Vibration Analysis

Vibration

Transducer

Time record

Time window
Amplitude A

B
C a
t

b
t

c
t
Simple harmonic motion

v=0 v=0
a = max a = min
d = min d = max

v = max
a=0
d=0
Phase shift a - v - d

v
t

d = mm
v = mm/s
a = mm/s2
Relation between vibration quantities

d
Time

Displacement max = d max

Velocity max = 2 π — f — d max
Acceleration max = 2 π — f — (velocity max)
1
f = t (Hz)
Definitions of amplitude

RMS

peak

peak to peak

RMS =
 t

1
f 1=
t1 t1

1
f 2=
t2 t2
 t

1
t 1= s
10

600 rpm = 10 rps

1
f1 = = 10 Hz
1
10
Performance versus frequency
Vibration Displacement
amplitude
10

Velocity
.1

.01

.001
Acceleration

1 10 100 1000 10 000 Frequency Hz

Two ways of describing vibration Hz

Frequency
domain

Time
domain

seconds
Fourier Transform -->
> Fast Fourier Transform = FFT

Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph

French baron, physicist, mathematician
1768 - 1830
Cooley, Tukey: FFT in 1965
Sine wave frequencies
Pure sine wave

seconds Hz

2 sine waves

seconds Hz

Time domain Frequency domain

Sine waves, complex motion
Pure sine wave

seconds
Hz

3 sine waves

seconds
Hz
Complex motion

seconds
Hz
Characteristic machine part frequencies
Spectrum lines revealing machine faults
 Sampling and digitalizing
Amplitude
+

–
Time
Sampling time: ts
1
Sampling frequency: fs fs = t
Nyquist theoreme: fs ≥ 2 • fmax s
Aliasing

No. of samples (fs) is too low: the signal is aliased

To avoid aliasing:
1. Sampling frequency fs = 2.56 • fmax
2. Low pass filter before sampling with fcutoff = fmax
Required number of samples

FFT requires N samples, where N = 2i

FFT produces a spectrum with N / 2.56 lines

N = 28 = 256 ––>
–– 100 lines
N = 29 = 512 ––>
–– 200 lines
N = 210 = 1024 ––>
–– 400 lines
N = 211 = 2048 ––>
–– 800 lines
N = 212 = 4096 ––>
–– 1600 lines
N = 213 = 8192 ––>
–– 3200 lines
Required measuring time

Measuring time T = No. of lines / max. frequency

N N lines
T = ts • N = = =
fs 2.56 • fmax fmax

lines = 800
fmax = 1000 Hz
T = 800 / 1000 = 0.8 seconds
Frequency resolution

fmax = 200 Hz
lines resolution time
200 1 1
400 0.5 2
800 0.25 4
Frequency resolution = fmax / number of lines

Range 0 - 200 Hz / 400 lines = 0. 5 Hz resolution

Frequency resolution

200 500 1000

lines res . (Hz ) tim e (s ) lines res . (Hz ) tim e (s ) lines res . (Hz ) tim e (s )
200 1 1 200 2.5 0.4 200 5 0.2
400 0.5 2 400 1.25 0.8 400 2.5 0.4
800 0.25 4 800 0.625 1.6 800 1.25 0.8
1600 0.125 8 1600 0.3125 3.2 1600 0.625 1.6
3200 0.0625 16 3200 0.15625 6.4 3200 0.3125 3.2

2000 5000 10000

lines res . (Hz ) tim e (s ) lines res . (Hz ) tim e (s ) lines res . (Hz ) tim e (s )
200 10 0.1 200 25 0.04 200 50 0.02
400 5 0.2 400 12.5 0.08 400 25 0.04
800 2.5 0.4 800 6.25 0.16 800 12.5 0.08
1600 1.25 0.8 1600 3.125 0.32 1600 6.25 0.16
3200 0.625 1.6 3200 1.5625 0.64 3200 3.125 0.32

(*) time = data acquisition time

 Windowing

0 Time record

Time record with

0 Hanning window
Hanning

amplitude a amplitude a

a = 100 % a = 85 %

f1 = 48Hz f2 = 48.25 Hz
a1 = 1 a2 = 0.85
Direct hit: Near miss:
Correct amplitude Reduced amplitude
plus leakage plus leakage
Vibration analysis with A30/T30

Window: Hanning
Number of samples: 1024 / 2048
FFT result: 400 / 800 spectrum lines
Range, resolution 3 – 200 Hz, 0.5 / 0.25 Hz
at 400 / 800 lines: 3 – 500 Hz, 1.25 / 0.625 Hz
3 – 1000 Hz, 2.5 / 1.25 Hz
3 – 2000 Hz, 5.0 / 2.5 Hz
3– 5000 Hz, 12.5 / 6.25 Hz
Lines displayed: 15 highest, toggle Hz / cpm
Lines saved: 1 - 200 highest
Displacement transducer

d
mm
thou
mils
Velocity transducer

v
mm/s
thou/s
mils/s
Accelerometer

a
mm/s2
g
Shock pulse transducer

a
dBsv
pC/m/s2

Hz
32 kHz

Hz
2-10 kHz

Hz
2 kHz
 Mounting techniques

rel. output

Probe Magnet Steel stud

<1 000 2 000 10 000 Hz

Measuring direction

Axial

Horizontal
Vertical
4 3 2 1
Direction ?

Rotating
unbalance

A
H
 1 600 rpm

4 2

1
2
1
3 t= s
10
4

1
time
Unbalance
1X

vel,
2X 3X
time
10 20 30 Hz

Overhung mass
 Wave form and spectrum: harmonics
amplitude

Truncated
sine

seconds

amplitude
Main frequency

Harmonics
Spectrum of
truncated
sine
Hz
Unbalance

Name: BBBBB 10 Unbalance

Parameter Name Value
Rpm BBBBB.. Rpm 1 BBBB.. Rpm 1
Delta Rpm BBB. Tolerance Rpm...
Rpm 0.01
Z BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.. 1
Delta Z BBBBBBBBBBBB.. 0
Min. harmonic BBBBBBBBB. 1
Max. harmonic BBBBBBBBB 1 1X
Modulation, Rpm BBBBBBB... 0
1 line at 1X
Modulation, fixed BBBB.....BB 0
Freq. Range >1X
Sidebands BBBBBBB..BBB. 0
Include centre frequ. BBBBBB 1
Condmaster Pro

Practical measurement on unbalance

Choose: 3 - 200 Hz
400 lines spectrum
save 50 lines highest
 Misalignment

2X
vel

1X

vel,
3X
Time
Frequency

Parallel
Radial, 2X dominates over 1X.

Angular
Axial at 1X and 2X.
Misalignment

Name: BBBBB 11 Misalignment

Parameter Name Value
Rpm BBBBB.. Rpm 1 BBBB.. Rpm 1
Delta Rpm BBB. Tolerance Rpm...
Rpm 0.01
Z BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB.. 1
Delta Z BBBBBBBBBBBB.. 0
Min. harmonic B Min.harmonic B. 1
Max. harmonic B Max.harmonic B 1 1X
Modulation, Rpm BBBBBBB... 0
1 line at 2X and 3X
Modulation, fixed BBBB.....BB 0
Freq. Range >3X
Sidebands BBBBBBB..BBB. 0
Include centre frequ. BBBBBB 1
Mechanical looseness
5X

2X
Velocity

4X
1X 3X
6X

0.5X

Frequency

Two types:
Rotating or non rotating.
Both types are mechanical non-linear
non
which will produce harmonics of rotational speed.
Gear box

Z1
RPM1

RPM2

Z2

Z1 .RPM1 = Z2 .RPM2
where Z = no. of teeth and RPM shaft speed

Mating gears produce only one ’Gear Mesh Frequency’

Gear box

1/Rps
Z.Rps-Rps Z.Rps Z.Rps+Rps

Velocity
Velocity

Z.Rps-2 Rps Z.Rps+2 Rps

Time Frequency
Gear damage, 1. Shaft (Z1)

Name: BBBBB 20 Gear damage, Z1

Parameter Name Value Modulation
Rpm 1. shaft
Rpm BBBB ... Rpm shaft 1 BB. Rpm1 4 harm.
Delta Rpm .B .... Tolerance RpmB. 0.01
Z BBBBB. .. Z1=teeth wheel 1: B
Delta Z BBBBBBBBBBBBB... 0
Min. harmonic B. Min.harmonic B. 1
Max. harmonic B Max.harmonic B 4 1X GMF
Modulation, Rpm.. Modulation, Rpm.. 1
Modulation, fixed .BBBB.....BBBB. 0 4 times 6 lines at 1X*Z - 4X*Z
(X and Z for shaft 1)
Sidebands BBB SidebandsBBB.. 3 Frequency range >4X*Z (2X*Z)
Include centre frequ. .No CFBBBBB. 0
Gear damage, 2. Shaft (Z2)

Name: BBBBB 21 Gear damage, Z2

Parameter Name Value Modulation
Rpm 2. shaft
Rpm BBBB Rpm shaft 2 BBB. Rpm1*Z1/Z2 4 harm.
Delta Rpm .B Tolerance RpmBB. 0.01
Z BBBBB Z2=teeth wheel 2: B..
Delta Z BBBBBBBBBBBB.. . 0
Min. harmonic B.. Min.harmonic B.. 1
Max. harmonic B Max.harmonic B. 4 1X GMF
Modulation, Rpm .. Modulation, Rpm . 1
Modulation, fixed BBBB.....BB 0 4 times 6 lines at 1X*Z - 4X*Z
(X for shaft 2,Z for wheel 2)
Sidebands BB. Sidebands BB... 3 Frequency range >4X*Z (2X*Z)
Include centre frequB. No CF BB. 0
Symptoms

mm/s
Z ⋅ Rps ⋅ minHarm Z ⋅ Rps⋅ ( minHarm + n ) Z ⋅ Rps⋅ maxHarm

Sidebands

Hz

if Include center freq. = 0

modulation Rps ⋅ Rps
or
modulation Fixed
Ventilator application

f1 f2 5 blades
f3 f7

3000 rpm f6

f4 f5
1:3
 Z1=10
f3 =10 x 50 = 500 Hz
450 550
3000 rpm 400 600

f1 f2
50 Hz 2 x 50 Hz
3 x 50 Hz

f
50 100 150 400 500 600 Hz
 f5
2 x 16 2/3
3 x 16 2/3

f6
3000 rpm 1000 rpm
= 16 2/3 Hz

Z2=30
f4 =30 x 16 2/3 = 500 Hz
483 1/3 516 2/3
Z3=5 fan blades
466 2/3 533 1/3 f7 =5x16 2/3

f
50 100 150 400 500 600 Hz
f6 f5 f7 f4
RMS FFT
Vel = f12 + f22 + f32 + f42 etc.
V

f1 = Large unbalance
f Hz
Vel = 62 + 32 + 12 + 22 + 22 = 7.2 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5

V
f1 = Unbalance increased to double

Vel = 122 + 32 + 12 + 22 + 22 = 12.3 f Hz

f1 f2 f3 f4 f5

V
f3 = Gearmesh increased to double

Vel = 62 + 32 + 22 + 22 + 22 = 7.4 f Hz
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5
Rolling element bearings
FTF =
Fundamental Train Frequency
BSF =
Ball Spin Frequency
BPFO =
Ball Pass Frequency Outer race
BPFI =
Ball Pass Frequency Inner race

1. d.
FTF 1 cos Φ . Rps Rps = Shaft rotation
2 D
d = Rolling element diameter
2
D . d. . Rps D = Pitch diameter
BSF 1 cos Φ
.
2d D
N = No. of rolling elements
Φ = Contact angle
BPFO N. FTF

BPFI N. ( Rps FTF )

Rolling element bearing

Example

During one shaft revolution:

FTF = 0.381 * Rps
The cage rotates 0.381 revolutions
BSF = 1.981 * Rps
The ball spins 1.981 revolutions
BPFI = 4.952 * Rps 4.952 balls pass an inner race defect
BPFO = 3.047 * Rps 3.047 balls pass an outer race defect
Rolling element bearings

BPFI modulates with 1X, and BSF modulates with FTF.

Force
Measured in the
loaded zone
Rolling element bearings

Data for bearing frequencies is found in special databases.

Be aware of the following:

- Data is not found in manufacturers’ catalouges
- Data is dependent on type and manufacturer
- Teoretical data may be approx. (load dependent)
- Data may change over time (change in bearing construction)
Condmaster Pro
Bearing symptoms BPFO, BPFI, BSF, FTF

Name: BBBBB BPFO, BPFI, BSF, FTF

Parameter Name Value

Rpm BBBB Rpm shaft 2 BBB. Rpm1

Delta Rpm .B Tolerance RpmBB. 0.005
Z BBBBB Z=Bearing factor ....
Delta Z BBB... Tolerance ZBB.. 0.01
Min. harmonic B.. Min.harmonic B.. 1
Max. harmonic B Max.harmonic B. 4
Modulation, Rpm BBBBBBBB. . 0
Modulation, fixed BBBB.....BB 0 4 times 1 line at 1X*Z - 4X*Z
(FTF below 1X, BPFI up to Z≈8)
Sidebands BBBBBBBBBBB.0 Frequency range: up to 40X
Include centre frequB. BBBBB 1
Bearing symptoms BPFOM, BPFIM

Name: BBBBB BPFOM, BPFIM

Parameter Name Value Modulation
Rpm 1. shaft
Rpm BBBB Rpm shaft 2 BBB... Rpm1 4 harm.
Delta Rpm .B Tolerance RpmBB... 0.005
Z BBBBB Z=Bearing factor ....
Delta Z BBB... Tolerance ZBB.. 0.01
Min. harmonic B.. Min.harmonic B.. 1
Max. harmonic B Max.harmonic B. 4
Modulation, Rpm .. Modulation, Rpm . 1
4 times 7 lines at 1X*Z - 4X*Z
Modulation, fixed BBBB.....BB 0
(BPFIM up to Z≈8)
Sidebands BB. Sidebands BB... 3 Frequency range: up to ≈40X
Include centre frequ. BBBBBB 1
Set up round with bearing measurements only

2314
6408
6406
4 3 2

1500 r.p.m.
 k

m
 f Hz
f0 (rpm)
Practical measurement
Enveloping.
Resonance
2

Bearing damage Unbalance

2
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 2
0.025 0.03 0.035
s

Unbalance
0.6

0.4
Bearing damage
0.2

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Hz
 2

2
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035

Peaks around the

Unbalance resonans frequency

0.05

Band pass filter

0
1 .10 1.5 .10 2 .10 2.5 .10 3 .10 3.5 .10 4 .10
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
0 5000
Hz
0.1

0 Signal after band pass filter

0.1

0.1 After rectifying

0.1 After envelop

0
2

Bearing damage
2
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035

Bearing damage

0.1

0
 ?
Hz

Ø Higher than known machine vibrations

Ø Bearing housing resonance

Ø Transducer resonance (SPM)

 0.1

I. Time domain (SPM) II. Frequency domain

0.1
dBm

dBc
0

s Hz
Machine resonance mm/s

Hz
1500 rpm
unbalance 5 x unbalance

25 125 Hz

5 blades

25 125 ? Hz
Example, A30/T30
Symptoms
Measuring points
5 fan blades
Number of lines
Select:
Resolution
2314 Lines displayed
6408 Lines saved

1 2 3

4
6406

1500 r.p.m.
Example of solution

SPM Symptoms
VIB V SPM
SPM
- Bearing SPM point 1 - 4
VIB V SPM
3. - Unbalance VIB H point 1, 3
1. 2. VIB A 4. - Unbalance VIB A point 1
VIB A - Misalignment VIB A point 2, 3
VIB A - Looseness VIB V point 1, 3

VIB H VIB H VIB H

Number of lines 400 point 1 - 4
Resolution 3-200 Hz point 1 - 4

Number of lines 800 point 1

Resolution 3-1000 Hz point 1
Academy 010 B © Copyright SPM 2000-06.
2000