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Calculus 13 Useful Formulas 4up

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15 views1 page

Calculus 13 Useful Formulas 4up

Uploaded by

Alex Naval
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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314 Appendix B Useful Formulas

Sphere: vol = 4πr 3 /3, surface area = 4πr 2 .


Cylinder: vol = πr 2 h, lateral area = 2πrh, total surface area = 2πrh + 2πr 2 .
√ √

B Cone: vol = πr 2 h/3, lateral area = πr r 2 + h2 , total surface area = πr r 2 + h2 +


πr 2 .
Analytic geometry

Useful Formulas Point-slope formula for straight line through the point (x0 , y0 ) with slope m: y =
y0 + m(x − x0 ).
Circle with radius r centered at (h, k): (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r 2 .
x2 y2
Ellipse with axes on the x-axis and y-axis: + 2 = 1.
a2 b
Trigonometry
sin(θ) = opposite/hypotenuse
cos(θ) = adjacent/hypotenuse
Algebra
Remember that the common algebraic operations have precedences relative to each other: tan(θ) = opposite/adjacent
for example, multiplication and division take precedence over addition and subtraction, but sec(θ) = 1/ cos(θ)
are “tied” with each other. In the case of ties, work left to right. This means, for example,
csc(θ) = 1/ sin(θ)
that 1/2x means (1/2)x: do the division, then the multiplication in left to right order. It
sometimes is a good idea to use more parentheses than strictly necessary, for clarity, but cot(θ) = 1/ tan(θ)
it is also a bad idea to use too many parentheses.
tan(θ) = sin(θ)/ cos(θ)
b2
Completing the square: x2 + bx + c = (x + 2b )2 − + c.4 cot(θ) = cos(θ)/ sin(θ)
√
−b ± b2 − 4ac cos2 (θ) + sin2 (θ) = 1
Quadratic formula: the roots of ax2 + bx + c are .
2a tan2 (θ) + 1 = sec2 (θ)
Exponent rules: sec2 (θ) − 1 = tan2 (θ)
ab · ac = ab+c sin(θ) = cos π2 − θ


ab
cos(θ) = sin π2 − θ

= ab−c
ac
(ab )c = abc sin(θ + π) = − sin(θ)
√
a1/b = b a cos(θ + π) = − cos(θ)
Law of cosines: a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A
Geometry
a b c
Circle: circumference = 2πr, area = πr 2 . Law of sines: = =
sin A sin B sin C
Ellipse: area = πab, where 2a and 2b are the lengths of the axes of the ellipse. Sine of sum of angles: sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

313

Appendix B Useful Formulas 315

Sine of double angle: sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x


Sine of difference of angles: sin(x − y) = sin x cos y − cos x sin y
Cosine of sum of angles: cos(x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y

Cosine of double angle: cos(2x) = cos2 x − sin2 x = 2 cos2 x − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 x


Cosine of difference of angles: cos(x − y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
tan x + tan y
Tangent of sum of angles: tan(x + y) =
1 − tan x tan y
sin2 (θ) and cos2 (θ) formulas:

sin2 (θ) + cos2 (θ) = 1


tan2 (θ) + 1 = sec2 (θ)
1 − cos(2θ)
sin2 (θ) =
2
1 + cos(2θ)
cos2 (θ) =
2

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