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Unit 1

Embedded system

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46 views29 pages

Unit 1

Embedded system

Uploaded by

nihal70571999
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture

on
Embedded Computing
By

Mr. Sarvajeet Amarjeet Bhosale


Assistant Professor,
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Embedded System
⚫ “An embedded system is a system that has software
embedded into computer-hardware, which makes a system
dedicated for an application (s) or specific part of an
application or product or part of a larger system.”

⚫ An embedded system is one that has dedicated purpose


software embedded in computer hardware.
⚫ It is a dedicated computer based system for an
application(s) or product. It may be an independent system
or a part of large system. Its software usually embeds into
a ROM (Read Only Memory) or flash.”

⚫ It is any device that includes a programmable computer


but is not itself intended to be a general purpose
computer.”

⚫ In simple words, Embedded System = (Hardware +


Software) dedicated for a particular task with its own
memory.
Classification of Embedded System
⚫ Classified on the basis of
⚫ Generation
⚫ Complexity and performance
⚫ Deterministic Behavior
⚫ Triggering
1. Classification on basis of
Generation
⚫ First Generation (1G):
⚫ Built around 8bit microprocessor & microcontroller
⚫ Simple in hardware circuit & firmware developed
⚫ Examples: Digital telephone keypads
⚫ Second Generation (2G):
⚫ Built around 16-bit μp & 8-bit μc.
⚫ They are more complex & powerful than 1G μp & μc.
⚫ Examples: SCADA systems
⚫ Third Generation (3G):
⚫ Built around 32-bit μp & 16-bit μc
⚫ Concepts like Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), Application
Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) solved.
⚫ Examples: Robotics, Media, etc
⚫ Fourth Generation (4G):
⚫ Built around 64-bit μp & 32-bit μc
⚫ The concept of System on Chips (SoC), Multicore
Processors evolved
⚫ Highly complex & very powerful
⚫ Examples: Smart Phones
2. Classification based on
complexity & performance
⚫ Small-scale Embedded Systems:
⚫ Simple in application need
⚫ Performance not time-critical
⚫ Built around low performance & low cost 8 or 16 bit μp/μc
⚫ Example: an electronic toy
⚫ Medium-scale Embedded Systems
⚫ Slightly complex in hardware & firmware requirement
⚫ Built around medium performance & low cost 16 or 32 bit
μp/μc
⚫ Usually contain operating system.
⚫ Examples: Industrial machines.
⚫ Large-scale Embedded Systems
⚫ Highly complex hardware & firmware
⚫ Built around 32 or 64 bit RISC μp/μc or PLDs or Multicore
Processors
⚫ Response is time-critical.
⚫ Examples: Mission critical applications
3. Classification based on
deterministic behavior
⚫ Hard Real Time embedded systems

⚫ Soft Real Time embedded systems


4. Classification based on triggering
⚫ Event triggered

⚫ Time triggered
Applications
⚫ Daily Life Electronic appliances( Lift, Microwave Oven,
Refrigerator, Washing Machine)
⚫ Health Care( X-ray, ECG, Cardiograph, diseases diagnosis devices
etc)
⚫ Education (Laptop or desktop, projector, printer, calculator, lab
equipments etc)
⚫ Communication( Mobile phone, satellite, Modem, Network Hub,
Router, Telephone, Fax)
⚫ Security System( CC Camera, X ray Scanner, RFID System,
Password protected door, Face detection)
⚫ Entertainment(Television etc)
⚫ Banking System(ATM etc)
⚫ Automation
⚫ Navigation
⚫ Consumer Electronics: Camcorders, Cameras
⚫ Household appliances: Washing machine, Refrigerator.
⚫ Automotive industry: Anti-lock breaking system(ABS), engine
control
⚫ Home automation & security systems: Air conditioners,
sprinklers, fire alarms.
⚫ Telecom: Cellular phones, telephone switches.
⚫ peripherals: Printers, scanners.
⚫ Computer networking systems: Network routers and switches.
⚫ Healthcare: EEG, ECG machines
⚫ Banking & Retail: Automatic teller machines, point of sales.
⚫ Card Readers: Barcode, smart card readers
Characteristics of Embedded
Computing Applications
⚫ Complex Algorithms
⚫ User Interface
⚫ Real Time
⚫ Multirate
⚫ Manufacturing Cost
⚫ Power
Challenges in Embedded
Computing System Design
i. How much hardware do we need?
ii. How do we meet deadlines?
iii. How do we minimize power consumption?
iv. How do we design for upgradability?
v. Does it really work?
vi. Complex testing
vii. Limited observability and controllability
viii. Restricted development environments
Real-Time System
⚫ Definition
A real-time system (defined by IEEE) is a system whose
correctness includes its response time as well as its functional
correctness.

In other words, in a real-time system, it not only matters that


the answers are correct, but it matters when the answers are
produced.
Real-Time Systems - Categories
1. Hard Real-Time Systems

2. Soft Real-Time Systems


Hard Real-Time Systems
⚫ Hard real-time means that the system (i.e., the entire
system including OS, middleware, application, HW,
communications, etc.) must be designed to GUARANTEE
that response requirements are met.

⚫ Hard Real-Time doesn’t mean fast execution.


Examples
⚫ Electronic Engines

⚫ Automotive and Flight Control Systems

⚫ Medical Systems

⚫ Industrial Control Systems

⚫ Robotics
Soft-Real Time Systems
Soft real-time is exactly the same as hard real-time in its
infrastructure requirements, but it is not necessary for system
success that EVERY time constraint be met.
Example
⚫ Internet Video

⚫ Air conditioners
The Real-Time Spectrum
Real-Time Design Issues
⚫ How many things are under control?

⚫ How “hard” are the timing constraints?

⚫ Will there be user interaction?


Real-Time Design Approaches
⚫ There are two primary techniques used in real-time designs
- Super- loops
One program running

-Multitasking
Many programs running, taking turns
Super-Loops
⚫ Also called Foreground/Background Systems

⚫ There is a background loop that is always running anytime an


ISR isn’t executing

⚫ The CPU is always busy

⚫ Can be taken to the extreme of an idle loop and all of the work
being done in the ISRs
Super-Loop
Background Foreground

ISR

Time
ISR
ISR
Multi-Tasking Operation
⚫ With multi- tasking, multiple tasks or threads compete for the
CPU based on a scheduling policy

⚫ This scheduling policy is implemented in the Kernel

⚫ The tasks give up the CPU:


-Voluntarily: cooperative multi- tasking
Developer determined via system call
- Involuntarily: preemptive multi- tasking
Process scheduling algorithm
Multi-Tasking
⚫Thank You…

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