CONDUIT

COMMITTEE

Guidelines
for Installing Steel
Conduit / Tubing

©2021 Steel Tube Institute TEL: 847.461.1701

2516 Waukegan Road, Suite 172 FAX: 847.660.7981
Glenview, IL 60025 steeltubeinstitute.org

1
Table of Contents
1. Scope................................................................................................................................................. 3

2. Glossary..........................................................................................................................................4

3. General Product Information........................................................................................ 6

3.1 Steel Conduit and Tubing........................................................................................... 6
3.2 Manufactured Elbows, Nipples and Couplings .............................................7

4. General Installation Practices...................................................................................... 9

4.1 Conduit Cutting and Threading Guidelines ................................................... 9
4.2 Bending Guidelines.......................................................................................................11
4.3 Fittings for use with RMC, IMC and EMT ........................................................ 13
4.4 Support of Steel Conduit / Tubing ......................................................................16
4.5 Firestopping and Fire Blocking ...........................................................................17
4.6 Corrosion Protection ...................................................................................................18
4.7 Equipment Grounding Using Steel Conduit.................................................18

5. Specific Installation Requirements....................................................................... 20

5.1 General ................................................................................................................................20
5.2 Protection Against EMI .............................................................................................20
5.3 Steel Conduit / Tubing Installed in Concrete ...............................................20
5.4 Communications Circuits......................................................................................... 21
5.5 Underground Services................................................................................................ 21
5.6 Verification of Installation ........................................................................................ 21

6. Installation Practices for PVC-Coated Conduit and Fittings.......................22

6.1 Tools....................................................................................................................................... 22
6.2 Clamping (Vising) PVC-Coated Conduit ........................................................ 22
6.3 Cutting and Threading PVC-Coated Conduit.............................................. 23
6.4 Bending PVC-Coated Conduit..............................................................................24
6.5 Installing PVC-Coated Conduit ............................................................................24
6.6 Patching Damaged Areas ...................................................................................... 25
6.7 Equipment Grounding and Bonding............................................................... 25

ANNEX A: Threading Conduit ......................................................................................... 26

ANNEX B: Grounding and EMI........................................................................................ 27
ANNEX C: Reference Standards .................................................................................... 30

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 2

1. Scope
This guideline covers the installation of steel rigid metal It is essential that the installer be concerned, informed,
conduit (RMC), steel intermediate metal conduit (IMC), and and have pride in the finished product. Maintaining the
steel electrical metallic tubing (EMT). Conduit with a effectiveness of Code requirements depends on selecting
supplementary PVC coating is also included. These conduits the right product for the specific job, good installation
are used as raceway systems for electrical wiring in workmanship, and proper maintenance during the
residential, commercial, and industrial occupancies. This life cycle.
Guideline includes information on fittings and other
This document is intended to enhance electrical safety by
applicable accessories necessary for a quality installation of
aiding the installer in meeting the “neat and workmanlike”
these raceways. All information in this publication is
requirements, reducing future repair needs, providing for
intended to comply with the National Electrical Code®
future expansion to avoid electrical overload, creating an
(NFPA Standard 70). Installers should always follow the NEC
installation which will protect the wire conductors from
and / or state and local codes as applicable to the
mechanical abuse, and providing electrical continuity of the
jurisdiction, and the manufacturers’ instructions when
raceway system.
installing electrical products and systems.
NOTE: For continuing updated information on this
Installations must be performed “in a neat and workmanlike
document, check steeltubeinstitute.org/steel-conduit
manner.” This is one of the most basic and important
requirements for electrical wiring in the National
Electrical Code.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 3

2. Glossary
(As used in this Guideline)

Alternate corrosion protection Coupling, standard conduit

A coating(s), other than one consisting solely of zinc, As applied to IMC or steel RMC this is a threaded,
which, upon evaluation, has demonstrated the ability to straight-tapped means of joining two pieces of conduit.
provide the level of corrosion resistance required on the Such coupling meets the requirements of the applicable UL
exterior of the conduit. It is not prohibited that the coatings conduit standard.
include zinc.
Equipment grounding conductor
Approved As defined in the NEC, it is the path by which a ground fault
Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. is transmitted to the overcurrent protection device.

NOTE: “The authority having jurisdiction” is most often the NOTE: Steel conduit and tubing are called equipment
electrical inspector, but could be a project manager or grounding conductors, as are copper or aluminum wire.
other final approval authority.
Firestopping
Authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) Using approved materials (generally detailed by building
The organization, office, or individual with the authority to codes or specifications) which fill the opening (annular
determine which code requirements apply, how they are to space) around the conduit to prevent the spread of fire and
be interpreted, and who gives final approval to the electrical smoke and assure the fire rating of the wall, floor, or ceiling
installation. Some examples are the electrical inspector or being penetrated is not reduced.
other government entity and insurance underwriters.
Fire-resistance-rated assemblies
Bend Construction materials assembled together then tested and
A curvature of the conduit or tubing made so the raceway rated for ability to inhibit the spread of fire for a specified
will fit a specific geometric location. This can be a factory period of time under specific test conditions. The rating is
elbow or can be a field bend of the raceway. expressed in hours; e.g. 1 hour, 2 hour, etc. Information can
be found in various laboratory “listing” directories.
Circuit loading
Concentration of circuits in one raceway. Fitting, threadless
A fitting intended to secure, without threading, rigid or
Conduit connection intermediate metal conduit or electrical metallic tubing to
Interface between conduit or tubing and other equipment. another piece of equipment (connector) or to an adjacent
length of conduit or tubing (coupling).
Conduit joint
The coupling of two pieces of conduit or tubing, or coupling Galvanized
a length of conduit or tubing to a bend. NOTE: One of the Protected from corrosion by a specified coating of zinc
most important elements of an electrical installation. which may be applied by either the hot-dip or electro-
galvanized method.
Coupling, integral
A coupling meeting the requirements of UL 514B which is Home run
assembled to the conduit, tubing, or elbow during The run of raceway between the panelboard / switchboard
manufacture and is not readily removable. The integral and the first distribution point.
coupling of electrical metallic tubing is a “belled” end with
set screws.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 4

Identified (for use) Running threads
As defined in the NEC. Continuous straight threads cut into a conduit and
extended down its length — not permitted on conduit for
NOTE: For the purposes of this Guideline the product has
connection at couplings.
been evaluated for a specific purpose, environment or
application and written documentation or labeling verifying
Raceway
this exists.
As defined in the NEC, this term includes more than steel
conduit. In this Guideline it is steel rigid metal conduit,
Penetration firestop system
intermediate metal conduit, or electrical metallic tubing,
A listed assemblage of specific materials or products that
designed for enclosing and protecting electrical,
are designed, tested and fire resistance-rated in accordance
communications, signaling and optical fiber wires
with ASTM E814 to resist, for a prescribed period of time, the
and cables.
spread of fire through penetrations in fire-rated assemblies.
Supplementary coating
Primary coating
A coating other than the primary coating applied to listed
The corrosion protection coating evaluated by the listing
conduit / tubing either at the factory or in the field to
authority and required by the applicable standard
provide additional corrosion protection where needed.
for listing.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 5

3. General Product Information
3.1 STEEL CONDUIT AND TUBING Steel RMC can have a primary coating of zinc, a
combination of zinc and organic coatings, or a nonmetallic
The wall thickness and strength of steel make RMC, IMC, coating with or without zinc (such as PVC). Other
and EMT the wiring methods recognized as providing the supplementary coatings can be applied where additional
most mechanical protection to the enclosed wire corrosion protection is needed.
conductors. Additionally, a properly installed steel RMC, IMC
or EMT system is recognized by the NEC as providing its (NOTE: Contact suppliers with product-specific questions).
own equipment grounding path. Special installation practices and tools are generally
required for working with PVC-coated products. These
3.1.1 STEEL RIGID METAL CONDUIT — RMC practices are covered in Section 6.
(FERROUS METAL) Steel RMC is the heaviest-weight and thickest-wall steel
(NOTE: While the scope of the National Electrical Code conduit. Where galvanized by the hot-dip process, it has a
Article for Rigid Metal Conduit — Type RMC includes coating of zinc on both the inside and outside. Electro-
conduits manufactured from aluminum, stainless steel, galvanized rigid has a coating of zinc on the exterior only,
red brass or other metals, they are not covered by with corrosion-resistant organic coatings on the interior.
this guideline.) Steel RMC with alternate corrosion protection generally has
organic coatings on both the exterior and the interior
Steel Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC) is a listed taper-threaded
surfaces. Galvanized RMC has no temperature limitations
metal raceway of circular cross section with a straight
and can be used indoors, outdoors, underground, concealed
tapped coupling (see Figure 1) or an integral fitting (see
or exposed. RMC with coatings that are not zinc-based
Figure 4).
sometimes has temperature limitations or is not listed for
Threads are protected on the uncoupled end by color- use in environmental air spaces; consult manufacturers’
coded thread protectors which keep them clean and sharp listings and markings.
and aid in trade size recognition. Steel RMC is available in
trade sizes 1/2 through 6. Thread protectors for trade sizes 1, 3.1.2 INTERMEDIATE METAL CONDUIT — IMC
2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are color-coded blue; trade sizes 1/2, 11/2, 21/2,
(FERROUS METAL)
31/2 are black, and trade sizes 3/4 and 11/4 are red. (See Table 1
for Metric Trade Size Designators.) The nominal finished (NOTE: Stainless steel IMC is not covered by this guideline)
length of RMC with coupling is 10 feet (3.05m). Longer or Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC) is a listed taper-threaded
shorter lengths of threaded or unthreaded conduit are also metal raceway of circular cross section with a straight
permitted with or without a coupling. tapped coupling (see Figure 2) or an integral fitting (see
Figure 4). Threads are protected on the uncoupled end by
color-coded thread protectors which keep them clean and
sharp, and aid in trade size recognition. IMC is available in
trade sizes 1/2 through 4. Thread protectors for trade sizes 1,
2, 3, 4, are color-coded orange; trade sizes 1/2, 11/2, 21/2, 31/2 are
yellow; and trade sizes 3/4 and 11/4 are green. (See Table 1 for
Metric Trade Size Designators.) The nominal finished length
of IMC with coupling is 10 feet (3.05m).

IMC has a reduced wall thickness and weighs about one-

third less than RMC. The outside has a zinc based coating
and the inside has an organic corrosion-resistant coating.
IMC is interchangeable with steel RMC. Both have threads
with a 3/4 inch per foot (1 in 16) taper; use the same
couplings and fittings; have the same support
requirements; and are permitted in the same locations.

Figure 1: Steel Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC)

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 6

Figure 2: Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC) Figure 4: EMT, IMC and RMC with integral coupling

3.1.3 ELECTRICAL METALLIC TUBING — EMT 3.2 MANUFACTURED ELBOWS, NIPPLES,

(FERROUS METAL) AND COUPLINGS
(NOTE: Stainless steel and Aluminum EMT are not covered
by this guideline.) 3.2.1 FACTORY ELBOWS
Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT), also commonly called thin- Elbows are bent sections of conduit or tubing used to
wall, is a listed steel raceway of circular cross section which change raceway direction or bypass obstructions. IMC and
is unthreaded, and nominally 10 feet (3.05m) long (see RMC elbows are threaded on each end. Elbows of the
Figure 3). The outside corrosion protection is zinc-based correct type and dimensions are an important element of
and the inside has an organic corrosion-resistant coating. the raceway installation.
Trade sizes are 1/2 through 4. (See Table 1 for Metric Trade
Factory-made elbows in both standard and special radius
Size Designators.) EMT is installed by use of set-screw or
are readily available for all sizes of steel RMC, IMC, and EMT.
compression-type couplings and connectors. EMT is
Elbows with integral couplings are available in trade sizes
permitted to have an integral coupling.
21/2 through 4. Specialized large radius elbows, often
Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT) is available in various referred to as “sweeps,” are also available. They are custom
factory-applied colors. ordered to solve various installation problems. Some typical
uses of sweeps are to facilitate easier wire pulling, install
conduit in limited or geometrically difficult spaces, provide
specific stub-up length, or ease installation of
communication or fiber optic cables.

Physical dimensions of factory-made elbows for RMC, IMC,

and EMT vary between manufacturers. When installing
factory elbows for a job, being aware of this variability can
avoid installation problems. Always measure to be safe. To
order factory elbows, you need to specify the raceway type,
trade size, and angle of bend. If ordering a special radius
elbow, the radius will also have to be specified.

3.2.2 NIPPLES
A nipple is a short length of conduit or tubing material
which is used to extend the system. Nipples are used
Figure 3: Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT) between conduit and items such as (but not limited to)
fittings, boxes, and enclosures or between two boxes, two
enclosures, etc. When nipples are used to extend a conduit
3.1.4 PVC-COATED CONDUIT
run to an enclosure, box, etc., the percentage wire fill
(See Section 6) requirements shown in Chapter 9, Table 1 of the NEC apply;
for example, 40-percent fill for three or more conductors.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 7

 Table 1: Metric Trade Size Designators 3.2.3 COUPLINGS AND INTEGRAL FITTINGS
for RMC, IMC, and EMT Each length of steel RMC and IMC is furnished with a
*English Trade Size Metric Designator coupling on one end. This conduit coupling is included in
the UL conduit standards. Additional couplings may be
1/2 16 purchased separately.
3/4 21 Steel RMC and IMC are also available with integral
1 27 couplings. These integral couplings are listed to the UL
fitting standard UL 514B which permits make-up by turning
11/4 35
the fitting rather than the conduit (see Figure 4). EMT with
11/2 41 an integral is also available.
2 53 For threadless fittings for use with RMC, IMC, and EMT,
21/2 63 see section 4.3.

3 78
31/2 91
4 103
5 129
6 155

*Identifier only; not an actual dimension

When a nipple is installed between boxes, enclosures, etc.

and the nipple does not exceed 24 inches (610 mm), wire fill
is permitted to be 60%. Factory-made RMC nipples are
threaded on both ends and are readily available in all sizes
in lengths 12 inches (305 mm) and under. Longer lengths
are available by special order or may be field-fabricated.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 8

4. General Installation Practices
(NOTE: See Section 6 for installation practices for PVC- indicate worn dies. If inspection shows this to be true,
coated conduit and fittings.) see Annex A for procedure to change dies.

c. To adjust the dies, loosen the screws or locking collar

4.1 CONDUIT CUTTING AND that hold the cutting dies in the head. When the
THREADING GUIDELINES screws or collar are loosened, the dies should move
freely away from the head.
Close attention to measuring the exact length of conduit
needed is important for a quality installation. d. Screw the die head onto the threaded portion of a
factory-threaded nipple or factory-threaded conduit
4.1.1 CUTTING AND THREADING STEEL RMC until the die fits the factory thread. If the die head has
an adjusting lever, set the head to cut a slightly
AND IMC
oversized thread.
(NOTE: Although coupling threads are straight tapped,
conduit threads are tapered.) (NOTE: This will ordinarily be one thread short of being
flush with the face of a thread gauge when the gauge
Field threading is to be performed in accordance with the is hand tight. This is within the tolerance limits which
following procedures unless manufacturer’s instructions allow the thread to be one thread short or long of
differ. The operating and safety instructions should be read being flush with the gauge face.)
and understood prior to operating the equipment.
e. Tighten the screws or locking collar so that the dies are
tightly held in the head.

f. Remove the set-up piece of threaded conduit. The die

is ready for use.

g. After adjusting the dies as outlined above, proceed

as follows:

h. Cut the conduit with a saw or roll cutter. Be careful to

make a straight cut (see Figure 5).

(NOTE: If the die is not started on the pipe squarely,

crooked threads will result. When using the wheel and
roll cutter to cut pipe, the cutter must be revolved
completely around the pipe. Tighten the handle about
one quarter turn after each rotation and repeat this
procedure until the pipe is cut through.)

Figure 5: Lower the roll cutter to the desired length. Tighten the
handle about one quarterture per each revolution and repeat until
conduit is cut through.

a. Use a standard 3/4 inch per foot (1 in 16) taper National

Pipe Thread (NPT) die. The threads shall be cut full and
clean using sharp dies. (See ANSI / ASME B.1.20.1-1983
(R2001) Standard for Pipe Threads, General Purpose
(Inch).

b. Do not use worn dies. Although ragged and torn

threads or threads which are not cut deep enough can
be caused by poor threading practices; they can also
Figure 6: The roll cutter will leave a burr on the inside diameter of the
conduit. The burr must be removed to ensure that the wire insulation
will not be damaged during pulling.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 9

Figure 7: Insert the (flute) reamer into work piece and rotate until Figure 8: A minimal amount of pressure will remove the burr
burr is removed. completely and eliminate possible flaring of the conduit end.

Figure 9: When proper thread length is achieved, the end of the Figure 10: Wire brush the threads to remove any shavings or debris.
conduit becomes flush with the ends of the die segments.

i. After cutting and prior to threading, ream the interior l. Thread one thread short of the end of the chaser.
and remove sharp edges from the exterior (see Figures
(NOTE: It is a good practice to thread one thread short
6, 7 and 8).
to prevent butting of conduit in a coupling and allow
(NOTE: Reaming the conduit after threading will the coupling to cover all of the threads on the conduit
stretch or flare the end of the conduit.) when wrench tight.)

j. To start a universal die head, press it against the m. Back the die head off and clean the chips from the
conduit end with one hand and turn the stock with the thread (see Figure 10).
other (see Figures 10 and 11). With a drop head die, the
stock remains stationary and the head rotates. After
4.1.2 IMPORTANCE OF THREAD LENGTH
the dies have engaged for a thread or two, they will
feed along without pressure. The length of the thread is important and the applicable UL
requirements specify the manufactured length of the
k. Stop the cutting as soon as the die has taken hold and thread and the tolerance. A ring gauge is used to determine
apply thread cutting oil freely to the dies and the area the correct thread length at the factory (see Figures 11 and
to be threaded (see Figure 9). 12). Good practice is to thread the conduit one thread short.
(NOTE: Frequent flooding of the dies with a good This is to prevent conduit from butting inside the coupling.
grade of cutting oil will further safeguard against poor This practice will permit a good electrical connection
threads. The oil keeps the material lubricated and between the conduits and couplings.
ensures a smoother cut by reducing friction and heat.
Insufficient cutting oil will also cause ragged threads.
The flow of the cutting fluid to the die head should be
such that the cutting surfaces of the die segments are
flooded. As a general rule, there is no such thing as too
much oil at the die head.)

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 10

To insure that the threads are properly engaged, the
coupling should be made up hand-tight, then wrench
tightened. Generally, wrench-tightening should not exceed
three additional threads (see Figure 13). It should never be
necessary to use an extension handle on a wrench to make
up a tight joint. The only time an extension handle should
be used is to dismantle a stubborn joint in an existing line.

A simple rule regarding the use of tools is to select the right

type and the right size. The proper size wrench for a given
conduit size trade is indicated in Table 2.

4.1.3 PROTECTION OF FIELD CUT THREADS

NEC Section 300.6 (A) requires that where corrosion
Figure 12: A proper thread should be free from chips or tears over the
protection is necessary and the conduit is threaded in the
entire length.
field, the thread shall be coated with an approved
electrically-conductive, corrosion resistant compound (see
Figure 20). Coatings for this purpose, listed under UL
4.1.4 CUTTING EMT
category “FOIZ” are available. Zinc-rich paint or other Cut the EMT square using a hack saw or band saw. Do not
coatings acceptable to the AHJ may be used. use roll-type tubing cutters.

(NOTE: Corrosion protection is provided on factory-cut (NOTE: Roll-type cutters require reaming which flares the
threads at time of manufacturing. Conduit, elbows, or wall of EMT, making fittings difficult to install.)
nipples that are threaded anywhere other than at the
A tool designed for the purpose is best for reaming the
factory where the product was listed are considered
inside of EMT. Where side cutter pliers or other general
field cut.)
tools are used, take special care not to flare the ends.
Table 2: Proper Wrench Size
Conduit Trade Size Wrench Size
4.2 BENDING GUIDELINES
The variety of electrical installations makes field bending
under 1/2 10"
necessary. While a full range of factory elbows are readily
1/2 12" available, they do not address the variability of stubs, back-
3/4–11/4 14" to-back, offset, and saddle bends encountered in the field-
routing of conduit and EMT. These most commonly-used
11/2 18" types of bends can be quickly, efficiently, and economically
2–2 1/2 24" made by a knowledgeable and experienced installer. The
skills needed to obtain a level of proficiency are readily
3–4 36"
learned and require knowledge of basic mathematics,
5–6 48" industry terminology and bending tools. Manufacturers of
bending equipment publish manuals for each specific
bender model which provide excellent in-depth information
on bending conduit. The information in this section is
supplemental to that provided by the manufacturers.
Contact bender manufacturers for complete information.

4.2.1 GENERAL INFORMATION

a. Read and understand all the bender manufacturers’
operating and safety instructions before operating
their equipment.

b. It is extremely important that the bender, its

components and accessories are matched to the
conduit type and size being bent because of the forces
being applied. When using a power bender, it is
important that pins are in the proper pin holes for the
Figure 11: Threads should be checked with a NPT-L1 threaded ring conduit size.
gauge to ensure proper make up.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 11

 c. Although the National Electric Code allows up to 360 4.2.2 BENDING STEEL RMC
degrees between pulling points, using as few bends as
(NOTE: Benders recommended for a larger size range may
possible, and none exceeding 90 degrees, will make
be capable of bending some sizes below their primary
wire pulling easier. The fewer total degrees between
range if so equipped.)
pulling points and the use of shallow bends combine
to reduce the strain created by pulling wire. For multi- Trade sizes 1/2, 3/4 and 1 can be bent with a hand-type
conductor control cable and communications cable, it bender. Trade sizes 11/4 and 11/2 require a power bender or a
is recommended that runs be limited to two 90 degree mechanical ratchet-type bender. Bend trade sizes 2 and
bends (a total of 180 degrees) per EIA / TIA-569 larger on a power bender.
Commercial Building Standard for
Do not put conduit ends in the hook or bending shoe of the
Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces.
bender because thread damage and end flattening
d. Before placing the conduit in the bender, accurately will occur.
measure and mark the conduit with a thin line that
When an EMT bender is designated as suitable for bending
goes completely around the conduit. This will assure
rigid conduit, a bender shoe one trade size larger than the
the mark is visible if the conduit needs to be rotated.
conduit to be bent is to be used. Using the EMT bender will
e. The minimum radius shall comply with NEC, Chapter 9, result in a slightly larger radius.
Table 2, and the measurement shall be made to the
centerline of the bend. See EIA / TIA-569 Commercial
4.2.3 BENDING IMC
Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways
and Splices for guidance on bend radius for conduit A full shoe or universal bender is the preferred bending tool
and tubing used with communication and optical for IMC. Limit hand bending to trade sizes 1/2, 3/4, and 1. To
fiber cables. make hand bending of trade size 1 easier, use a two position
foot-pedal bender. This allows more weight to be applied
for leverage.

Trade sizes 11/4 and 11/2 require a power bender or a

mechanical ratchet-type bender. Trade sizes 2 and larger
require a power bender.

(NOTE: Benders recommended for a larger size range may

be capable of bending some sizes below its primary range if
so equipped.)

4.2.4 BENDING EMT

Use a bender of the correct trade size designed for bending
EMT. EMT trade sizes 1/2, 3/4 and 1 can be bent with hand
benders because of the thinner wall. Use a mechanical
ratchet-type bender for trade sizes 11/4 and 11/2. Use a power
Figure 13: The coupling must be assembled wrench tight. bender for trade sizes 2 and larger.

(NOTE: Bending EMT in an oversized EMT bender will flatten

f. Where hand benders do not have degree markings, the bend and possibly kink the tube.)
degrees of bend shall be measured to the inner edge When making a short radius bend, straightening stubs in
of the conduit; the surface that fits in the groove. concrete, or applying greater than normal stress to bend 1/2
g. Where it is necessary to compensate for spring back, or 3/4 EMT, place a mandrel into the EMT to support the wall.
slightly over-bend. Any object that can be inserted to support the wall and is
flexible enough to be bent and is removable can be used. A
h. When using a hand bender, choose a solid, flat surface. spring, rope, or hose are typical items used. Use a lubricant
Pin the conduit firmly to the surface with steady foot to aid in extracting the mandrel.
pressure sufficient to keep the conduit and bender
marks aligned and the conduit nestled in the groove Knocked-down EMT stubs which can be bent using a hand
throughout the full arc of the bend. bender (1/2 through 1) can be straightened by placing the
bender handle over the stub and pulling back to the
desired position. If kinked, insert a drift-pin, working it back
and forth while inserting; this should force the tube back
to round.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 12

To shift the position of a stub of a vertical run when the stub sometimes referred to as “Raintight”.
is slightly out of line, remove handle from bender and place
A threadless fitting designed for use in wet locations that
bender head on the EMT with the step-end of bender down.
requires a gasket or sealing ring installed between the
Brace bender head with your foot and apply pressure
fitting and a box shall be installed only with the specific
against tube and pull. Over-bend the stub slightly beyond
component marked on the fitting’s smallest unit shipping
the intended position to compensate for spring-back.
container.
Place handle back into bender and bend to desired
vertical position. (NOTE: “Wet Locations” or “Liquidtight” fittings are not
necessarily suitable for use in applications where
When a stub or horizontal run is located close to the floor,
submersion in water is expected. ”Wet Locations” fittings
remove concrete from around the EMT raceway. Put the
are not necessarily considered “Liquidtight. “Liquidtight”
bender in the stub with the step-end down, brace with your
fittings are intended for use in typical wet locations and
foot and bend.
also in “wet” industrial environments which may contain
(NOTE: If step-end is not down, the bender could get machine oils and coolants.)
wedged during the bending process.)
RMC and IMC fittings for use in industrial applications
To bend EMT coming out of a wall, remove handle and involving sprayed mineral oils and coolants are marked
insert a close nipple. Thread a 90 degree pipe elbow onto “Liquidtight” on the fitting or its smallest unit shipping
the nipple and thread the handle into the elbow. The container. Threadless fittings intended for embedment in
handle will parallel the bender center. This provides poured concrete are marked “Concrete-tight” or “Concrete-
clearance to swing the handle down to make the bend. tight when taped” or ”Wet Locations” on the fitting’s
smallest unit shipping container.
4.3 FITTINGS FOR USE WITH STEEL RMC, (NOTE: Taping is adequate to prevent the entrance of
IMC, AND EMT concrete aggregate into the raceway or box. Concrete
aggregate consists of cement combined with inert material
(NOTE: See Section 6 for PVC-coated conduit)
such as coarse sand. When hardened, such aggregate may
be abrasive and might pose a risk to abrade conductor
4.3.1 SIZE AND RACEWAY TYPE insulation or effectively reduce the area inside the raceway.
Before installing a fitting or a raceway support, review the Fittings listed as”Wet Locations” are also “Concrete-tight”.
packaging labels containing specific applications for The term “Raintight” has been removed from UL 514B as the
which the fitting or raceway support is recommended result of NEC changes that removed the term in reference
and / or listed. to EMT and Rigid fittings. The term “Wet Locations” is
now required.)
(NOTE: Do not take applications for granted. Many fitting
designs look the same but may contain subtle construction
differences designed to enhance performance in particular 4.3.2.2 EXPANSION AND DEFLECTION FITTINGS
applications. Listed fittings contain required, informative Expansion fittings shall be installed where significant
markings and any specific conditions for use. For specific temperature differentials are anticipated. When conduit is
selection and installation guidelines, consult NEMA FB2.10, installed as outdoor raceway spans between buildings,
“Selection and Installation Guidelines for Fittings for Use attached to bridges, on rooftops, etc., where expansion and
with Nonflexible Metallic Conduit and Tubing”.) contraction would result from the direct heat of the sun
coupled with significant temperature drops at night, the
Fittings and raceway supports shall be used only with
full coefficient of expansion shall be applied in determining
conduit of the trade size indicated on the fitting or raceway
the need for expansion fittings. Table 3 shows length
support or its smallest unit shipping container.
changes for steel conduit and tubing at selected
temperature differentials.
4.3.2 FITTINGS FOR SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
(NOTE: Where the conduit is not exposed to the direct heat
Threadless fittings intended for use in wet locations are of the sun, expansion fittings are not generally necessary
marked “Wet locations” on the fitting or its smallest unit because the coefficients of expansion for steel and common
shipping container. Fittings marked “Raintight” are suitable building materials are so similar. In conduit or tubing runs
for use in “Wet Locations”. ”Wet Locations” fittings are where expansion fittings are installed, provisions shall be
made for the raceway to slide through the supports so that

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 13

when expansion or contraction occurs it will allow the fitting tightened for 20 lbf-in and No. 6 fittings are tightened
to open and close properly. One way to accomplish this is to to 12 lbf-in. After being tightened to this torque value,
place a short sleeve over the raceway at each support large the fittings are subjected to several performance tests
enough to allow the raceway to move freely with normal including a pull out test ranging from 200 lbf to 1000
expansion and size support clamps to the sleeve size.) lbf. Performance of the fitting may be reduced by
over- or under-torqueing the fitting’s securement
Strong consideration should be given to the use of
means.)
deflection fittings or other approved means when crossing
a construction joint used in buildings, bridges, parking
garages, or other structures. Structural construction joints Tightening Torque Values for Compression Type Fittings
will experience shear and lateral loads due to gravity, Recommended Force Used During UL
Fitting Trade Size
expansion and contraction and movement of the structure. Tightening Torque (lbf-in) Certification Pull Test
Where significant expansion is expected, expansion fittings
1/2 300 1334 N (300 lbf)
can be installed in-line with a deflection fitting or a
combination expansion / deflection fitting can be used. 3/4 500 2002 N (450 lbf)
1 700 2668 N (600 lbf)
1 1/4 1000 3114 N (700 lbf)
1 1/2 1200 3559 N (800 lbf)
2 1600 4450 N (1000 lbf)
2 1/2 1600 4450 N (1000 lbf)
3 1600 4450 N (1000 lbf)

4.3.3.2 SET-SCREW TYPE

The length of screws provided with set-screw type fittings
varies. The appropriate torque for some designs is reached
Figure 14A: Expansion fitting. when the head of the screw touches a screw boss on the
fitting. This cannot be universally relied upon, however.
Screws on certain fitting designs, particularly larger trade
4.3.3 INSTALLING FITTINGS sizes, can offer more than one tightening option including
screwdriver (Slot, Phillips, or Robertson-square drive) and
bolt head for wrench application (hex or square). Greater
4.3.3.1 THREADLESS FITTINGS mechanical advantage and torque can generally be
Threadless fittings shall not be assembled to threaded RMC achieved with a wrench. Where tightening options for both
or IMC unless specifically recommended by the fitting screwdriver and wrench application are offered, torque
manufacturer. Where threadless fittings are to be should be limited to that which can be applied by
assembled to steel RMC, IMC and EMT, conduit ends shall: the screwdriver.

a. have squarely cut ends, free of internal and external

burrs, and circular form as provided from the factory, 4.3.3.3 COMPRESSION (GLAND) TYPE
b. be free from dirt or foreign matter on the surface of Generally, most compression gland nuts achieve maximum
the conduit to be inserted into the fitting, and securement after hand tightening and then wrench
tightening one or two additional turns.
c. have the ends of the conduit or tubing assembled
flush against the fitting’s end stop. Careful
consideration shall be given to the torque applied to
the fitting’s securement means.

(NOTE: All threadless fittings listed to UL 514B are

tightened to a specific torque value which can be seen
in the table below for compression type fittings. All set-
screw fittings except for No. 8 or No. 6 fittings are
tightened to a torque of 35 lbf-in. No. 8 fittings are

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 14

 Table 3: Expansion Characteristics of Steel Conduit and Tubing
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion = 0.65 x 10 -5in. / in. / °F*
Temperature Length Change Temperature Length Change Temperature Length Change Temperature Length Change
Changes in Steel Conduit Changes in Steel Conduit Changes in Steel Conduit Changes in Steel Conduit
Degrees F in. / 100 feet Degrees F in. / 100 feet Degrees F in. / 100 feet Degrees F in. / 100 feet

5 0.04 55 0.43 105 0.82 155 1.21

10 0.08 60 0.47 110 0.86 160 1.25
15 0.12 65 0.51 115 0.90 165 1.29
20 0.16 70 0.55 120 0.94 170 1.33
25 0.20 75 0.59 125 0.98 175 1.37
30 0.23 80 0.62 130 1.01 180 1.40
35 0.27 85 0.66 135 1.05 185 1.44
40 0.31 90 0.70 140 1.09 190 1.48
45 0.35 95 0.74 145 1.13 195 1.52
50 0.39 100 0.78 150 1.17 200 1.56

* A fine print note in section 300.7(B) of the NEC® refers the user to the expansion characteristics of PVC, Table 352.44(A) for rigid non-metallic
conduit and suggests multiplying the lengths in that table by 0.20 in order to obtain a nominal number for steel conduit. Since the
coefficient of steel conduit is between 2–3 times less than that of PVC conduit you would need more expansion fittings for PVC conduit, for a
given temperature and length than for steel conduit. We have used the coefficient of expansion of steel, rather than the 0.20 multiplier, to
calculate the exact length of change figures in Table 3.

Prior to embedment in poured concrete, all threadless and application environments will determine the
fittings, including those marked “Concrete-tight,” shall be appropriate support options and securement hardware.
taped adequately to prevent the entrance of concrete Project specifications normally calculate support
aggregate where they will be embedded more than 24 requirements based on the minimum spacing intervals
inches or where the pour area will be subjected to a given in the NEC. Using closer support intervals than are
concrete vibrator. Tape shall be applied after the fitting is required by the NEC is an acceptable option to heavier
assembled and secured to the conduit. supports and mounting hardware in some applications.)

Properly align the raceway, fittings, and knockouts to

4.3.3.4 THREADED FITTINGS provide secure mechanical and electrical connections.
Threaded joints, both fitting to conduit and fitting to Allow sufficient conduit length to complete engagement of
threaded integral box entries, shall be made up the conduit and fittings at joints and entries.
wrenchtight. Conduit bushings shall not be used to secure threaded RMC
(NOTE: Avoid excessive force. Generally a force equivalent to or IMC to a box or enclosure. A locknut shall always be
hand-tight plus one full turn with an appropriate tool is assembled between a conduit bushing and the inside of
recommended. This should assure engagement of at least the box or enclosure.
three full threads.) EMT connectors are permitted to be assembled into
Conduit bodies generally have an integral bushing to threaded entries of boxes, conduit bodies or internally
provide a smooth surface for conductors when pulled. This threaded fittings having tapered threads (NPT). EMT fittings
bushing is often mistaken for a conduit end stop. It is not designed to NEMA FB 1 “Fittings, Cast Metal Boxes, and
necessary that the conduit be inserted flush against this Conduit Bodies for Conduit and Cable Assemblies,” have
bushing to assure a secure joint. straight threads (NPS). Threaded openings where these
fittings are intended to be used are permitted to have
either tapered (NPT) or straight (NPS) threads. Care should
4.3.4 ATTACHMENT TO BOXES AND SUPPORT be taken to ensure that the threaded entry will
Prior to attachment to a box, enclosure or a threadless accommodate a minimum of 3 full engaged threads of
coupling, RMC, IMC and EMT shall be supported at intervals the fitting.
required by the NEC, using raceway supports intended for
Where a locknut is provided with a fitting as the means of
the purpose and secured by hardware acceptable to the
securement to a box or enclosure, the locknut is to be
local jurisdiction.
secured by hand-tightening to the enclosure plus 1/4 turn
(NOTE: The variability of mounting surfaces, expected loads, using an appropriate tool.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 15

(NOTE: While securing the locknut, take care to avoid sizes 1/2 through 1 are permitted to be supported by
excessive pressure when gripping the body of the fitting is nail-straps in wood framing members.
necessary.)
b. Steel conduit / tubing mounted on metal framing
Do not rely upon locknuts to penetrate nonconductive members: One-hole straps, two-hole straps, conduit
coatings on enclosures. Coatings shall be removed in the hangers or similar products intended for the purpose,
locknut contact area prior to raceway assembly to assure a fastened with metal screws or rivets. When using
continuous ground path is achieved. Touch up bare area as clamp-on supports, add screws, rivets, beam clamps, or
needed after installation. similar means for extra support, unless the clamp-on
supports are the hammer-on or press-on type.
4.3.5 VERIFICATION OF INSTALLATION c. Steel conduit / tubing run through openings in metal
After the raceway is fully installed and supported, and prior or wood studs: Such openings can be used for support
to installing conductors in the raceway, all fittings and where the openings are no more than 10 feet apart.
locknuts shall be re-examined for secureness (see 5.5). Secure fastening at termination points is still required.
Be sure to secure the conduit or tubing to the framing
member where the raceway transitions to vertical and
4.4 SUPPORT OF STEEL CONDUIT / TUBING within three feet of the termination, as required by
Support and securely fasten all raceways in place in the NEC.
accordance with NEC requirements. d. Steel conduit / tubing suspended below ceilings or
structural members such as beams, columns, or
4.4.1 SUPPORTING purlins, or in ceiling cavities: These raceways are best
supported by lay-in pipe hangers. The pipe hangers are
Follow all Code requirements for spacing of supports and
to be supported by threaded rod, which is, in turn,
frequency of securing RMC, IMC and EMT. The requirement
fastened in place by beam clamps or similar devices.
to securely fasten raceways within the specified distance
Strut-type channel can also provide secure support.
from each “termination point” includes, but is not limited
Raceways are not permitted to lie on the suspended
to, outlet and junction boxes, device boxes, cabinets, and
ceiling. In fire-rated ceiling cavities, support by the
conduit bodies. Each raceway shall be so secured. Do not
ceiling wires is not permitted unless tested as part of
omit any supports.
the fire-rated assembly. A separate support system
(NOTE: Proper support and secure fastening protects the must be installed for the conduit / tubing. Where this
raceway joint during maintenance in the area of the system is wire, it shall be identified as the raceway
raceway; this will help ensure a continuous ground path. support. Conduit / tubing support wires must be
Good workmanship in this area improves safety for the secured at both ends. In non-fire-rated ceiling cavities,
installer, other workers and the public.) the ceiling wires can be used for support where
installed in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.
4.4.2 SECURING AND FASTENING
Raceways are permitted to be mounted directly to the e. Groups of conduit / tubing: Mount on strut-type
building structure. Assure that supporting means and their channels, and secure in place with strut-type channel
associated fasteners are compatible with the mounting straps identified for the particular channel and
surface from which they are supported. Raceway supports raceways. Channel shall be fastened in place by means
shall be installed only on conduit of the trade size indicated suitable to the mounting surface.
on the fitting or its smallest unit shipping container. f. Support at new concrete pours: In these cases, place
The following supporting and fastening methods are approved channel inserts into the concrete pour.
recommended (also see 4.3.4 “Note”): Raceways will be mounted to the channels later in the
construction process.
a. Steel conduit / tubing exposed on masonry surfaces,
plaster, drywall or wood framing members: One-hole g. Structural steel members: Where raceways are
straps, two-hole straps, conduit hangers, or similar mounted inside the web of I-beams, column-mount
products intended for the purpose, securely fastened supports are permitted to support the conduit.
with appropriate hardware. Conduit or tubing in trade

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 16

4.5 FIRESTOPPING AND FIRE BLOCKING In all cases, the raceway installer shall use materials which
assure that fire-resistance- ratings of the penetrated
Steel RMC, IMC, and EMT do not require fire resistance assembly are not degraded by the installation of a
ratings. Fire resistance ratings apply only to assemblies in raceway system.
their entirety. Building codes consider steel conduit and
tubing to be non-combustible. Fire testing is not required
by the UL standard to which these products are listed, 4.5.2 PENETRATION OF NON-FIRE-RATED
however, steel RMC, IMC and EMT have been exposed at UL ASSEMBLIES
to the ASTM E119 time temperature curve for up to four In non-fire-rated assemblies, when noncombustible
hours in duration. This was done during testing of annular penetrating items such as steel conduit and EMT connect
space filler and the temperature reached almost 2000 not more than three stories, the space around the
degrees F. The conduit / tubing was still intact at the end of penetration must be filled with an approved
the test. This information is contained in a report entitled noncombustible material to resist the passage of flames
Annular Space Protection of Openings Created by and products of combustion. This is called fireblocking.
Penetrations of Tubular Steel Conduit — a review of UL
Special Services Investigation Investigations File NC546 If the penetrant connects not more than two stories, the
Project 90NK111650, which is available for downloading at annular space filler does not have to be noncombustible,
steelconduit.org. Since the conduit / tubing was tested but it must be an approved material that resists the page of
without conductors, the condition of the insulation of the flame the products of combustion.
conductors within cannot be verified when subjected to
that temperature. 4.5.3 THERMAL PROTECTION OF STEEL RACEWAYS
The NEC and local or state code requirements for fire
4.5.1 PENETRATION OF FIRE-RESISTANCE-RATED protection of emergency systems and fire-pump circuits be
ASSEMBLIES reviewed prior to installing these circuits. Local codes
The raceway installer shall determine if the walls, floors, or sometimes vary from the NEC. Steel raceways withstand
ceilings are fire-rated prior to installing raceway systems. fire; however, ordinary conductor insulation melts when
Penetration openings shall be properly filled for fire safety, exposed to elevated temperatures and a short circuit can
using approved materials. The NEC and building codes be created. This is the reason for special protection of
require that openings around raceways which penetrate a emergency and fire-pump circuits.
fire-resistance-rated assembly be sealed to prevent the Methods of thermal protection include putting the conduit /
spread of fire and smoke from one area migrating into tubing in a fire-rated enclosure such as a chase (horizontal
another. (NOTE: This can be accomplished by use of a listed or vertical), embedding in concrete, using a listed wrap
penetration firestop system, or by use of annular space filler system for protection from fire or using circuit integrity
in accordance with building code exceptions.) There are cables within conduit as part of a listed Electrical Circuit
many listed penetration firestop systems which can be used Protective System. (See UL Fire Resistance Directories
with steel conduit / tubing to seal openings; the listing (Category FHIT).
instructions shall be strictly followed.
(NOTE: Fire wraps can affect the temperature of the
(NOTE: It is often incorrectly assumed that if steel conduit or conductors and the need for ampacity derating must be
EMT penetrates a fire-resistance-rated assembly, these determined. It is also important to determine that the
products also must be “fire-resistance-rated.” Steel conduit support system is protected and will withstand the
and EMT are noncombustible and do not require a “fire fire exposure.)
resistance rating”. The codes require that the annular space
around the steel conduit be properly filled so that the fire- The NEC does not require these thermal protection
resistance-rating of the assembly is maintained.) methods for emergency systems where conduit is installed
in a fully sprinklered building. Local codes shall be
Most building codes permit openings around steel RMC, consulted and the requirements of the applicable code
IMC, and EMT that are penetrating concrete or masonry to and / or project specification must be followed.
be filled with cement, mortar, or grout. However, since local
codes sometimes vary, the local requirements should be
checked prior to installation. Also, project specifications
often describe exactly how these openings are to be filled,
even though the codes might permit other methods.
Firestop systems listed for use with steel conduit / EMT
are permitted to fill the space surrounding the conduit
or tubing.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 17

4.6 CORROSION PROTECTION a. A factory-applied coating which is additional to the
primary coating for conduit or tubing.
Steel RMC, IMC and EMT are typically galvanized to provide
excellent corrosion protection. Sometimes supplementary b. A coating of bitumen.
corrosion protection is required if the installation is in a c. Paints approved for the purpose. Zinc-rich paints or
“severely corrosive” environment. See Sections 4.6.1 through acrylic, urethane or weather stable epoxy-based resins
4.6.4 below for information on these types of environments are frequently used. Oil-based or alkyd paints should
and recommended supplementary protection methods. not be used. Surface preparation is important for
Specifics on installing steel conduit with a factory-applied proper adherence. For best results, the conduit / EMT
PVC coating are contained in Section 6 of these Guidelines. should be washed, rinsed and dried. It should not be
abraded, scratched or blasted since these processes
4.6.1 INSTALLED IN SOIL could compromise the protective zinc layer. A
compatible paint primer or two coats of paint adds
Where installed in contact with soil, steel RMC and IMC
protection.
do not generally require supplementary corrosion
protection unless: d. Tape wraps approved for the application. Wraps must
overlap and cover the entire surface of the
a. Soil resistivity is less than 2000 ohm-centimeter or
conduit / EMT and all associated fittings. Shrink wraps
b. Local experience has confirmed that the soil is are available that will protect the conduit and fittings
extremely corrosive. The authority having jurisdiction without requiring a heat source.
has the authority to determine the need for
e. Couplings and fittings can also be shrink-wrapped.
additional protection.

(NOTE: Soils producing severe corrosive effects have

4.7. EQUIPMENT GROUNDING USING
low electrical resistivity, expressed in ohm centimeters.
Local electric utilities commonly measure the
STEEL CONDUIT
resistivity of soils. The authority having jurisdiction has
the authority to determine the necessity for 4.7.1 STEEL CONDUIT AS EQUIPMENT GROUNDING
additional protection. CONDUCTOR
EMT in direct contact with the soil generally requires Steel RMC, IMC and EMT are recognized by the NEC as
supplementary corrosion protection. However, local equipment grounding conductors. Using a supplemental
experience in some areas of the country has shown this to equipment grounding conductor in the form of a copper,
be unnecessary. aluminum, or copper-clad aluminum conductor in addition
to the raceway is a design decision, except where the NEC
requires it in some specific installations such as patient care
4.6.2 TRANSITION FROM CONCRETE TO SOIL areas in NEC 517.13. Steel conduit is the main equipment
Where steel RMC, IMC, and EMT emerge from concrete into grounding conductor regardless of whether a supplemental
soil, it is recommended that protection be provided a equipment grounding conductor is installed. In the event of
minimum of 4 inches on each side of the point where the a fault, the raceway will carry most of the current and
raceway emerges. In areas such as coastal regions, use the therefore must be continuous. For this reason, each raceway
same method of protection for EMT emerging from must be installed securely and with tight joints to provide
concrete into salt air to lengthen the service life. Examples mechanical and electrical continuity.
of protection include paint, tape, and shrink-tubing.
4.7.2 CONTINUITY OF GROUNDING PATH
4.6.3 INSTALLED IN CONCRETE SLAB The NEC states that the path to ground in circuits,
Where installed in a concrete slab below grade, determine if equipment and metal enclosures for conductors shall be
EMT requires supplementary protection for that location. permanent and continuous. Complying with guidelines in
RMC and IMC do not require supplementary corrosion the Fittings section 4.3 and Support section 4.4 is the major
protection in this application. factor in maintaining electrical continuity. Using less than
the NEC required supports or failing to properly tighten
joints can cause discontinuity in a raceway system, which
4.6.4 SUPPLEMENTARY PROTECTION METHODS
would result in the failure to carry a ground fault. Good
Where supplementary corrosion protection is required for installation workmanship is critical.
the conduit or EMT, the authority having jurisdiction must
pre-approve the method selected. Following are typical
methods of providing supplementary corrosion protection:

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 18

The NEC further requires that the path to ground have the 4.7.6 BONDING
capacity to safely conduct any fault current likely to be
Bonding is used to provide electrical continuity so that
imposed and have sufficiently low impedance to limit the
overcurrent devices will operate and shock hazards will not
voltage to ground to cause operation of the circuit
be present. This is the “finishing touch” for a metallic
protective device. Steel RMC, IMC and EMT are “conductors”
raceway system and close attention is to be paid to detail.
permitted to carry current in the event of a ground fault. All
All fittings, lugs, etc., shall be securely made up.
three have been tested and they all meet the NEC
requirements when properly designed and installed (see Bonding around steel raceway joints / couplings is not
Annex B). necessary when EMT, IMC, and RMC are properly made up
as recommended in this installation guideline. A secure
joint provides excellent low impedance continuity. Bonding
4.7.3 MAXIMUM LENGTH OF STEEL CONDUIT / EMT
is not required because this joint already meets the NEC
Copper, aluminum and copper-clad aluminum equipment definition of bonding.
grounding conductors must be sized according to NEC
Table 250.122. Just as with these types of ”wire” equipment Metal raceways for feeder and branch circuits operating at
grounding conductor, conduit runs and couplings must be less than 250 volts to ground shall be bonded to the box or
properly sized. The installed length of any wiring method cabinet. Do one or more of the following:
will impact the operation of the overcurrent device. In the 1. Use listed fittings.
event of a phase to neutral or phase to conduit ground
fault, the length of the particular conduit run determines 2. For steel RMC or IMC, use two locknuts one inside and
safe operation, assuming proper overcurrent protection has one outside of boxes and cabinets.
been provided. For a phase to phase fault, it is the 3. Use fittings, such as EMT connectors, with shoulders
conductor length which determines safe operation. See that seat firmly against the box or cabinet, with one
Annex B for Tables that show examples of the maximum locknut on the inside of boxes and cabinets.
run lengths for steel RMC, IMC and EMT.
(NOTE: Remove paint in locknut areas to assure a
continuous ground path. Repaint or cover any
4.7.4 CLEAN THREADS exposed area after installation is completed.)
Threads must be clean to ensure electrical continuity of the
assembled raceway system. Leave the thread protectors on 4.7.7 SERVICE RACEWAY SYSTEM BONDING
the conduit until ready to use. Wipe field-cut threads with a
clean cloth to remove excess oil and apply an electrically A service raceway system includes service equipment
conductive rust resistant coating (see 4.1.3). enclosures, meter fittings, boxes, etc., and requires special
consideration for bonding the enclosures to the raceways
where the connection relies on locknuts only. Service
4.7.5 CONTINUITY OF THE RACEWAY SYSTEM equipment must be connected with threaded bosses and
The NEC does not permit certain circuits to be grounded. fittings such as locknuts, wedges, and bushings of the
However, steel raceways and all metal parts likely to bonding type.
become energized must still have assured continuity and
Standard locknuts are not to be used on circuits over 250
be bonded together and run to a grounding electrode to
volts to ground where the raceway is terminated at
prevent electric shock.
concentric or eccentric knockouts. The raceway must be
bonded to the enclosure using the same methods as noted
above for service raceway systems; or boxes and enclosures
listed for bonding are to be used.

4.7.8 ADDITIONAL BONDING CONSIDERATIONS

Expansion fittings and telescoping sections of metal
raceways shall be listed for grounding or shall be made
electrically continuous by the use of equipment bonding
jumpers or other suitable means in accordance with
NEC 250.98.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 19

5. Specific Installation Requirements
5.1 GENERAL n. Bending shall comply with Section 4.2.

a. All exposed steel RMC, IMC and EMT shall be run o. Supports shall comply with Section 4.4.
parallel or perpendicular to walls and ceilings.

b. A sufficient number of home run conduits / tubing 5.2 PROTECTION FROM EMI
shall be installed so that excessive circuit loading will For protection against EMI, steel conduit or steel tubing
be eliminated. with steel fittings shall be used.
c. If home runs are to be concealed by the finish of the (NOTE: Steel RMC offers maximum shielding against EMI,
building (except for suspended ceilings), the minimum due to its thicker wall. IMC and EMT also have excellent
size of home run conduit and tubing shall be trade shielding capabilities. (See Annex B).
size 3/4.

d. The minimum size for steel conduit / tubing in 5.3 STEEL CONDUIT / TUBING INSTALLED
industrial occupancies shall be trade size 3/4. IN CONCRETE
(NOTE: Minimum size requirements in (c) and (d) are a. All steel conduit and EMT runs through concrete shall
to provide room for future expansion of circuits in be fully made up and secured to reinforcing rods to
locations that are difficult to access.) prevent movement during the concrete pour.

e. Overhead service conductors shall be run in steel RMC, b. Conduit and EMT stubs installed in poured floors shall
IMC or EMT. When used for mast installations be effectively closed immediately after installation.
supporting the overhead drop, EMT shall be supported Suggested means for closing are wrapping with a
by braces or guys, in accordance with NEC 225.17. heavy grade of tape, installation of a capped bushing,
or plugs designed for the purpose. Stubs shall remain
f. EMT shall not be used where damage severe enough
closed during construction, or until the raceway is
to damage the conductors within is likely to occur.
extended to a termination point.
g. Sufficient expansion fittings for the application shall be
(NOTE: This is to protect threads from damage and to
installed (see 4.3.2).
prevent debris from entering the conduit before and
h. Where corrosion protection is required, field cut after the concrete pour.)
threads shall be protected with an approved
c. Comply with Sections 4.6.2 and 4.6.3 of this document
electrically conductive, corrosion-resistant coating. For
for supplementary corrosion protection.
extended service life in wet or damp environments, it
may be desirable to also apply this coating to exposed d. Conduit shall be supported to prevent damage prior to
factory threads after installation. and during the concrete pour.

i. Steel conduit / tubing shall not be used to support e. When nonmetallic conduits / tubing are used in or
enclosures except as permitted by the NEC. under floor slabs or concrete pours, change to steel
conduit prior to exiting the floor or slab.
j. Splices or taps shall not be made inside RMC, IMC,
or EMT.
Where completion of the raceway system will be
k. All conductors and neutrals of the same circuit and all delayed, the stub shall be marked in some manner to
equipment grounding conductors shall be contained indicate a supplemental equipment grounding
within the same conduit / tubing. conductor is required because the entire run is not
metal, and therefore not electrically continuous.
(NOTE: This is extremely important in alternating
current (AC) applications.) (NOTE: This is necessary to assure that a change in
installer does not result in thinking the entire run is
l. The conduit / tubing system shall be installed
metal and, therefore, that no supplemental
complete, including tightening of joints, from
equipment grounding conductor is necessary.)
termination point to termination point prior to the
installation of conductors. f. Section 4.3.2 shall apply for requirements regarding
taping of joints in concrete.
m. Cutting and threading shall comply with Section 4.1 or
Section 6.3, as applicable.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 20

5.4 COMMUNICATION CIRCUITS 5.5 UNDERGROUND SERVICES
a. Steel conduit / tubing for low voltage or a. Where subject to physical damage, steel IMC or RMC
communications circuits shall terminate in boxes, shall be used to bring the underground service
enclosures, or wireways. conductors out of the ground to the meter
or disconnect.
b. If steel RMC. IMC or EMT raceways are installed for
future use, pull wires shall be provided and the b. Where underground service conduits enter a building,
raceways shall be plugged. they shall be sealed.

c. Stub raceways for communications circuits are (NOTE: This is done to prohibit the entry of moisture
permitted in a suspended ceiling space, basement which might accumulate due to differences in outdoor
space or similar area, rather than running the raceway and indoor temperatures and to keep ground water
unbroken from outlet to outlet. When the stub-in and rodents, etc. from entering the building.)
method is used, a connector, bushing, or other fitting
shall be installed at the end of the raceway to protect
5.6 VERIFICATION OF INSTALLATION
the cable. Pull wires are to be installed in all stub-in
raceways and provisions are to be made to prevent All steel RMC, IMC and EMT systems shall be electrically and
debris from entering the conduit or EMT. mechanically continuous, and shall be tested after
conductor installation to assure continuity. Simple
d. Bends shall be limited to two 90 degree bends. See continuity tests are permitted, but shall be made between
Section 4.2.1 (c). the service panel and the last outlet in each branch circuit.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 21

6. Installation Practices for
PVC–Coated Conduit and Fittings

There are three types of PVC-coated conduit; couplings are 6.1 TOOLS
supplied separately.
To minimize installation damage to the PVC coatings, use
1. Primary PVC coating over bare steel which is a listed tools specially designed for PVC-coated conduit or standard
rigid conduit for environmentally suitable locations. tools that have been appropriately modified for installing
The listing label will indicate the PVC coating has been PVC-coated conduit. Standard tools which have not been
investigated for primary corrosion protection. modified could damage the coatings and shall not be used
2. A PVC coating over listed galvanized steel conduit. This to install PVC-coated conduit. For repairing damage to the
is a supplementary coating intended for added PVC coating see Section 6.6.
protection in severely corrosive locations. The listing
label will indicate the PVC coating has not been 6.2 CLAMPING (VISING)
investigated for primary corrosion protection. PVC-COATED CONDUIT
3. A primary PVC coating over a primary coating of zinc. Various manufacturers offer modified jaws for use in
This is also intended for severely corrosive locations. standard vises to protect the coating (see Figure 14). When
The listing label will indicate both the zinc and PVC using either a “jaw type” or a chain type” vise, the PVC-
coatings have been investigated as primary coated conduit can also be protected by half-shell clamps.
corrosion protection. These are available as a manufactured clamp or can be
made in the field from RMC as follows.
These PVC-coated raceways are generally installed as a
system, which means the fittings, conduit bodies, straps,
hangers, boxes, etc., are also coated. There are, however,
installations where only a coated elbow is used in a
galvanized conduit run, such as where emerging from the
soil or concrete.

(NOTE: Manufacturers’ instructions are very important when

installing PVC-coated products and systems, and special
tools are generally required.)

Figure 15: Field-fabricated half shell clamps used with chain vise to
protect PVC-Coated conduit.

6.2.1 CLAMPING SLEEVES MADE FROM STEEL RMC

a. Make two half-shell pieces by first cutting two 6- inch
pieces of standard conduit one trade size larger than
the PVC-coated conduit to be clamped.

b. Use a band saw to cut the 6-inch conduit sections

Figure 14: Commercial yoke vise used to protect the PVC coating of lengthwise. Make the cut slightly off center. This
PVC-coated conduit. creates two half shells, one smaller than the other.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 22

 c. Discard the larger pieces and use the two smaller b. A standard die head must be modified (machined) for
pieces to protect the conduit in the vise. Deburr any use with PVC-coated conduit. To make this
sharp edges. Properly made clamping sleeves will have modification, the guide sleeve must be bored to allow
a gap between the two pieces when positioned on the the coated conduit to enter the die. The inside
conduit (see Figure 15). diameter must be increased by 110 mils (0.11 inch).

d. Where proper tooling for making a sleeve is not (NOTE: The PVC coating shall not be removed to allow
available, protect the PVC coating in the vise by use of standard non-machined die heads.)
wrapping the area to be clamped with sandpaper,
emery cloth or cardboard. The coarse side of emery 6.3.3 ROTATING MACHINES
cloth or sandpaper should face the PVC coating.
a. Rotating machines with jaws that cut through the PVC
(NOTE: This is the least desirable method and should coating shall not be used.
be avoided by planning ahead.)
b. Long strips of metal or PVC from the threading can

6.3 CUTTING AND THREADING PVC-

COATED CONDUIT
For full cutting and threading instructions for PVC coated
conduit, contact the conduit manufacturer. The following
provides general guidance.

6.3.1 CUTTING AND REAMING

Cutting with a saw is the preferred method. However, a
roller cutter is acceptable providing the conduit is properly
clamped. See Section 4.1 for conduit cutting and
threading guidelines.

6.3.2 HAND THREADERS (MANUAL AND Figure 17: Before threading PVC-coated conduit, make a series of
MOTORIZED) cuts along the axis of the conduit to break-up threading chip.

a. If PVC-coated conduit is cut with a hacksaw or a band

saw, and a hand-threader is used, trim the coating at foul the die head and collapse the conduit. Make a
an angle all the way around the conduit before series of longitudinal cuts in the PVC coating (i.e., along
threading. This is sometimes called pencil cut or bevel the conduit), in the area to be threaded, to permit the
cut and enables the die teeth on the threader to removal of PVC in small pieces and avoid fouling the
engage the conduit (see Figure 16). Be sure to follow die head. The thread protector can be used as a length
the instructions in 6.2.1 for clamping conduit, and guide for the cuts (see Figure 17).
ensure that the conduit is securely held in the vise.
c. Following the cutting operation, use a reamer to
remove rough edges (see Figure 18).

6.3.4 THREAD PROTECTION

The NEC requires in 300.6 that where corrosion protection is
necessary and the conduit is threaded in the field, the
thread shall be coated with an approved electrically-
conductive, corrosion resistant compound (see Figure 20).

Coatings for this purpose, listed under UL category “FOIZ”

are available. Zinc-rich paint or other coatings acceptable to
the AHJ may be used. (NOTE: Corrosion protection is
provided on factory-cut threads at time of manufacturing.)

Figure 16: Utility knife used to apply “pencil-cuts” to PVC coating to

allow the conduit easier entrance into the cutting die.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 23

Figure 18: Using reamer to remove rough edges of cut Figure 20: Application of UL listed electrically conductive occasion
PVC-coated conduit. protection compound on field-cut threads.

6.4 BENDING PVC-COATED CONDUIT b. Trade sizes 2 and larger should be bent with a
Manufactured elbows are available in a variety of radii. For hydraulic bender.
field-bending, do the following: c. Do not use lubricants on bending shoes.

6.4.1 HAND BENDING OF SMALL CONDUIT SIZES 6.4.3 HYDRAULIC BENDERS

To bend PVC-coated conduit, use an EMT bender one trade a. Most manufacturers of hydraulic benders offer special
size larger than the conduit being bent. This is to avoid shoes for PVC-coated conduit. Use these special shoes
damaging the coating. For example, to bend trade size 3/4 when possible.
PVC-coated conduit, use a trade size 1 EMT bender.
b. If regular shoes are used, their sides must be modified
to allow for the coating thickness. Some installers have
6.4.2 BENDING COATED CONDUIT done this by grinding or milling. Such modification is
a. A bender with shoes made specifically to bend PVC- not recommended as it can create a safety hazard.
coated conduit is preferred. Otherwise, for trade sizes
1/2 through 11/2, use an electric bender (see Figure 19) 6.5 INSTALLING PVC-COATED CONDUIT
with EMT shoes one size larger than the PVC-coated
conduit. A hand bender can also be used to bend the
smaller trade sizes.
6.5.1 PIPE WRENCHES AND PLIERS
PVC-coated conduit requires special wrenches to protect
the coating. Pipe wrenches specially designed with fine
teeth are available for use with PVC-coated conduit. Strap
wrenches can also be used. Slip-joint pliers of the Channel-
Lock™ type, specially equipped with wide jaws, are also
available to protect the coating.

(NOTE: For PVC-coated conduit, wrench sizes are the same.

However, the jaw of the wrench must be specially designed
for PVC-coated conduit. If not available, a strap wrench
should be used.) Do not use ordinary slip-joint pliers or
standard pipe wrenches with PVC-coated conduit.

Figure 19: Bender with special shoes required for bending PVC-
coated conduit.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 24

6.5.2 SLEEVES ON COUPLINGS AND FITTINGS 6.6 PATCHING DAMAGED AREAS
a. Sleeves on PVC-coated conduit couplings and fittings Even when following recommended practices, the PVC
are provided to insure continuous coating protection. coating is sometimes damaged during installation. This
Protection is added because the coating is separate, destroys the coating protection and provides for entry of
not continuous, between a section and fitting. This corrosive elements. Damaged areas shall be patched,
provides protection and makes the coating more following the raceway manufacturers’ instructions.
resistant to corrosion penetration, but the coating is
not continuous.
6.7 EQUIPMENT GROUNDING AND
b. To make the sleeve softer in cold weather applications, BONDING
soak the coupling or fitting in warm water.
General considerations for equipment grounding using
c. To make installation easier, silicon sprays can be steel conduit are covered in Section 4.7. When expansion
applied to the inside diameter of the sleeve. joints are used in PVC-coated conduit systems, it is
recommended that an expansion fitting containing an
6.5.3 THREADLESS FITTINGS internal bonding jumper be used. If using an expansion
fitting without an internal bonding jumper, an external
Threadless fittings shall not be used with PVC-coated RMC bonding jumper should be installed. Generally, this will
or IMC. require removing a portion of the PVC coating from the
conduit where the jumper will be attached, installing the
6.5.4 ENGAGEMENT OF THREADS jumper, and then repairing the surrounding coating with
touch up compound provided by the manufacturer.
Since the threads are not visible because they are covered
Specific instructions from the PVC-coated conduit
by PVC sleeves, take extra care to be sure that the threads
manufacturer should be followed for proper installation.
are fully engaged and made up wrench tight.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 25

ANNEX A: Threading Conduit
Threading as a method of joining steel conduit has proven A.2 SOME CAUSES OF COMMON
to be a sound and dependable method through decades of THREADING PROBLEMS
service. Some major advantages of threaded joints are:
TORN THREADS:
1. Simple hand tools can be used to dismantle and
replace sections of existing conduit systems. 1. Improper cutting fluid

2. Conduit can be threaded in the shop or on the job site. 2. Poor cutting fluid flow
3. Dies are not ground for material being cut
3. It is a safe method to use for installations in
hazardous locations. 4. Dies are worn

4. When properly cut and made up, a threaded joint 5. Speed is too fast
retains the maximum wall and ensures 6. Material is too hard
electrical conductivity.

Successful threading requires close attention to all of the WAVY THREADS:

details. The threading operation is simple, yet precision is 1. Dies are not ground for material being cut
the key. The correct dies must be selected for the conduit
2. Dies are too tight in the die head
being threaded and the dies must be sharp. A proper
cutting lubricant must be used. Both manual and power 3. Not enough bearing
driven threading equipment are available. In general, the
nominal length of thread has been cut when the front DIES CHIPPING ON TEETH:
surfaces of the thread chasers are flush with the end of the
1. Improper cutting fluid
conduit. For all conduit sizes, the threads are cut at an angle
of 60 degrees (the angle included between the thread 2. The material is too hard
flanks). The thread tapers 1 in 16 or 3/4 inch per foot
on diameter. 3. Poor cutting fluid flow

4. Speed is too fast

A.1 CHANGING DIES
METAL FUSING TO DIES:
The necessary procedures for changing threading dies
are dependent on the specific threader being used. To 1. Improper cutting fluid
provide good workmanship, be sure to refer to the 2. Poor cutting fluid flow
manufacturer’s instructions.
3. Speed is too fast
Make certain that the machine and die head are clean. If
chips are allowed to accumulate in the machine 4. Dies are dull
components, problems will result. Occasionally disassemble
the die head and remove any accumulation of foreign DIES WEAR OUT QUICKLY:
material. This practice will increase the life of the die head 1. Improper cutting fluid
and promote better threads. When cutting threads,
occasionally check the condition of the dies. Make certain 2. Speed is too fast
the dies are not getting dull or chipped and that conduit 3. Incorrect die sharpening
material is not fusing or welding to the cutting edges. If a
problem persists with the threads that are being cut, 4. Incorrect die material used
carefully look at the threads. If the leading flank of a thread SQUEALING DURING CUTTING:
is deformed, it probably is caused by something different
than if the receding flank is deformed. If only the first few 1. Improper cutting fluid
threads are deformed, the problem is different than if the 2. Poor cutting fluid flow
deformation exists over the full length.
RAGGED OR CHATTERED THREADS:

1. Dies are getting worn out and are dull

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 26

ANNEX B: Grounding and EMI
Steel conduit and tubing have been proven to be excellent In the early 1990’s, the members of the Steel Conduit and
equipment grounding conductors, safely providing a low Tubing Section of the National Electrical Manufacturers
impedance path in the event of a ground fault on the Association (NEMA) provided funding to the Georgia
system. Steel conduit and tubing have also been proven to Institute of Technology, School of Electrical and Computer
be very effective in reducing electro-magnetic interference Engineering, to develop a computer model on grounding.
at power frequencies. Magnetic field reduction in steel The model was validated by field tests consisting of arc
conduit incased power systems is on the order of 70 to voltage testing and fault current testing on thirteen 256-
95 percent. foot runs of steel RMC, IMC, and EMT, installed with a variety
of couplings. Results of the research, conducted by Dr. A. P.
Sakis Meliopoulos, P.E. and Dr. Elias N. Glytsis, P.E., were
COMPUTER MODEL DEVELOPED
published in May 1994 as “Modeling and Testing of Steel
For the past forty years, the following excellent publications EMT, IMC, and Rigid (GRC) Conduit, Part 1.” This research
have served as key industry resources for information on was completed again with additional variables being
grounding: considered and with more advanced equipment in 2018
and 2019. This testing reaffirmed the validity of steel conduit
• R.H. “Dick” Kaufman (General Electric), GER 957A
as a grounding conductor and for use in mitigating electro-
“Some Fundamentals of Equipment Grounding
magnetic interference. Details of this updated research can
Circuit Design”, IE 1058.33 November 1954,
be found at steeltubeinstitute.org/resources/gemi-
Applications and Industry Vol. 73, Part II
analysis-research
• J. Philip Simmons, “IAEI Soares Book
This research on grounding and additional research on EMI
on Grounding”
provided the data for a software analysis program (for the
• Eustace C. Soares (Pringle Switch), “Grounding WINDOWS operating system) called GEMI, Grounding and
Electrical Distribution Systems for Safety” Electro Magnetic Interference.

The GEMI program allows the user to quickly calculate and

size equipment grounding conductors and determine a
safe run length to comply with the National Electrical Code
using steel rigid metal conduit (RMC), intermediate metal
conduit (IMC), electrical metallic tubing (EMT), and copper
or aluminum conductors. See Tables on pages 28 and 29
for examples of calculations from the GEMI software
analysis program.

It also allows the user to calculate the EMF density of a

network design for conduit enclosed circuits.

GEMI software is available from the Steel Tube Institute (STI)

or it can be downloaded from the STI Conduit Committee
web site: steeltubeinstitute.org/steel-conduit/product-
overview-benefits

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 27

The table shows examples of calculations from the GEMI (Grounding and ElectroMagnetic Interference) analysis software
program. Reprinted from Soures Book on bonding and Grounding, 10th edition, by permission of the International Association of
Electrical Inspectors.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 28

The table shows examples of calculations from the GEMI (Grounding and ElectroMagnetic Interference) analysis software program.
Reprinted from Soures Book on bonding and Grounding, 10th edition, by permission of the International Association of
Electrical Inspectors.

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 29

ANNEX C: Reference Standards
This publication, when used in conjunction with the National Electrical Code and steel conduit manufacturers’ literature,
provides sufficient information to install steel conduit. The following associations and publications may also provide useful
information:

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Annular Space Protection of Openings Created
One Batterymarch Park by Penetrations of Tubular Steel Conduit
P.O. Box 9101
Quincy, MA 02269-9101
Phone: (617) 770-3000 Modeling and Evaluation of Conduit Systems
nfpa.org for Harmonics and Electromagnetic Fields

NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (ANSI)

(Published by NFPA)
Modeling and Testing of Steel EMT, IMC, and
Rigid (GRC) Conduit

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

(NEMA)
GEMI (Grounding and ElectroMagnetic
1300 17th St. N, #900
Interference) Analysis Software
Arlington, VA 22209
Phone: (703) 841-3200
nema.org
TECH TALK Bulletins on corrosion protection,
NEMA FB 1 grounding, through penetrations, etc.
Fittings, Cast Metal Boxes, and Conduit
Bodies for Conduit and Cable Assemblies

NEMA FB 2.10
Selection and Installation Guidelines for
Fittings for use with Non-Flexible Metallic
Conduit or Tubing

Steel Tube Institute

(STI) Conduit Committee

Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 30

ABOUT STEEL TUBE INSTITUTE™
The Steel Tube Institute (STI) was founded in 1930 and sponsors cooperative member efforts to improve manufacturing
techniques for conduit and other tubular steel products and informs customers and fabricators about these products’
utility and versatility. It is headquartered in Glenview, Illinois.

ALLIED TUBE & NUCOR TUBULAR WESTERN TUBE WHEATLAND TUBE

CONDUIT PRODUCTS: REPUBLIC
P.O. Box 2720 1 Council Avenue
CONDUIT
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Harvey, IL 60426 7301 Logistics Drive TEL: (800) 310-8823 Wheatland, PA 16161
TEL: (708) 339-1610 Louisville, KY 40258 FAX: (310) 604-9785 TEL: (800) 257-8182
FAX: (708) 339-0615 TEL: (800) 840-8823 FAX: (724) 346-7260
westerntube.com
FAX: (502) 995-5873
alliedeg.us wheatland.com
nucortubular.com

©2021 Steel Tube Institute TEL: 847.461.1701

2516 Waukegan Road, Suite 172 FAX: 847.660.7981
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Guidelines for Installing Steel Conduit Tubing 31