AL – SALAAM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL

BIOLOGY FORM FOUR

CHAPTER SIX

BIOTECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER QUESTIONS

Q1: Choose the correct answer of the following questions

1. What is the basis of separation of different DNA fragments by gel electro-phoresis ?

a. The position charge on DNA
b. The size of the DNA fragments
c. The sequence of the fragments
d. The presence of a dye
2. Which of the following statements is accurate for DNA replication in your cells, but
no PCR?
a. DNA primers are required
b. DNA polymerase is stable at high temperatures
c. Ligase is essential
d. dNTPs are necessary
3. Why is the polymerase chain reaction used?
a. To amplify DNA
b. To cut DNA
c. To ligate DNA
d. To separate DNA
4. For what purpose is DNA fingerprinting used?
a. To sequence DNA from bacteria
b. To separate DNA fragments
c. To identify individuals who have committed crimes
d. To identify single nucleotides polymorphisms

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 5. Which of the following is used to cut DNA molecules in specific locations?
a. Cloning vectors
b. Cloning enzymes
c. Restriction enzymes
d. Polymerase chain reaction
6. What is the term used for inserting a healthy copy of a gene into a person who has a
defective gene?
a. Cloning vector
b. Gene therapy
c. Recombinant DNA
d. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
7. Which best describes molecule A?
a. It is an insulin gene
b. It is recombinant DNA
c. It is a bacterial plasmid
d. It is a disease causing virus
8. Compare the following analogy. Proteomics: proteins: genomics:
a. Lipids
b. gene
c. proteins
d. carbohydrates
9. Which nucleotide sequence must the sticky end labeled 2 have if it to bond with the
sticky end labeled 1?
a. UGGCCU
b. TCCGGA
c. ACCGGT
d. CTTAAG

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 10. What is this machine is used for?
a. Polymerase chain reaction
b. Gel electrophoresis
c. DNA sequencing
d. Incubation of bacterial culture

Q2: Answer all of the following questions

1. Define the following terms.

a. Biotechnology
 Biotechnology: is the application of biology in which micro-organism are
used for the benefit of human being.
 Biotechnology: involves manipulating biological systems to generate useful
products or to improve environmental, medical and agricultural processes.
b. Plasmid
 Plasmid: is a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of
the chromosome.
c. Genetic engineering
 Genetic engineering: is the direct manipulating of an organism gene using
biotechnology.
d. Transformation
 Transformation: is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct
uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material for its surrounds.
2. List two types of medical products that can be produced using DNA technology.
 Human growth hormone and colony strand stimulating factors
3. Relate bioethics to the continued development of genetic engineering techniques.
 Bioethics is the study of ethical issues related to DNA technology. Many
scientists and non-scientists are involved in identifying and addressing any
ethical, legal, and social issues.
4. Describe two major goals of the human genome project.
 To identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA.
 To determine the sequence of the 3 billion base pairs that makes up human DNA.

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 5. Distinguish between proteomics and genome project.
 Genomics: is the study of an organism’s genome.
 Proteomics: is the study of the structure and functions of proteins in the human.
6. Outline the difference applications of biotechnology.
 Medical application
 Agricultural application
 Environmental clean up
 bioethics
7. List some techniques of genetic engineering.
 Isolation of a specific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule or molecules to be
replicated ( the passenger DNA)
 The joining of this DNA with a DNA vector also known as a vehicle or a
replication
 The transfer via transformation or transfection, of the recombinant molecule into
suitable host.
 Isolation of passenger DNA
8. Delineate the transgenic organisms and their significance.
 Transgenic organism is organism that contain foreign gene or DNA its significance
is used to explore the gene function it is also related to the medical practice of gene
therapy
9. Explain the procedure for the following
a. PCR
 Denaturation
 This step involves heating the reaction mixture to 90 c for 15-30 second
 Annealing
 The reaction temperature is rapidly lowered to 54-60 c for 20-40 seconds
 Elongation

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 b. Gel electrophoresis
 Cut DNA with simple restriction enzyme
 Run the DNA fragments through a gel
 Bands will form the gel
 Every one DNA bands are unique and can be used to identify a person
 DNA bands are like genetic fingerprints
c. Gene therapy
 Works by replacing disease causing genes
10. Describe human genome project and its main goals
 Human genome project (HGP) was an international scientific research project
which got successfully completed in the year 2003 by sequencing the entire human
genome of 3.3 billion base pairs. The HGP led to the growth of bioinformatics
which is a vast field of research, the successful sequencing of the human genome
could solve the mystery of many disorders in humans and gave us away to cope up
with them.
 Goals of human genome project
 Optimization of data analysis
 Sequencing the entire genome
 Identification of the complete human genome
 Creating genome sequence database to store the data
 Taking care of the legal, ethical and social issues that the project many pose
11. Discuss the drastic environmental impacts of oil spills and how the microbes like bacteria
can help mitigate the problem,
 Oil spill is the discharge of some volume of oil (crude or refined) that is capable of
polluting the land, air and water environment and as such, threatens the health of
all in habitants of the environment. Environmental pollution is the release of
harmful substance into the natural environment that cause adverse change. It’s a
careless release of contaminants that poses threats to the environment and human
health.

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 12. Give an account of significance of transgenic organisms in food industry.
 To increase the productivity of milk or meat in an animal. Scientists developed
mouse as a transgenic animal for the first in the history of science.
13. Describe the uses of DNA finger printing
 To observe the distinct banding patterns they are unique to every individual
 To identify suspects and victims in criminal cases
 To determine paternity and to identify soldiers killed in war
14. What is gene cloning?
 Gene cloning: involves the production in vitro of new DNA molecules which
contain novel combination of genes or oligonucleotides and the propagation of
such recombinant DNA molecules by the exploitation in vivo of the replicative
mechanisms of bacteria and other organisms.
15. Elaborately discuss recombinant DNA technology and its usefulness.
 Recombinant DNA or rDNA is DNA that is formed by combining DNA from
different sources through a process called genetic recombination. Often the source
are form different organisms. Generally speaking DNA from different organisms
has the same chemical general structure. For this reason it is possible to create
DNA from different sources by combining strands.
 Recombinant DNA technology is used in a wide range of applications from
vaccine production to the production of genetically engineered crops.

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