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Technical Seminar-ADAS

Mechanical Engineering (Visvesvaraya Technological University)

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI-590014, KARNATAKA

TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

on
’’Automatic Tyre Inflation System’’

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirement For the Award of Degree

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted

By:

MANJUNATH N

1CE20ME401
Under the Guidance
of: Prof. ANIL KUMAR
Assistant Professor
Dept of Mechanical Engineering

CITY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Doddakallasandra Kanakapura Road
Bengaluru-560061.

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CITY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Doddakallasandra Kanakapura Road Bengaluru-560061.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the technical seminar Entitled “AUTOMATIC TYRE INFLATION SYSTEM”
carried out by MANJUNATH N (1CE20ME401), a bonafide student of City engineering college in
the partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in Mechanical
Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the academic year
2022-2023. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have
been incorporated in the report. The technical seminar report have been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirement in respect of technical seminar (18MES84) prescribed for the said degree.

Mrs. Anil Kumar Dr. Karunakara Dr. H. N Thippeswamy

Asst. Prof. Dept. of Mech HOD. Dept. of Mech Principal of CEC

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ABSTRACT

ADAS stands for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems. ADAS is a set of electronic systems
that are designed to assist drivers in driving and increase road safety. ADAS systems can alert
drivers to potential dangers on the road, and in some cases, can even take control of the
vehicle to avoid a collision.

ADAS are nowadays non-separable part of any new vehicle especially cars.. Depending upon
the cost and model, one car can equipped from one to many ADAS functions which work to
assist drivers on road and help to prevent danger situations which can cause fatal accidents.

From last many years, automotive companies are working hard to bring advancement in
available ADAS systems and also to develop many new.
According to the SAE levels defined for Autonomous Driving vehicles, ADAS plays prominent
role to develop AD technology.

Some examples of ADAS features include:

1) Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) - This system uses radar or cameras to automatically
adjust the vehicle's speed to maintain a safe distance from the vehicle ahead.

2) Lane Departure Warning (LDW) - This system alerts drivers when they are drifting out of
their lane.

3) Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) - This system can automatically apply the brakes if
it detects an imminent collision.

4) Blind Spot Detection (BSD) - This system uses sensors to detect vehicles in the driver's
blind spot and alerts the driver.

5) Parking Assistance - This system helps drivers to park their vehicles by providing
information about nearby objects and sometimes by automatically steering the vehicle
into a parking space.

ADAS is becoming increasingly common in new vehicles, and it is expected to become

standard in the near future. ADAS is a key technology in the development of autonomous
vehicles, which are vehicles that can operate without a human driver.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge the contributions of the scientists, researchers, and engineers who have worked
and continue to work in the field of ADAS, pushing the boundaries of what is possible and
exploring the potential applications of this exciting technology. Their dedication and hard work
have paved the way for the development of new features, environmental solutions, and
technological innovations that have the potential to improve human life in countless ways.

Firstly I thank God for showering his blessings on me. I am grateful to my institution City
Engineering College for providing me a congenial atmosphere to carry out the project
successfully.

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to DR. H. N THIPPESWAMY,

Principal, CEC, Bangalore, for extending his support.

I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr Karunakara , HOD, mechanical

Engineering whose guidance and support was truly invaluable.

I am very grateful to my guide, Mr ANIL KUMAR, Asst. Prof., Department of Mechanical

engineering, for his able guidance and valuable advice at every stage of my seminar which
helped me in the successful completion of my seminar.

I would also indebted to my Parents and Friends for their continued moral and material support
throughout the course of project and helping me in finalize the presentation. My hearty thanks
to all those have contributed bits, bytes and words to accomplish this Project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
I. Introduction
1.1 Brief overview of ADAS
1.2 Importance and applications of ADAS

Chapter 2
II. Advanced Driver Assistance System
2.1 General Block Diagram
2.2 Role of ADAS towards Autonomous Driving

Chapter 3
III. Sensors in ADAS
3.1 Automotive Radar
3.2 Camera Vision System
3.3 Ultrasonic Sensor

Chapter 4
IV. ADAS and Safety Systems
4.1 Adaptive Cruice Control (ACC)
4.2 Forward Collision Warning
4.3 Blind Spot Detection
4.4 Parking Assistance System
4.5 Evasive Steering Support
4.6 Lane Departure Warning
4.7 360 Degrees surround view system
4.8 Emergency Brake Assist

Chapter 5
V. Conclusion
5.1 Recap of the importance and potential
5.2 Final thoughts and recommendations for future research.

Chapter 6
VI. References

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Brief overview of ADAS

Almost all vehicle accidents are caused by human error, which can be avoided with
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). The role of ADAS is to prevent deaths and
injuries by reducing the number of car accidents and the serious impact of those that
cannot be avoided.
Essential safety-critical ADAS applications include:

 Pedestrian detection/avoidance
 Lane departure warning/correction
 Traffic sign recognition
 Automatic emergency braking
 Blind spot detection

These lifesaving systems are key to the success of ADAS applications. They incorporate
the latest interface standards and run multiple vision-based algorithms to support real-
time multimedia, vision coprocessing, and sensor fusion subsystems.
The moderinization of ADAS applications is the first steps toward realizing autonomous
vehicles.
Automobiles are the foundation of the next generation of mobile-connected devices, with
rapid advances being made in autonomous vehicles. Autonomous application solutions
are partitioned into various chips, called systems on a chip (SoCs). These chips connect
sensors to actuators through interfaces and high-performance electronic controller units
(ECUs).
Self-driving cars use a variety of these applications and technologies to gain 360-degree
vision, both near (in the vehicle’s immediate vicinity) and far. That means hardware
designs are using more advanced process nodes to meet ever-higher performance
targets while simultaneously reducing demands on power and footprint.

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1.2 Importance and applications of ADAS

According to the August 2016 Traffic Safety Facts Research Note by the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), “The Nation lost
35,092 people in crashes on U.S. roadways during 2015.” This 7.2% increase
was “the largest percentage increase in nearly 50 years.” An analysis revealed
that about 94% of those accidents were caused by human error, and the rest by
the environment and mechanical failures.
The opportunity to reduce car accidents is making ADAS even more critical.
Automatic emergency braking, pedestrian detection, surround view, parking
assist, driver drowsiness detection, and gaze detection are among the many
ADAS applications that assist drivers with safety-critical functionality to reduce
car accidents and save lives.

Significant automotive safety improvements in the past (e.g., shatter-resistant

glass, three-point seatbelts, airbags) were passive safety measures designed
to minimize injury during an accident. Today, ADAS systems actively improve
safety with the help of embedded vision by reducing the occurrence of
accidents and injury to occupants.
The implementation of cameras in the vehicle involves a new AI function that
uses sensor fusion to identify and process objects. Sensor fusion, similar to
how the human brain process information, combines large amounts of data with
the help of image recognition software, ultrasound sensors, lidar, and radar.
This technology can physically respond faster than a human driver ever could.
It can analyze streaming video in real time, recognize what the video shows,
and determine how to react to it.
These are some of the most common ADAS applications:

Adaptive Cruise Control

Adaptive cruise control is particularly helpful on the highway, where drivers can
find it difficult to monitor their speed and other cars over a long period of time.
Advanced cruise control can automatically accelerate, slow down, and at times
stop the vehicle, depending on the action’s other objects in the immediate area.

Glare-Free High Beam and Pixel Light

Glare-free high beam and pixel light uses sensors to adjust to darkness and the
vehicle’s surroundings without disturbing oncoming traffic. This new headlight
application detects the lights of other vehicles and redirects the vehicle’s lights
away to prevent other road users from being temporarily blinded.

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Adaptive Light Control

Adaptive light control adapts the vehicle’s headlights to external lighting
conditions. It changes the strength, direction, and rotation of the headlights
depending on the vehicle’s environment and darkness.

Automatic Parking
Automatic parking helps inform drivers of unseen areas so they know when to
turn the steering wheel and stop. Vehicles equipped with rearview cameras
have a better view of their surroundings than traditional side mirrors. Some
systems can even complete parking automatically without the driver’s help by
combining the input of multiple sensors.

Autonomous Valet Parking

Autonomous valet parking is a new technology that works via vehicle sensor
meshing, 5G network communication, and cloud services that manage
autonomous vehicles in parking areas. Sensors provide the vehicle with
information about where it is, where it needs to go, and how to get there safely.
All this information is methodically evaluated and used to perform drive
acceleration, braking, and steering until the vehicle is safely parked.

Navigation System
Car navigation systems provide on-screen instructions and voice prompts to
help drivers follow a route while concentrating on the road. Some navigation
systems can display exact traffic data, and if necessary, plan a new route to
avoid traffic jams. Advanced systems may even offer heads-up displays to
reduce driver distraction.

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Night Vision
Night vision systems enable drivers to see things that would otherwise be
difficult or impossible to see at night. There are two categories of night vision
implementations: Active night vision systems project infrared light, and passive
systems rely on the thermal energy that comes from cars, animals, and other
objects.

Unseen Area Monitoring

Unseen area detection systems use sensors to provide drivers with important
information that is otherwise difficult or impossible to obtain. Some systems
sound an alarm when they detect an object in the driver’s unseen area, such as
when the driver tries to move into an occupied lane.

Automatic Emergency Braking

Automatic emergency braking uses sensors to detect whether the driver is in
the process of hitting another vehicle or other objects on the road. This
application can measure the distance of nearby traffic and alert the driver to
any danger. Some emergency braking systems can take preventive safety
measures such as tightening seat belts, reducing speed, and engaging
adaptive steering to avoid a collision.

Crosswind Stabilization
This relatively new ADAS feature supports the vehicle in counteracting strong
crosswinds. The sensors in this system can detect strong pressure acting on
the vehicle while driving and apply brakes to the wheels affected by crosswind
disturbance.

Driver Drowsiness Detection

Driver drowsiness detection warns drivers of sleepiness or other road
distractions. There are several ways to determine whether a driver’s attention is
decreasing. In one case, sensors can analyze the movement of the driver’s
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head and heart rate to determine whether they indicate drowsiness. Other
systems issue driver alerts similar to the warning signals for lane detection.

Driver Monitoring System

The driver monitoring system is another way of measuring the driver’s attention.
The camera sensors can analyze whether the driver’s eyes are on the road or
drifting. Driver monitoring systems can alert drivers with noises, vibrations in
the steering wheel, or flashing lights. In some cases, the car will take the
extreme measure of stopping the vehicle completely.

5G and V2X
This hot new 5G ADAS feature provides communication between the vehicle
and other vehicles or pedestrians with increased reliability and lower latency,
generally referred to as V2X. Today, millions of vehicles connect to cellular
networks for real-time navigation. This application will enhance existing
methods and the cellular network to improve situational awareness, control or
suggest speed adjustments to account for traffic congestion, and provide real-
time updates to GPS maps. V2X is essential to support over-the-air software
updates for the now-extensive range of software-driven systems in cars, from
map updates to bug fixes to security updates and more.

CHAPTER 2
Advanced Driver Assitance Systems

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2.1 General Block Diagram

2.2 Role of ADAS towards Autonomous driving

The role of ADAS is to prevent deaths and injuries by reducing the number
of car accidents and the serious impact of those that cannot be avoided.

Essential safety-critical ADAS applications include: Pedestrian

detection/avoidance. Lane departure warning/correction.

ADAS systems can significantly improve vehicle safety by incorporating key

driving assistance functions such as: maintaining a safe distance and
controlling speeding (which is a factor in 22% of fatal accidents) thanks to
intelligent cruise control and the intelligent speed assistance (ISA).

Despite these challenges, ADAS technology has immense scope to improve

road safety in India. For instance, features such as automatic emergency
braking and collision avoidance could help reduce the number of accidents
caused by human error

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CHAPTER 3
SENSORS IN ADAS

3.1 Automotive Radar

An automotive radar system is a safety system used for assisting drivers on the road. It
helps drivers to virtually look at the cars or other vehicles and sense the stationery and
moving 0bjects on the road. With advancements in the antenna design and
semiconductor manufacturing of the radar system, its cost is drastically reducing. This is
why a radar system is an ideal solution for automotive ADAS applications.

A basic Radar system is further classified into 3 categories:-

 Short Radar Range (SRR) – 0.5 – 20 meters

 Medium Radar Range (MRR)- 1- 60 meters
 Long Radar Range (LRR) – 10 – 250 meters

Some features of the Radar system are as follows:-

 Blindspot detection
 Traffic sign recognition
 Lane departure warning/ correction
 Park assists
 Pedestrian detection/ avoidance
 Surround-view

One of the key applications of radar systems in ADAS is object detection and blind-spot
monitoring. Object detection helps to locate and identify a nearby object whereas blind-
spot monitoring helps to detect vehicles on the adjacent lane.

Some of the advantages of the Radar system are as follows:-

 A radar system can detect multiple vehicles simultaneously on the road.

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 Radars can easily differentiate between moving objects and stationary objects
which the proximity sensor-based system cannot.
 3D images can be created using a radar system if used together with the existing
camera-based system.
 It easily measures the accurate velocity and exact position of the nearby vehicle.

3.2 Camera Vision System

Cameras are one of the most common types of ADAS sensors used in today’s vehicles
and they come in various forms depending on their function within a system. Cameras
are used to detect objects in the road, including cars, cyclists, and pedestrians.

ADAS Cameras are vital for ADAS because they are the main sensory component for
most automaker ADAS systems. Without them, the car would be blind to the world around
it.

In fact, many cars now have front-facing camera sensors as a standard feature. Let’s
explore the camera sensor types. The following ADAS systems all use data from these
special cameras:

 adaptive cruise control

 automatic emergency braking
 lane departure warning
 lane keeping assist
 automated headlight high-beam activation and dimming

360-Degree and Surround View Cameras
Some new cars feature 360-degree cameras that utilize a variety of tiny cameras
positioned at the front, rear, and sides of the car to show an overhead view of the
vehicle’s immediate surroundings. This can be used for features such as parking
assistance and lane change warnings.

For example, the 2022 Hyundai Sonata, includes Surround View Monitor on the Limited
Trim. This feature includes four cameras, one on each side mirror and two at the rear of
the vehicle. The Sonata has a special split-screen image that shows all angles
simultaneously on the infotainment touchscreen.

3.3 Ultrasonic Sensor

Ultrasonic sensors are primarily used in parking assist and self-parking systems. These
ADAS sensors are positioned inside the front and/or rear bumper covers, utilizing
reflected high-frequency sound waves to identify people, automobiles, and other objects
within proximity to the car.

Sonar sensors also detect whether the vehicle is properly positioned within a parking
space. If this feature detects that the car is outside of an appropriate zone, it will sound a
warning tone or move into a more appropriate position using brake control.

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There are also ultrasonic sensors in air-bag control systems. These work by emitting a
burst of ultrasound when the car’s airbags are deployed. This sensor helps to determine
the exact location of the occupant.

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CHAPTER 4
ADAS and Safety Systems-I
4.1 Adaptive Cruise Control

Adaptive cruise control (ACC) is a driver assistance system that establishes a

maximum speed for automobiles and automatically decreases the vehicle’s speed
when traffic is detected in front of it. It is a Level 1 ADAS feature .

Standard cruise control enables the driver to select a constant pace and take their
foot off the accelerator, but it requires the driver’s involvement to turn off cruise
control when the set speed is no longer attainable. Adaptive cruise control allows
for the intelligent, reactive adjustment of a vehicle’s speed without the need for
human participation.

ADAS adaptive cruise control automates reactions in situations that would

otherwise necessitate driver intervention. Without the need for driver engagement,
the system can minimise driver fatigue-related incidents more than regular cruise
control while maintaining a safe gap from vehicles ahead on the road.

To monitor other vehicles on the road, ADAS adaptive cruise control systems use
internal computers and advanced sensors such as radar or laser systems. As a
result, adaptive cruise control is often referred to as autonomous cruise control.

 The vehicle will monitor its surroundings once the driver has locked his or
her preferred speed into the ACC system.
 A signal from the system’s radar headway is processed by a digital signal
processor to measure the distance to the nearest automobile.
 A longitudinal controller is then used to determine a safe distance between
vehicles.
 If the driver’s vehicle has insufficient braking distance, the ACC system
transmits a signal to the engine or brakes, which causes the vehicle to slow
down.
 When the path is clear, the ACC system returns the vehicle to the driver’s
selected speed.
 The cruise control system assists the vehicle in maintaining a near-constant
speed by reducing ventilation to the engine when the vehicle is near its set
speed and boosting airflow when the vehicle is below its set speed.

The most recent ADAS adaptive cruise control systems attempt to handle the entire
route, offloading chores from the driver whenever possible. Here are some of the
most intriguing benefits of ADAS Adaptive Cruise Control.

1. Reduced likelihood of collisions by controlling speed and increasing spacing.

2. Less stress while driving long distances.
3. Improved driving comfort, particularly for people with disabilities
4. Easier commutes, especially for systems with stop-and-go capabilities.

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Despite the numerous advantages of employing adaptive cruise control, there are
several drawbacks to depending on this safety feature on a regular basis,
including:

 Developing bad driving habits (such as higher speeds and aggressive

braking)
 Possibly encountering ill-timed or inadequately spaced halt
 While the device is activated, braking times are delayed.
 Poor system performance when there is a lot of rain, fog, or snow.

Drivers who are familiar with their vehicle’s ACC system’s capabilities and
limitations may be better prepared to manage these circumstances while driving,
minimising their chances of being involved in a crash.

4.2 Forward Collision Warning

FCWs are designed to detect and notify the driver of a hazard in front of them so
the driver gets the appropriate reaction time to brake or swerve to avoid a collision.

 A forward collision warning is issued when the ADAS system detects a slow-
moving or stationary object in front of your vehicle.
 To activate an FCW, you are required to set a Time-To-Collision (TTC)
threshold beforehand. When the ADAS system scans the road and detects an
object or vehicle in front that is below the TTC threshold, a forward collision
warning is generated.
 The ADAS system generates an in-cab audio alert warning. It notifies the
driver that if they maintain their present speed, they are at risk of rear-ending
the vehicle or object in front of them.

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Uses

 Operational Safety

A forward collision warning system alerts the driver in case of an impending

collision. This not only safeguards the well-being of the driver, but also protects
your fleet vehicles, and the valuable cargo they may be carrying.

 Liability Risk Prevention

Road accidents expose your business to various liabilities – both regarding money
and your company’s reputation. By employing LocoNav’s ADAS, your vehicles are
at a significantly lower risk of being involved in a collision which prevents the risk of
these liabilities.

 Cost Saving

By protecting your fleet from collisions , you can save on expensive vehicle repairs
as well as hospital bills for the people involved in the accident.

4.3 Blind Spot Detection

A blind spot is an area in your range of vision that
you cannot see properly but which you really
should be able to see. For example, when you
are driving a car, the area just behind your
shoulders is often a blind spot.
Blind Spot Detection (BSD) Sensors alert drivers to obstacles in their blind
spots. This important part of the Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS)
is located in the vehicle's rear quarter area, typically just behind the bumper

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cover.
The system uses ultrasonic or radar sensors on the side and rear of the car.
Like a bat in nature, ultrasonic sensors use soundwaves to detect objects in
their surroundings. These sensors monitor nearby lanes and determine
when other vehicles approach or enter your blind spot.
BSW systems come in two varieties: Blind Spot Warning (BSW): This
detects vehicles in the blind spot while driving and notifies the driver to their
presence. Some systems provide an additional warning if the driver activates
the turn signal when it is unsafe to merge or change lanes.
Semi-trucks, also called 18-wheelers and tractor-trailers, have four blind spots
— one behind the trailer, one along each side of the trailer, and one below the cab
of the truck. Your vehicle can disappear from the truck driver's view in these blind
spots. Truck accidents have many different causes.

4.4 Parking Assistance System

Active parking systems are also known as parking assist systems.
They represent a more sophisticated form of parking aid system
and perform the necessary parking manoeuvres either fully
autonomously or semi-autonomously.

A distinction is made between semi-autonomous and autonomous

parking assist systems.

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SEMI-AUTONOMOUS PARKING ASSIST SYSTEM

A special sensor located in the side of the front bumper scans theside of the road
as the vehicle drives past. The parking assist system informs the driver if it detects
a suitable parallel or perpendicular parking space. When activated, the system
calculates the best way of approaching the gap, the steering manoeuvres required
and the number of moves involved. Whilst the parking assist system guides the
vehicle into the parking space, the driver is merely responsible for speed control.
In other words: The driver controls the parking process by carefully accelerating
and braking. The parking assist system performs all the necessary steering action
with the help of the power steering. The driver can stop the manoeuvre at any
time. A semi-autonomous parking assist system also provides help when moving
out of a parking space by steering the vehicle into the correct starting position so
that the driver can move out safely and quickly.

AUTONOMOUS PARKING ASSIST SYSTEM

In addition to steering action, autonomous parking assist systems also take over
speed control (acceleration, braking). In other words the system guides the vehicle
into and out of the selected parking space fully automatically. With particularly
advanced systems the driver can decide whether he wishes to remain in the car
whilst parking or get out beforehand.

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4.5 Evasive Steering Support

The evasive steering support function supports the driver during a
critical evasive maneuver by means of a supporting steering
torque. This helps the driver in circumnavigating an obstacle to
avoid an accident.
Evasive steering support actively supports the driver during an
evasive maneuver and thereby helps to reduce the risk of
collisions and related injuries.

The evasive steering support function becomes active when the system detects an
impending collision and the driver initiates the evasive maneuver. Once the driver begins
steering, the system intervenes in the power steering with torque in order to guide the
vehicle around the obstacle.
From the video camera and radar sensor data the function instantaneously computes a
suitable path, taking into account distance, width and offset of the preceding vehicle.

4.6 Lane Departure Warning

Lane departure warning is designed to help you avoid crashes due
to drifting or departing your lane. The system detects lane markers
and alerts you when a tire touches a lane marker. The warning is
usually a flashing indicator and/or it beeps from the corresponding
side. In some systems, the steering wheel or driver’s seat vibrates
gently. Generally, lane departure warning systems will not alert you
when your turn signal is on.

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Some vehicles are equipped with lane keeping assist, which

is a more advanced version of lane departure warning. If the
system detects a potential lane departure and you do not
respond in time, lane keeping assist will gently steer you back
into the lane.
The lane departure system uses a camera located near the
rearview mirror to recognize lane markers. To function properly,
there needs to be clearly visible paint stripes on both sides of the
vehicle. It will NOT recognize curbs. If the system detects that your
car is too close to the left or right side lane markings, and your
turn signal is not on, a warning light, a vibration, and/or sound will
be activated.

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Some lane departure warning/lane keeping assist systems are

activated by pressing a button, while others are automatically
activated when you turn on your car. This button will have an
indicator light to show when the system is active.
The lane departure warning system searches for lane markings
when your car is on a straight or slightly curved road and your turn
signals are off. When you use your turn signals or turn your
steering wheel quickly, the system will not alert you.
Most lane departure warning/lane keeping assist systems function
best on highways, and some systems only operate at speeds over
35 mph.
In addition to the camera, lane keeping assist has a steering input
assist. Lane keeping assist will gently turn the steering wheel to
keep your vehicle between the left and right lane lines, gently
steering your vehicle in the opposite direction of the lane boundary.
In some systems, the tugging on your steering wheel will become
stronger the closer your vehicle gets to the lane markers.

4.7 3
6 0

Degrees surround view system

Also referred to as a Bird’s Eye View Car Camera or Surround View Camera System,
the 360 Degree View Car Camera is a collection of devices that work together to provide
the driver a real-time view of the surroundings of the car. This view is projected directly
onto the dashboard hardware, usually the infotainment system .

The surround view camera system software displays the vehicle and its surroundings so
that it looks like the car is being filmed by a drone from directly above. The image
screen is also split to display the vehicle’s top view on one side of the screen and the
front/rear/side view on the other.

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One of the biggest advantages of this system is the ease with

which drivers can navigate the vehicle into a parking slot, while
avoiding contact with nearby obstacles in an astute manner.

While this may seem like wizardry to the uninitiated, in reality, it is

just the output of a set of camera sensors and image processors,
enhanced with a sprinkling of data science!

360 degree view car camera systems will be an integral part of

autonomous vehicles. Today, this technology is not restricted to
luxury vehicle models. As motor vehicle regulations around the
world evolve to include more safety-related guidelines, ADAS
applications such as these will see a significant growth.

4.9 Emergency Brake Assist

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This system helps you make the most out of your brakes. When
you react to a traffic problem ahead, you will apply your brakes.
However, if you don’t get that brake pedal all the way to the floor,
your Emergency Brake Assist will kick in and apply the force
needed to fully activate your anti-lock brakes, helping to bring you
to safe and swift stop
When the vehicle detects that the brake pedal is being used to
achieve a sudden stop, the emergency brake assist pushes the
pedal all the way to the floor. Keep your foot on the brake in order
for your anti-lock brakes to engage if it is needed.

In the early 90’s it was discovered that many people did not
actually slam the pedal to the floor even during a panic stop, so
their vehicles ended up in more avoidable collisions. Your braking
system takes into consideration the amount of force applied and
the speed that the car is traveling to determine if it really needs to
use the emergency assistance.

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
6.1 Recap of the importance and potential of ADAS

The increasing amount of automotive electronic hardware and software

requires significant changes in today’s automobile design process to address
the convergence of conflicting goals:

 Increased reliability
 Reduced costs
 Shorter development cycles

The trend is shifting from distributed ADAS electronic controller units (ECUs) to
a more integrated ADAS domain controller with centralized ECUs. This means
that we are currently at what SAE International designates as Level 2 (Partial
Driving Automation), where the vehicle can control both steering and

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accelerating/decelerating but falls short of self-driving because a human sits in

the driver’s seat and can take control of the car at any time.

Shifting toward fully autonomous cars—vehicles capable of sensing their

environment and operating without human involvement—requires an increase
in the electronic architecture of these vehicles.
With the increase in electronic architecture comes an increase in the volume of
data. To handle this data, the new integrated domain controllers require higher
computing performance, lower power consumption, and smaller packaging.
The adoption of 64-bit processors, neural networks and AI accelerators to
handle the high volume of data requires the latest semiconductor features,
semiconductor process technologies, and interconnecting technologies to
support ADAS capabilities.
The reduction of electronic modules leads to centralized computing
architectures, requiring critical automotive building blocks, including processors
with vision processing capabilities, neural networks, and sensor fusion. And this
must be achieved while addressing the need for quality, safety, and security.
Every aspect of the car is designed to be more connected, requiring subsystem
and SoC designers to expand the scope of safety measures beyond the
traditional steps taken to ensure physical safety. Applying the latest embedded
computer vision and deep learning techniques to automotive SoCs brings
greater accuracy, power efficiency, and performance to ADAS systems.

6.2 Final thoughts and recommendations for future research.

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ADAS or Advanced Driver Assistance Systems is a collective term for the various
technological enhancements and conveniences we’ve come to expect in modern vehicles.
The last decade or so has seen the driving experience change for countless motorists as
each year brings with it an array of intriguing new technologies designed with safety and
comfort in mind. The fast-paced and evolving world of ADAS technologies can feel a little bit
bewildering if you’re in the market for a new car – how many of these futuristic features do
you need? Well, you might be surprised just how quickly a feature you once thought the stuff
of science fiction becomes part of your day to day driving. In fact, autonomous driving – or
driverless cars – may start popping up on streets and motorways much sooner than you
think. Current figures from the world’s leading car manufacturers project that ADAS features
relating to autonomous driving will become near ubiquitous in the next few years. By 2025
something close to 85% of vehicles produced globally will feature some degree of driving
automation.
Dynamic vs Static ADAS – what’s the difference? >>

To better get a sense of how Autonomous ADAS will shape the future of your
driving, it can be helpful to get a firmer understanding of the different degrees of
autonomy that is present in different vehicles. Vehicle Autonomy is measured in
levels.
Vehicle Autonomy Levels
Level 0:
The vast majority of vehicles on the road today are classed at Level 0: manually
controlled. The driver handles the entirety of the “dynamic driving task” although
there may be systems in place to help out. For example, think of an emergency
braking system – since your emergency brake technically doesn’t “drive” the
vehicle, it would not qualify as automation.

Level 1:
The “Basic.” level includes features that many modern vehicles come equipped
with or might offer as an optional extra. Front and rear collision warning indicators,
blind spot detectors, lane departure warnings and so on.

Level 2:
The “Driver assistance” level is where we enter into the realm of ADAS as
discussed above. The vehicle can control both steering and
accelerating/decelerating. Here the automation falls short of self-driving as a
human sits in the driver’s seat and can take control of the car at any time.
Features you would find at Level 2 includes automatic emergency braking,
adaptive cruise control, lane keep assist, distance control, automatic speed limiting
etc.

Level 3:
“Partial automation”. The technological jump between Level 2 and Level 3 is
considerable but fairly negligible in terms of driver experience. Vehicles boasting
Level 3 automation have “environmental detection” capabilities and can assess the
vehicle’s surroundings and make informed decisions on their own, such as
accelerating past a slow-moving vehicle. But, crucially, Level 3 vehicles still require

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human override. That is to say, that the driver piloting a Level 3 vehicle must
remain consistently alert and ready to take control should the system be incapable
of executing the task it is presented with.

Common ADAS Features Explained >>

Level 4:
“Conditional automation.” The most significant difference between Level 3 and
Level 4 automation is that Level 4 vehicles have the capacity to intervene if they
detect an issue on the road or an internal system failure. In essence, these
vehicles don’t strictly require driver interaction in most instances. That said, the
driver still has the option to manually override when they are piloting a level 4
vehicle.

Level 5:
“High automation” vehicles are defined by the fact they offer fully automated
driving in certain circumstances without the expressed need for a human driver –
also known as chauffeur mode”. Until legislation and infrastructure evolves to
reflect the changes in automotive technology, Level 5 vehicles can only engage
chauffeur mode within a limited area. Most commonly, urban environments with
relatively low speed limits. There are very very few cars on the market today with
level 5 capabilities but that is set to change in the coming years.

Level 6
“Full automation.” Fully autonomous, self-driving vehicles negate the need for a
human driver entirely. Needless to say, vehicles of this nature have yet to hit the
market but are expected to appear by 2030.

Now that we’ve got a richer understanding of the different degrees of autonomy
present in the cars we see on the roads, along with the technological
advancements we can expect to see in the coming years – let’s take a look at the
key ADAS trends that are certain to make headlines in the short term.

AR and HUD – Future Windscreen Trends >>

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REFERENCES

[1] M. Lu, K. Wevers, and R. V. D. Heijden, ‘Technical Feasibility of

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) for Road

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[2] K. Bengler, K. Dietmayer, B. Farber, M. Maurer, C. Stiller, and H.
Winner, ‘Three Decades of Driver Assistance Systems:
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Systems Magazine, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 6–22, 2014.

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[3] A. Ziebinski and S. Swierc, ‘Soft Core Processor Generated

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[6] J. Arróspide and L. Salgado, ‘On-road visual vehicle tracking

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[8] S. Budzan and J. Kasprzyk, ‘Fusion of 3D laser scanner and

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[9] A. Barth and U. Franke, ‘Estimating the Driving State of

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[11] B. Fildes, M. Keall, P. Thomas, K. Parkkari, L. Pennisi, and C.

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[12] A. Ziebinski, R. Cupek, H. Erdogan, and S. Waechter, ‘A

Survey of ADAS Technologies for the Future Perspective of

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Sensor Fusion’, presented at the International Conference on

Computational Collective Intelligence, 2016, pp. 135–146

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