x = 0 is not the root of original equation. Two coefficients
which have the same distance from the first term and the end term
are equal, so to every negative root −x0, x0 must be the positive root
of x4 − ax3 + bx2 − ax + 1 = 0.

(−a)2 + b2 = a2 + b2.
∴ The problem can be transformed into a case that the original
equation at least has one positive root.
Divide x2 by two sides:

Let so equation (3) is changed into

u2 + au + b − 2 = 0. (4)

If x0 is a positive root of original equation,

Conversely, if equation (4) has a real root which is not less than 2, so

∴ x2 − u0x + 1 = 0 must have a real root

(because ).
Namely, through variable substitution and introducing parameter
u, the original equation is transformed into research that equation (4)
has at least one real root which is not less than 2. If equation (4) has
one real root which is not less than 2, then

In the limited condition (5), find the minimum of a2 + b2.

Let a = r cos θ, b = r sin θ, where so inequality
(5) is equal to 2r cos θ + r sin θ + 2 ≤ 0, namely, r cos(θ − arctan )
≤ −2.
Obviously, the minimum non-negative of r which meets above type is
so the minimum of
When a < −4, a2 + b2 ≥ a2 > 16.

∴ So the minimum of a2 + b2 is more than .

Suppose z = x + yi(x, y ∈ R), so

∴ Set A is the circle whose center is and radius is (removing
origin)

∴ y′ = x′ + 1(x′ < 0), ∴ Set B is a ray (removing end points).

As in the figure, make O′C⊥L at C, intersect circle at P:

arg z = arg = ∠Z1OZ2 or 2π − ∠Z1OZ2.

According to cosine law,

This equation has either real or imaginary roots in pairs.
When n is even number, f(0) = 0 ⇔ b = 0;

∴ x2 + a|x| = 0.
When a > 0, A = {0,±ai}.
∴ n = 3.
When a = 0, A = {0}.
∴ n = 1.
When a < 0, A = {0,±a}.
∴ n = 3.
When n is odd number and b ≠ 0, to a = −1, b = −2, A = {2,−2}. ∴ n =
2.
To a = −2, b = 1, A = {±1,±( − 1)i}. ∴ n = 4.
To a = −5, b = 6, A = {±2,±3,±i}. ∴ n = 6.
Following prove: when n = 0, n ≥ 8 does not hold.

If n = 0 and a2 − 4ac < 0 ⇒ b > 0 ⇒ a2 + 4b > 0, x = is the

root of f(x) = 0. (x = yi(y ≠ 0), −|y|2 + a|y| + b = 0, |y|2 − a|y| − b = 0)
which contradicts with n = 0.
If a2 − 4ac ≥ 0,

If n ≥ 8, x2+a|x|+b = 0 has four roots. |y|2−a|y|−b = 0 must have four

roots.

∴ x2 + ax + b = 0 has two positive roots. y2 − ay − b = 0 has two

positive roots.
This is contradiction between them.
∴ n ≥ 8 does not hold. ∴ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}.

Obviously, x ≠ 0. The original equation equal to

Let y = 13 − , ∴ y10 = −1.

Suppose 10 complex roots of y10 = −1 are (k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), and

k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Suppose then = 13 − εk, k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Suppose ε1 = i is the unit root of x4 = 1.

According to binomial theorem:

 (6) + · (7) + · (8) + ε1(9),
right of sum equation =
left of sum equation =

After divide 4 by two sides, it is original equation.

According to Euler’s formula eθi = cos θ + i sin θ:

According to type (10),

 ∴ The original proposition holds.

(1) Suppose

n is a prime number which is more than 3.

∴ (−1)n+1 = 1, and 3, 3 × 2, . . ., 3(n − 1)

take all residue class of n.

z2n −1 = 0 has 2n roots which are ±1 and (k = 1, 2, . . ., n −

1)
Let 12 = a1, 32 = a2, 52 = a3, 72 = a4, 22 = λ1, 42 = λ2, 62 = λ3, 82 = λ4.

According to Lagrange formula:

Let x = λk, divide f(λk) by both sides.

where
and equation (12) has unique solution.
Compare the coefficient of x3 in equations (11) and (12):

Let and η is a complex number which modulus is

1.
If n ≥ 2 and natural number k = 1, 2, . . ., n − 1, so

Substitute (14) and (15) into (13):

When n = 1, the above type holds.

∴ ∀n ∈ N*, the above type holds.

Note C0 = P0(cos θ0 + i sin θ0), where 0 ≤ θ0 < 2π, |C0|=P0.

Note Cn = Pn(cos θn + i sin θn), where 0 ≤ θn < 2π, |Cn|=Pn.

Choose θ where 0 ≤ θ < 2π, θ0 + nθ ≡ θn (mod 2π).

Let η = cos θ + i sin θ:

Substitute (17) into (16):

Arithmetic mean of |f(ωη)|, |f(ω2η)|, . . ., |f(ωkη)| is equal or more

than |C0| + |Cn|.

∴ There is at least one |f(ωjη)| ≥ |C0| + |Cn|, where j is among 1, 2, . .

., n.

Let z0 = ωjη, |z0| = 1, so |f(z0)| ≥ |C0| + |Cn|.