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Introduction

Intro about automation and principls

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12 views16 pages

Introduction

Intro about automation and principls

Uploaded by

adugenet52
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Addis Abeba Science and Technology University

(AASTU)

Industrial Automation and Process Control


Introduction

1 Definition of Process Control

2 Some Definitions related to Process Control

3 Components of Control Loops

4 Process control block diagram

5 Analog Data representation

6 Final Control Operation

7 Basic Tasks of Process Control

8 Mass and Energy Balance


Definition of Process Control

Definition

Process: In general, process constitutes a sequence of events in


which a raw material will be converted into finished products.

Control: the method/techniques to force parameters or variables in


the environment/process to have specific values.

Process Control: It deals with the problem of maintaining the main


process variables close to its desired values while manufacturing a
product, in spite of disturbances, by means of an automatic system

For example, factors such as the proportion of one ingredient to


another, the temperature of the materials, how well the ingredients
are mixed, and the pressure under which the materials are held can
significantly impact the quality of an end product.
Definition of Process Control

Manufacturers control the production process for three reasons:


Reduce variability
Increase efficiency
Ensure safety
Example-1: Control of liquid level in a tank
Definition of Process Control

Example-2: Heat Exchanger


Definition of Process Control

Heat Exchanger closed loop block diagram


Some Definitions related to Process Control

Some Definitions related to Process Control


Process control has its own set of common terms that you should be
familiar with and you will use when talking about control technology.

Controlled Variable: The process variable regulated by process


control loop
Controlling Variable: The process variable changed by the
final control element under the command of controller to
affect regulation of controlled variable
Setpoint: The desired value of a controlled in process control
loop
Error: The difference between the measured value and
setpoint
Controller: The element in a process control loop that
evaluates error of the controlled variable and initiates
corrective action by a signal to controlling variable
Components of Control Loops

Components of control loops

This section describes the instruments, technologies, and equipment


used to develop and maintain process control loops.

The basic components of a control loop are:


Process (tank system)
Measuring element (thermocouple, thermometer)
Error detector
Controller
Control element: It has a direct action in the process
Process control block diagram

Process control block diagram


Process control block diagram

Example

Physical diagram for flow process control system


Process control block diagram

Example

Block diagram for flow process control system


Analog Data representation

Analog data representation

Analog standards for representing range of variable in process control


systems:
Current Signal: 4 to 20 mA
Pneumatic Signal: 3 to 15 psi (20 to 100kPa)
Voltage Signal: 0 to 10 V
In process industry, current is used instead of voltage because the
system is less dependent on load
Transmission of current signal is independent of line resistance
Final Control Operation

Final Control Operation

Elements of final control operation


Basic Tasks of Process Control

Basic Tasks of Process Control

In a process control industry, three tasks to occur:


Measurement
Comparison
Adjustment
Mass and Energy Balance

Mass and energy Balance

Material quantities, as they pass through processing operations, can


be described by material balances. Such balances are statements
on the conservation of mass. Similarly, energy quantities can be
described by energy balances, which are statements on the conser-
vation of energy.

Importance: Material and Energy balances are important


to identify and quantify previously unknown losses and
emissions
for monitoring the improvements made in an ongoing project,
while evaluating cost benefits.
Mass and Energy Balance

Mass and Energy Balance

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