EEE 360 Communications Systems I

Lecture Presentation 9

Aykut HOCANIN

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Eastern Mediterranean University

c Dr. Aykut HOCANIN

° 1/10 EEE 360 Communication Systems I
Eastern Mediterranean University
☞ Baseband Pulse and Digital Signaling: Sections 3.1 - 3.2 of the
textbook.
In this chapter, we will be discussing:
➣ How to convert analog waveforms into digital. e.g. PCM
➣ Investigate the spectrum of digital signals
➣ Filtering and ISI
➣ Data multiplexing. e.g. TDM
☞ Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

➣ convert an analog signal into a pulse-type signal

➣ the amplitude of the pulse denotes the analog information
Analog-to-PAM conversion is the first step in converting an analog signal
into a Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) digital signal.
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° 2/10 EEE 360 Communication Systems I
Eastern Mediterranean University
 Using the Sampling theorem we can represent the analog information
using pulses.
The pulse rate required for PAM is fs ≥ 2B where B is the highest
frequency in the analog waveform and 2B is the Nyquist rate.
There are two types of PAM:
➣ Natural Sampling (Gating)
➣ Instantaneous Sampling (leads to flat-top pulse)

c Dr. Aykut HOCANIN

° 3/10 EEE 360 Communication Systems I
Eastern Mediterranean University
 ☞ Natural Sampling (Gating)

If w(t) is an analog waveform bandlimited to B hertz, the PAM signal

that uses natural sampling (gating) is
ws(t) = w(t)s(t) (1)
where  
∞
X t − kTs 
Y
s(t) =   (2)
k=−∞ τ
is a rectangular wave switching waveform and fs = 1/Ts ≥ 2B. The
spectrum for a naturally sampled PAM signal is
∞ sin πnd
X
Ws(f ) = F[ws(t)] = d W (f − nfs) (3)
n=−∞ πnd
where fs = 1/Ts, ωs = 2πfs, the duty cycle of s(t) is d = τ /Ts and
W (f ) = F[w(t)] is the spectrum of the original unsampled waveform.
Look at figures 3.1 and 3.3 in the textbook.
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° 4/10 EEE 360 Communication Systems I
Eastern Mediterranean University
 130 Baseband Pulse and Digital Signaling Chap. 3

w(t)

0
t

(a) Baseband Analog Waveform

s(t)

0
t
Ts
(b) Switching Waveform with Duty Cycle d = t/Ts = 1/3

w s(t) t

t
0
Ts

(c) Resulting PAM Signal (natural sampling, d = t/Ts = 1/3)

Figure 3–1 PAM signal with natural sampling.

Figure 1: Natural PAM (Couch, 2001)

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° 5/10 EEE 360 Communication Systems I
Eastern Mediterranean University
 |W(f)|

–B B f

(a) Magnitude Spectrum of Input Analog Waveform ∞

|Ws(f)| = 
n=–∞
{(
d
sin (p nd)
p nd ( {
|W(f – nfs)|

1
d = ––
3 (
d
sin (p nf )
p nf (
– 3fs – 2fs – fs –B B fs 2f s 3f s
f

(b) Magnitude Spectrum of PAM (natural sampling) with d = 1/3 and fs = 4 B

Figure 2: Spectrum of natural PAM (Couch, 2001)

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° 6/10 EEE 360 Communication Systems I
Eastern Mediterranean University
 It should be noted that the bandwidth of the PAM signal is much wider
than the bandwidth of the original signal.
☞ Instantaneous Sampling (Flat-top PAM)

This is a generalization of the impulse train sampling. If an analog

waveform w(t) is bandlimited to B hertz, the instantaneous sampled PAM
signal is given by
∞
X
ws(t) = w(kTs)h(t − kTs) (4)
k=−∞
where h(t) denotes the sampling pulse shape and is given by
 
Y t 

 1, |t| < τ /2
h(t) = 

 (5)
τ


 0, |t| > τ /2
where τ ≤ Ts = 1/fs and fs ≥ 2B.

c Dr. Aykut HOCANIN

° 7/10 EEE 360 Communication Systems I
Eastern Mediterranean University
 w(t)

0
t

(a) Baseband Analog Waveform

0
t

(b) Impulse Train Sampling Waveform

ws (t)
t

t
0
Ts

(c) Resulting PAM Signal (flat-top sampling, d = t /Ts = 1/3)

Figure 3: flat-top PAM (Couch, 2001)

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° 8/10 EEE 360 Communication Systems I
Eastern Mediterranean University
 The spectrum for a flat-top PAM signal is
1 ∞
X
Ws(f ) = H(f ) W (f − kfs) (6)
Ts k=−∞
where  
 sin πτ f 
H(f ) = F[h(t)] = τ  
 (7)
πτ f

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° 9/10 EEE 360 Communication Systems I
Eastern Mediterranean University
 |W(f)|

–B B
f

(a) Magnitude Spectrum of Input Analog Waveform

∞
|Ws(f)| = ( 1
––
Ts
|H(f )| (  |W(f – kfs)|
n=–∞

1 t sin (p rf)
–– |H(f )| = –– p rf
Ts Ts

– 3fs – 2fs – fs fs 2f s 3f s
f

(b) Magnitude Spectrum of PAM (flat-top sampling), t /Ts = 1/3 and fs = 4B

Figure 4: Spectrum of flat-top PAM (Couch, 2001)

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° 10/10 EEE 360 Communication Systems I
Eastern Mediterranean University