Transformations

SWBAT
• Develop definitions of transformations and
determine transformations that result in
congruent figures
Introduction to Transformations
• A transformation moves or changes a figure in some way to
produce of figure called the image.
• The original image may be referred to as the preimage.
• Prime notation is used to represent the vertices of the image.
A → A′

Types of Transformations
Rigid Transformations
Transformations where the preimage and image are congruent (corresponding
angles are equal and corresponding sides are equal in length)
• Translations
• Reflections
• Rotations

Non-rigid Transformations
Transformations where the preimage and image are not congruent
• Stretches and Dilations
Translations
• A translation moves each point in a figure the same distance along a line
parallel to a specified line.
y
BB′ ∥ DD′
A B

Translations preserve congruence.

A′ B′
Orientation of figure and vertices remain
D C the same
x
′ ′
D C


Rotations - The Basics
• A rotation is a transformation in which the points travel in an arc about
a fixed point called the center of rotation.
B
Rotations preserve congruence.
′
C
B ′
Orientation of figure changes while the
A orientation of the vertices remains the
A ′ ◦
same
90

C
Properties of Rotations
• the distance from the center of rotation to the preimage and the image
point is equal
• the angle of rotation is always equal to the measure of the angle
formed by the preimage point, the point of rotation, and the image
point
0
F F
QF = QF′
70 ∘
m∠FQF′ = 70

Q
Note: If a point is on the point of rotation, then the point stays
on the point of rotation.


Reflections - The Basics
• A reflection is a transformation that uses a line like a mirror to
reflect an image.
• The mirror line is called the line of reflection.
y
C′ B′ B C

Reflections preserve congruence.

Orientation of figure and orientation
D′
A′ A
D x of vertices changes.
Properties of Reflections
• the preimage point and image point must be the same distance from the
line of reflection
• the segment joining the preimage point and image point must be
perpendicular to the line of reflection
• the line of reflection is the perpendicular bisector of AA′
s

A ′
A

Example 1
Reflect the figure on the graph in (over) the line x = 2.
y x=2
C′ B B′ C

A
A A′
′ D x
D
Example 2
△ ABC has vertices A(2,3), B(4,7) and C(5,0). Reflect the triangle in the line y = − x.

y = −x y B

C x
A′

B′
′
C
Horizontal and Vertical Stretch
• Changes the coordinates along one axis while keeping the
y
coordinates of the other axis the same.

• Horizontal stretch with scale factor n: (x′, y′) = (nx, y)

′
C C

A ′
B A ′
B
x

Horizontal Stretch


Horizontal and Vertical Stretch
• Changes the coordinates along one axis while keeping the coordinates
of the other axis the same.

• Vertical stretch with scale factor n: (x′, y′) = (x, ny)

y

′
C

Vertical Stretch
C

A′ B ′

A B
x


Dilations
• A dilation is a transformation that enlarges or reduces a figure to create a similar figure.

• A enlargement is a dilation that has a scale factor | n | > 1.

• A reduction is a dilation that has a scale factor 0 < | n | < 1.

• The center of dilation is a fixed point where the figure is enlarged or reduced.
y

B′

A′ B
A

C′
Dilations with Center of Dilation at the Origin
• Given a dilation scale factor of n, the coordinate rule is
(x′, y′) = (nx, ny).
y

B′

A′ B
A

C′


Example 3
△ ABC has vertices A(−1,1), B(2,1) and C(0, − 2). Graph △ ABC and then
graph the dilation of △ ABC centered at the origin with a scale factor of 3.
y

(x′, y′) = (3x,3y)

A′ B′

A B A(−1,1) → A′(−3,3)
x B(2,1) → B′(6,3)
C C(0, − 2) → C′(0, − 6)

C′





Example 4
Polygon ABCD is dilated about the origin O, to create polygon A′B′C′D′. Point A is
located at (2,3) and point A′ is located at (6,9). Which type of dilation was used and
what was the scale factor?

6 9
scale factor = = = 3
2 3

enlargement