PROBABILITY

PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
Introduction (Terminology):
Random experiment or Trial:
In physics and chemistry, we perform experiments and in
each case result is same when repeated under identical
conditions.
But, in statistical experiments the result may be
altogether different, even when they are performed
under identical conditions.
PROBABILITY
An experiment is said to be random experiment, if the
result is not certain but it may be one of the several
possible outcomes, when repeated under identical
conditions.
Ex: (1) Tossing a coin is a random experiment as the
result is either head(H) or tail(T) but not known
exactly.

(2) Throwing a die is a random experiment as the

result is 1 or 2 or………….. or 6, but not known exactly.
PROBABILITY
Sample space(S):
The set of all distinct possible outcomes of a random
experiment is called the sample space (denoted by S) of
random experiment.
Also n(S) denotes number of elements in sample space S.

Each outcome of S is called a sample point.

Example :
(1) In case of tossing a coin , S={H,T}
(i.e.) n(S)=2
PROBABILITY
(2) In case of tossing 2 coins , S={HH,HT, TH, TT}
𝟐
(i.e.) n(S)= 𝟐 =4
(3) In case of tossing 3 coins ,
S={HHH,HHT, HTH, THH,TTH,THT,HTT,TTT}

3 heads 2 heads 1 head 0

heads
𝟑
Also n(S)= 𝟐 =8

𝟐 𝒌
(4) If K coins are tossed at a time,Then n(S)=
 PROBABILITY
(5) Throwing a single die gives S={1,2, 3,4,5,6} (i.e) n(S)=6

(6) Throwing two dies at a time gives

(, ), (, ), (, ), … … . (, )
(𝟐, ), (𝟐, ), (𝟐, ), … … . (𝟐, )
S=
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
(𝟔, ), (𝟔, 𝟐), (𝟔, 𝟑), … … . (𝟔, )
𝟐
Thus n(S)= 𝟔 =36
𝒌
(7) If k dies are rolled at a time, then n(S)= 𝟔
PROBABILITY
(8) An urn contains 3 white, 4 red and 7 green balls

(i.e) 14 balls in total. If 5 balls are drawn at random from

urn, then n(S) = 𝟏𝟒𝐂 𝟓

MCQ
When a coin and a die are rolled together, Then n(S)=

a) 𝟔𝟐 b) 𝟐𝟔 c) 12 d) 𝟐𝟏𝟐
PROBABILITY
Event:
Any subset of the sample S is called an event.
In case the subset is a singleton set, then we call it
as simple event. Usually events are denoted by
capital letters A,B,C…..

Example:
(1) By throwing a single die, sample space= S={1,2,3,4,5,6}.
Consider A ={2,4,6}, B={1,3,5}. Now A, B are subsets of S
and hence they are events.
PROBABILITY
A is the event of getting an even number and B is
the event of getting an odd number.
(2) 4 cards drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Let
A be the event that all 4 cards red, then n(A) = 𝟐𝟔𝐂 𝟒

Assume that B denotes that an event that all 4 cards are

of same face value,
we know that there are 13 sets ( each set has 4 cards)
having same face value. Now select one set from 13 sets
in 𝟏𝟑𝐂 ways.
𝟏
(𝐢. 𝐞) 𝐧(𝐁) = 𝟑𝐂 𝟏
PROBABILITY
Certain event & Impossible event:

An event which is certain to happen is called a certain event

and an event which can’t happen at all is called an impossible
event.

Example:
When a usual die is rolled
(1) Getting a multiple of 7 is an impossible event.

(2) Getting a number less than 7 is a certain event.

 PROBABILITY
Complement of an Event:
S is sample space of random experiment and A be any event
(𝐢. 𝐞) 𝐀 ⊆ 𝐒, Then 𝐀𝐜 = 𝐒 − 𝐀 is called
ഥ
the complement of A , it may be denoted by 𝐀

Example:

(1) If a die is rolled, Then S={1,2,3,4,5,6}

A=event of getting multiple of 3={3,6}

Now 𝐀ഥ =S-A={1,2,4,5}.
PROBABILITY
(2) If a card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards and A is the event of
getting king card, Then 𝐀ഥ is the event of not getting king
card. Hence A contains 4 sample points, where as 𝐀 ഥ contains
48 sample points.

Note:
(De Morgan’s laws)
ഥ∩𝐁
(1) 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 = 𝐀 ഥ

ഥ∪𝐁
(2) 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 = 𝐀 ഥ
PROBABILITY
Compound event (Simultaneous occurrence of the events):
A,B are 2 events associated with a random experiment, then (𝐀 ∩
𝐁) is called as compound event and (𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) occurs if and only
if both A and B have occurred simultaneously.
Example:
A card is selected at random from a
well shuffled pack of 52 cards.
A=Event of getting the card as red card
B=Event of getting the card as king
Now 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 = 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐢𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠
In red cards there are two kings 1) hearts king 2) diamond king
PROBABILITY
𝟒
We have n(A)= 𝟐𝟔𝐂𝟏 =26; n(B)= 𝐂𝟏 =4; n(𝐀 ∩B)= 𝟐𝐂𝟏 =2

Mutually exclusive events:

Events are said to be mutually exclusive, if the happening of
any one of them prevents the happening of any of the other
events.

If A, B are 2 events in sample space; then they are said to be

mutually exclusive iff A∩B= 𝛟

Example:
If a die is rolled, then S={1,2,3,4,5,6}.
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A= events of getting an even number={2,4,6}
B= events of getting an odd number={1,3,5}
Observe that A∩B= 𝛟 A,B are mutually exclusive.
Note:

Events are such that happening of one of them assures

others do not happen. Then, those events are always
mutually exclusive.

Mutually exclusive events are nothing but disjoint events.

PROBABILITY
Equally likely events:

Two or more events said to be equally likely

or equiprobable, if there is no reason to expect
any one of them to happen in preference to the others.

Example:

By throwing a usual die, there is an equal chance to get

any of the 6 faces to turn up. Therefore, we say that the
six simple events are equally likely to happen.
PROBABILITY
Exhaustive Events:
Two or more events are said to be exhaustive, if the
performance of the experiment always results in the
occurrence of at least one of them. Thus events E1, E2,…….
Ek are said to be exhaustive if
E1∪ E2 ∪ ……. ∪ Ek =S (sample space)
Example:
Two coins are tossed, then S={HH,HT,TH,TT}.
Let A,B,C are events of getting 2 heads, 1 head , 0 heads
respectively
(i.e) A={HH}, B={HT,TH}, C={TT}. Observe that A∪ 𝐁 ∪ 𝐂 = 𝐒
⟹ 𝐀, 𝐁, 𝐂 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐡𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬.
PROBABILITY
Classical or mathematical definition of probability:
A random experiment results n simple events which are
exhaustive, mutually exclusive and equally likely. In those n
events , m are favourable for the occurrence of the event E;
𝐦
then the ratio 𝐧 is defined as the probability of the event E,
denoted by P(E). Thus

𝐦 𝐧𝐨.𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐄

P(E)= =
𝐧 𝐧𝐨.𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬
PROBABILITY
𝐧(𝐄)
We write P(E)= , 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞
𝐧(𝐒)

n(E) stands for number of sample points favouring event E

n(S) stands for number of sample points in sample space S.
Remarks:
(1) From the definition it is clear that,

0≤ P(E) ≤ 𝟏 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐄

(2) If P(E)=0, then E is an impossible event

(3) If P(E)=1, then E is a sure event.

𝐦
(4) By definition P(E)= 𝐧
PROBABILITY
⇒ 𝐦 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐟𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐄 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝐧 − 𝐦) 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐄 (𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐄)

𝐧−𝐦 𝐦
ത =
∴ 𝐏(𝐄) = − = −𝐏(𝐄)
𝐧 𝐧
ത = −𝐏(𝐄) ⇒ 𝐏(𝐄) + 𝐏(𝐄)
⇒ 𝐏(𝐄) ത =

ത is called as odds infavour of

(5) The ratio m: (n-m) or P(E):P(𝐄)
ത
event E. Also the ratio (n-m): m (or) P(𝐄):P(E) is called as odds
against event E.
PROBABILITY
Limitations of classical definition:
Above classical definition is not applicable when
(1) Outcomes of random experiment are not equally similar

(2) The random experiment contains infinitely many

outcomes in order to overcome these difficulties,
we define the probability in another way based on
relative frequencies as follows:
PROBABILITY
Statistical definition of probability:
Suppose E is an event of a random experiment
which can be repeated any number of times under similar
conditions; noting the success or failure of the event in
each trial. If 𝐍𝐫 (𝐄) denotes the number of successes in first
r trials, then
𝐍 (𝐄)
we call 𝐫 , The relative frequency and denote it by 𝐑 𝒓 (𝐄)
𝐫
and get the relative frequencies 𝐑 𝟏 (𝐄) , 𝐑 𝟐 (𝐄), … … . . 𝐑 𝒓 (𝐄). If
𝐋𝐭 𝐑 𝐧 (𝐄) exists, this limit is defined as probability of E,
𝐧→∞
denoted by P(E).
PROBABILITY
Since every sequence need not be convergent, there is no
guarantee that 𝐋𝐭 𝐑 𝒏 (𝐄) exists.
𝒏→∞

So far practical purpose, we take n as sufficiently large and

𝐑 𝒏 (𝐄) is taken for P(E).
PROBABILITY
Example:
Suppose a die is thrown1000 times and is observed that
1,2,3,4,5 and 6 appears 130,140, 136,134,225 and 235
times respectively. Then we take

𝟏𝟑𝟎
Pr(1)= = 𝟎. 𝟑,
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟒𝟎
Pr(2)= = 𝟎. 𝟒
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟑𝟔
Pr(3)= = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔,
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
PROBABILITY
𝟏𝟑𝟒
Pr(4)= = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟐𝟓
Pr(5)= = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟓,
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟑𝟓
Pr(6)= = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟓
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

Observe that P(1)+P(2)+……+P(6)=1

PROBABILITY
Drawbacks of statistical definition of Probability:

i) Repeating random experiment infinitely many times is

practically impossible
ii) The sequence 𝐑 𝟏 (𝐄) , 𝐑 𝟐 (𝐄), … … . . 𝐑 𝒏 (𝐄) is assumed to tend
a limit, which may not exist.

Keeping the above troubles in mind, Axiomatic

definition is formulated by Russian mathematician
KOLMOGOROV as follows:
 PROBABILITY
Axiomatic definition of Probability:
Let S be the sample space (with finite elements) of a
random experiment. P (S) denotes power set of S i.e all
possible subsets S i.e all events. We define probability
function ‘P’ so that P: P (S)→R and

(1) P(E)≥0 ∀𝐄𝝐𝐏 (𝐒)

(2) P(S)=1
PROBABILITY
(3) E1, E2 𝝐𝐏 (𝐒) , E1∩ 𝐄𝟐=∅, then P(E1∪E2 )=P(E1)+P(E2)

Any function P defined on 𝐏 (𝐒) and satisfying above

axioms is called as probability function.
Remarks:
(1) There can be any number of probability functions
for the same random experiment.

(2) Axiom of additivity can be generalized as follows: If

E1, E2, E3,…… En,….are mutually exclusive events (i.e)
Ei∩Ej=∅ (i ≠j), Then
PROBABILITY
P(E1∪E2….… .∪En ∪….)= P(E1)+ P(E2)+……+ P(En)+…..
ത
(3) Let us prove P(E)+P(𝐄)=1 by axiomatic approach:
ത SP(E∪ 𝐄)=
We have E∪ 𝐄= ത P(S)

P(E)+P(𝐄)=1
ത ∵ 𝐄 ∩ 𝐄ത = ∅
PROBABILITY
1) In the experiment of throwing a die, consider the
following events:
A={1,3,5}, B={2,4,6}, C={1,2,3} are these events
equally likely?

Solution:
Yes, clearly A,B,C are equally likely due to the fact

𝟑
P(A)= P(B)= P(C)= .
𝟔
PROBABILITY
2) If two numbers are selected randomly from 20
consecutive natural numbers, find the probability that
the sum of the two numbers is
i) An even number ii) An odd number
Solution:
i) Let A be the event that the sum of the two numbers
is even when two numbers are selected at random
from 20 consecutive natural numbers and S be the
sample space.

Now n(S)= 𝟐𝟎𝐂𝟐 = 𝟏𝟗𝟎

PROBABILITY
Since the sum of two numbers is even if the two numbers
are both even or both odd.
𝐧(𝐀) 𝟗𝟎 𝟗
𝐍𝐨𝐰 P(A)= = = .
n(A)= 𝟏𝟎𝐂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝐂𝟐 = 𝟒𝟓 + 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝟏𝟗

ii) The sum of two numbers is odd (Let , denoted by B) if

one number is even and the other number is odd.

∴n(B)=𝟏𝟎𝐂𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝐂𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝐧(𝐁) 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎
∴P(B)= = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝟏𝟗
PROBABILITY
3) A game consists of tossing a coin 3 times and noting its
outcome. A boy wins if all tosses give the same outcome
and loses otherwise. Find the probability that the boy
loses the game.
Solution:
Let A be the event that the boy tosses the same
outcome in three tosses(HHH or TTT) and S be the
sample space. Now n(S)=𝟐𝟑 = 𝟖, n(A)=2.
𝐧(𝐀) 𝟐 𝟏
𝐍𝐨𝐰 P(A)= = = .
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟖 𝟒
The probability that the boy loses the game
=P(𝐀ഥ )=1-P(A)=1− 𝟏 = 𝟑 .
𝟒 𝟒
PROBABILITY
4) On a festival day, a man plans to visit 4 holy temples
A,B,C,D in a random order. Find the probability that he
visits i) A before B ii) A before B and B before C.
Solution:
i) Let E be the event that the man visits A before
B and S be the sample space.

𝟒!
Now n(S)=𝟒! = 𝐧(𝐄) = .
𝟐!

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟒!/! 𝟏
∴ 𝐏(𝐄) = = = .
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟒! 𝟐
PROBABILITY
ii) Let E be the event that the man visits A before B, B
before C and S be the sample space.
𝟒!
Now n(S)=𝟒! = 𝐧(𝐄) = .
𝟑!

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟒!/! 𝟏
∴ 𝐏(𝐄) = = = .
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟒! 𝟔
PROBABILITY
𝐧(𝐀) 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟕
∴ 𝐏(𝐀) = = = .
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟎 𝟑𝟑
ii) Let A be the event that both enter the different
sections and S be the sample space.

𝟏𝟎𝟎×𝟗𝟗
Now n(S)= 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐂𝟐 = = 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟎,
𝟐

n(A)= 𝟒𝟎𝐂𝟏 × 𝟔𝟎𝐂𝟏 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎.

𝐧(𝐀) 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟔
∴ 𝐏(𝐀) = = = .
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟎 𝟑𝟑
PROBABILITY
5) Out of 100 students, two sections of 40 and 60 are
formed. If you and your friend are among the 100
students, find the probability that i) you both enter the
same section ii) you both enter the different sections.
Solution:
i) Let A be the event that both enter the same section
and S be the sample space.

𝟏𝟎𝟎×𝟗𝟗
Now n(S)= 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐂𝟐 = = 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟎,
𝟐
𝟒𝟎×𝟑𝟗 𝟔𝟎×𝟓𝟗
n(A)= 𝟒𝟎𝐂𝟐 + 𝟔𝟎𝐂𝟐 = +
𝟐 𝟐

= 𝟕𝟖𝟎 + 𝟕𝟕𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟎

PROBABILITY
MCQ:

1) Identify the wrong statement in the following:

(a) 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1

ത =1
(b) P(E) + P(𝐄)

(c) P(A ∪ 𝐁) = P(A)+ P(B)

ത gives odds in favour of event E

(d) The ratio P(E): P(𝐄)
PROBABILITY
(2) When 2 coins are tossed at a time, then probability of
getting 2 heads is__

𝟏
(a)
𝟐

𝟏
(b)
𝟒

𝟑
(c)
𝟒

(d) 0
PROBABILITY
(3) When 2 dice are rolled together, then probability
of getting same number on both the dice is _____

𝟑 𝟓
(a) (b)
𝟒 𝟔

𝟑 𝟏
(c) (d)
𝟔 𝟔
PROBABILITY
(4) Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52
cards. The probability that one of them is black and the
other is red is__
𝟏𝟑 𝟐𝟔 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑
(a) (b) (c) (d)
𝟓𝟏 𝟓𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝟐𝟎𝟒

Hint:
n(S)= 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟐

n(E)= 𝟐𝟔𝐂𝟏 × 𝟐𝟔𝐂𝟏

𝐧(𝐄)
P(E)=
𝐧(𝐒)
PROBABILITY

Thank you…
PROBABILITY

PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
1) What is the probability of obtaining two tails and one
head when three coins are tossed?
Solution:
3 coins tossed  n(S)=23=8
𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠
E=
𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝

𝐄 = 𝐓𝐓𝐇, 𝐓𝐇𝐓, 𝐇𝐓𝐓  n(E)=3

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟑
P(E)= =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟖
PROBABILITY
2) If 4 fair coins are tossed simultaneously, then find the
probability that 2 heads and 2 tails appear
Solution:
4 coins tossed  n(S)=24=16

𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠
E= = 𝐇𝐇𝐓𝐓
𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐬

𝟒! 𝟒!
𝐧(𝐄) = =𝟔 𝟐!!
𝟐!!
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟔 𝟑
P(E)= = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟔 𝟖
PROBABILITY
3) A fair coin is tossed 200 times. Find the probability of
getting head an odd number of times.
Solution:

Coin is tossed 200 times

∴ 𝐧(𝐒) =× 𝟐 × 𝟐..... ×2(200 times)

⟹ 𝐧(𝐒) = 2200
𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐚𝐧 𝐨𝐝𝐝
Let E=
𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬
Head can appear one time, 3 times, 5 times.....,199 times
PROBABILITY

⟹ 𝐧(𝐄) = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝐂𝟏 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝐂𝟑 +......... + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝐂𝟏𝟗𝟗

⟹ 𝐧(𝐄) = 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎−𝟏 = 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟗

𝐧(𝐄)
P(E)=
𝐧(𝐒)
𝐧𝐂𝟑 + 𝐧𝐂𝟓 +………….=𝟐𝐧−𝟏
𝐧𝐂𝟏 +𝟏𝟗𝟗
𝟐
= 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝟐

𝟏
=
𝟐
PROBABILITY
4) What is the probability of throwing a total score of
seven with two dice?
Solution:
𝐓𝐰𝐨 𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝 ⇒ 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟔𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔

𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠
E=
𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐞

E= 𝟏, , 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, , 𝟓, 𝟔,
𝐧 𝐄 =𝟔
𝐧(𝐄)
P(E)= =
𝟔
=
𝟏
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟑𝟔 𝟔
PROBABILITY
5) A single die is rolled twice in succession . What is the
probability that the number showing on the second
toss is greater than that on the first rolling?
Solution:

Die is rolled twice in succession n(S)=𝟔 ×6=36

𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞

𝐋𝐞𝐭 E= 𝐨𝐟 𝟐𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐰 𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫
𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐰
PROBABILITY
(, ),
(, ), (, ),
𝐄 = (, ), (, ), (, ),
(, ), (, ), (, ), (, ),
(, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, )

n(E)=1+2+3+4+5=15

𝐧(𝐄)
P(E)= =
𝟏𝟓
=
𝟓
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐
PROBABILITY
6) Ten dice are thrown. Find the probability that none of
the dices shows the number 1.
Solution:

10 dice are thrown 𝟏 , 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔

n(S) = 6× 𝟔 ×.......6(10 times)

n(S) = 𝟔
𝟏𝟎

𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐧𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐟

𝐄 =
𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝟏

⟹ 𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟓 × 𝟓 ×...... × 𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬
PROBABILITY

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟓𝟏𝟎

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟓 𝟏𝟎
P(E)= =
𝟔
𝐧(𝐒)
PROBABILITY
7) A pair of dice rolled 24 times. A person wins by not
getting a pair of 6s on any of the 24 rolls. What is the
probability of his winning?
Solution:
𝐒
𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐞
=
𝐫𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝟒 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬
𝐧(𝐒) = 𝟔 × 𝟔 × 𝟔 × 𝟔 ×......(24 times)

n(S) =𝟑𝟔
𝟐𝟒

Event E= Getting success

E=(not getting (6,6) at any 24 times)
PROBABILITY

But other than (6,6) with pair of dice can occur in 35

times
∴ 𝐧(𝐄) = 𝟓 × 𝟑𝟓 ×.........× 𝟑𝟓(𝟒 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬)
(𝟏, ), … . , (𝟏, )
(, ), … . , (, 𝟔)
n(E) =𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟒 (, ), … . , (, 𝟔)
(, ), … . , (, 𝟔)
𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟒
P(E)=
𝐧(𝐄) = (, ), … . , (, 𝟔)
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟑𝟔𝟐𝟒
(, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, )

𝟑𝟓 𝟐𝟒
=
𝟑𝟔
 PROBABILITY
8) A and B toss a fair coin 50 times each simultaneously .
Then show that the probability that both of them will
not get tails at the same toss is (3/4)50.
Solution:
A,B tosses fair coin 50 times

S={HH,HT,TH,TT} (50 times)

n(S) = 𝟐 × 𝟐 × 𝟐 × 𝟐 ×...(50 times)
n(S) =𝟒
𝟓𝟎

𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐧𝐨𝐭

𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐄 = 𝟓𝟎 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬
𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐥
PROBABILITY

But both will not get tail in 3 ways

E= {HH,HT,TH} ( 50 times )

⟹ 𝐧(𝐄) = × 𝟑 × 𝟑 ×.........( 𝟓𝟎 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬)

n(E) =𝟑
𝟓𝟎

𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝟑 𝟓𝟎
P(E)=
𝐧(𝐄) = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝟒
PROBABILITY
9) Find the probability that a non-leap year contains
i) 53 Sundays ii) 52 Sundays only

Solution:
non-leap year→365 days

52 weeks & 1 day

𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐚𝐲
𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐛𝐞
→Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,
Friday, Saturday ( 7 ways)
PROBABILITY
i) In order to get 53 Sunday, the remaining one day should
be Sunday. (i.e.), 1 favorable way among 7 possible ways.
𝟏
 Required probability = .
𝟕

i) In order to get 52 Sunday only , the remaining one

day should be other than Sunday. (i.e.),6 favorable
ways among 7 possible ways.

𝟔
 Required probability = .
𝟕
PROBABILITY
10) If a number x is selected from natural numbers 1 to
𝟏𝟎𝟎
100, find the probability for x+ > 29.
𝐱
Solution:

A number is selected from the

natural numbers from 1 to 100.

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐂𝟏 =100
n(S)=
𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐥𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫
𝐄= 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐱 𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐱 + > 𝟐𝟗
𝐱
PROBABILITY

𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟎𝟎
𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝐱 + > 𝟐𝟗 ⟹ > 𝟐𝟗
𝐱 𝐱
⟹ 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟐𝟗𝐱 + 𝟎𝟎 > 𝟎

⟹ 𝐱 − 𝟒 𝐱 − 𝟐𝟓 > 𝟎

⟹ 𝐱 < 𝟒 𝐨𝐫 𝐱 > 𝟐𝟓

x=1,2,3 𝐨𝐫 x= 26,27,........,100

𝟑 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝟕𝟓 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬
PROBABILITY
n(E) =3+75=78.
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟕𝟖 𝟑𝟗
P(E)= = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟓𝟎
PROBABILITY
11) A number is picked from 1 to 20, both inclusive. Find
the probability that it is a prime.
Solution:
A number is selected from numbers 1 to 20.
n(S)= 𝟐𝟎𝐂𝟏 =20
𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐄 =
𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞
𝐄 = 𝟐, , , , 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟕, 𝟗 n(E) =8
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟖
P(E)= = =
𝟐
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟐𝟎 𝟓
PROBABILITY
12) A page is opened arbitrarily from a book of 200 pages.
What is the probability that the number on the page is a
perfect square?
Solution:
A page is selected arbitrarily from
a book of 200 pages
n(S)= 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝐂𝟏 =200

𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐧

𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐄 = 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐚
𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞
PROBABILITY

𝐄
= ൛𝟏𝟐 , 𝟐𝟐 , 𝟑𝟐 ,−−−−−−−−−−−
− −𝟏𝟒𝟐 ൟ
1 196

n(E)= 14
𝟏𝟒 𝟕
P(E)= =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟎𝟎
PROBABILITY
SAQS
1)Suppose S= 𝟎, , , is the sample space of a random
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
experiment. Define P(0)=0, P(1)=0,P(2)= , P(3)= , 𝐏() = .
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
Then show that P defines a probability function.
Solution:
Given S= 𝟎, , , ,
𝟏 𝟏
P 𝟎 = 𝟎, P 𝟏 = 𝟎, P 𝟐 = 𝟐 , P 𝟑 = 𝟒
𝟏
and P 𝟒 =
𝟒
PROBABILITY
(𝐢) 𝐎𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞 𝐩 𝐄 ≥ 𝟎, 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐄 ⊆ 𝐒

Thus axiom of non-negativity is satisfied

(ii) Also P(S)=P(0)+P(1)+P(2)+P(3)+P(4)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
⟹𝐏 𝐒 =++ + +
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
⟹𝐏 𝐒 =𝟏

Axiom of certainity is satisfied

PROBABILITY
(iii) If A,B  S and A∩B=∅, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧

𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) =෍ 𝐏 𝐚 = ෍ 𝐏 𝐚 + ෍ 𝐏 𝐚 = 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) (∵A∩B=∅ )

𝐚 ∈ (𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) 𝐚∈𝐀 𝐚∈𝐁

Axiom of additivity is satisfied

Hence, P is a probability function.

PROBABILITY
2) A bag contains 4 red, 5 black and 6 blue balls. What is
the probability that two balls drawn simultaneously are
one red and one black?
Solution:

No. of balls=4 red + 5 black+6 blue

15 balls

2 balls are drawn  n(S) = 𝟏𝟓𝐂𝟐 =𝟏𝟎𝟓

PROBABILITY
𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐧 𝐚𝐫𝐞
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐄 =
𝟏 𝐢𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐝, 𝐢𝐬 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤

 𝐧(𝐄) = 𝟒𝐂𝟏 × 𝟓𝐂𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟐𝟎 𝟒
We have P(E)= = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟐𝟏
PROBABILITY
3) A bag contains 12 two rupee coins, 7 one rupee coins
and 4 half a rupee coins. If three coins are selected at
random then find the probability that
i) The sum of the three coins is maximum,
ii) The sum of the three coins is minimum,
iii) Each coin is of different value

Solution:

Total coins = 12+7+4=23

3 coins selected n(S) = 𝟐𝟑𝐂 𝟑
 PROBABILITY
𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐬
𝐢)𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐄𝟏 =
𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐛𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞

𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐬

⟹ 𝐄𝟏 = 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐮𝐩𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞

⟹ 𝐧 𝐄𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐𝐂 𝟑

𝟏𝟐𝐂 𝟑
Now P(E1)=
𝐧(𝐄𝟏) =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟐𝟑𝐂 𝟑
PROBABILITY
𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐬
𝐢𝐢)𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐄𝟐 = 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐛𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞

𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐬

⟹ 𝐄𝟐 = 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 / 𝐫𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞
⟹ 𝐧 𝐄 𝟐 = 𝟒𝐂 𝟑

𝟒𝐂 𝟑
Now P(E2)=
𝐧(𝐄𝟐) =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟐𝟑𝐂 𝟑
PROBABILITY
𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝐢𝐢𝐢)𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐄𝟑 = 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞

One from each category

⟹ 𝐧 𝐄𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐𝐂 𝟏 × 𝟒𝐂 𝟏 × 𝟕𝐂 𝟏

𝐧(𝐄𝟑) 𝟏𝟐𝐂 𝟏 × 𝟒𝐂 𝟏 × 𝟕𝐂 𝟏
Now P(E3)= =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟐𝟑𝐂 𝟑
 PROBABILITY
4) Out of 30 consecutive integers two are drawn at
random. Then what is the probability that their sum is
odd?
Solution:

𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐫𝐬 = 15 odd + 15 even

2 integers are selected from given 30 integers

𝟑𝟎×𝟐𝟗
⟹ 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟑𝟎𝐂 𝟐 = = 15×29
𝟐
PROBABILITY
𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐡
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐄 =
𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐛𝐞 𝐨𝐝𝐝

one odd & one even

⟹ 𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟏𝟓𝐂 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟓𝐂 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 × 𝟏𝟓

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏𝟓×𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓
P(E)= = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟓×𝟐𝟗 𝟐𝟗
PROBABILITY
5) Twenty persons, among whom A and B, sit at random
along a round table. Find the probability that there are
any 6 persons between A and B.
Solution:
20 persons ( includes A and B) are seated around a table
𝟐𝟎𝐏 𝟐𝟎
⟹𝐧 𝐒 = = 𝟏𝟗!
𝟐𝟎
(𝐨𝐫)
⟹ 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟐𝟎 − ! = 𝟏𝟗!

𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐬𝐢𝐭

𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐄 =
𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐀 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁
PROBABILITY

Excluding A,B → 18 persons

Select 6 from 18 → 𝟏𝟖𝐂 𝟔 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬

6 arranged between A,B → 6 !
Interchange A,B → 2 ways

Now 6 persons along

with A,B → One unit

unit + other 12 persons → 13 items

PROBABILITY
𝟏𝟑𝐏 𝟏𝟑
13 items around table → 𝟏𝟑
= 𝟏𝟐!

𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐮𝐥𝐞 ⟹ 𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟏𝟖𝐂 𝟔 × 𝟔! × 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟐!

𝟏𝟖!
= × 𝟔! × 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟐!
𝟔!𝟏𝟐!

= 𝟏𝟖! 𝟐

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟐.𝟖! 𝟐
P(E)= = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟗! 𝟏𝟗
PROBABILITY
6) In a box containing 15 bulbs, 5 are defective. If 5 bulbs
are selected at random from the box, find the probability
of the event, that i) none of them is defective
ii) Only one of them is defective
iii) At least one of them is defective

Solution:
15 bulbs=5 defective +10 good

𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 ⟹ 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟓𝐂 𝟓

𝐚𝐭 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐦
PROBABILITY
𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐧𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦
𝐢) 𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐄𝟏 = 𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞

all 5 are good bulbs

⟹ 𝐧 𝐄𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝐂 𝟓

𝐧(𝐄𝟏) 𝟏𝟎𝐂 𝟓 𝟏𝟐
P(E)= = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟓𝐂 𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟑
PROBABILITY
𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐲 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛 𝐢𝐬
𝐢𝐢) 𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐄𝟐 = 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐠

1 defective & 4 good

⟹ 𝐧 𝐄𝟐 = 𝟓𝐂 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝐂 𝟒
𝐧(𝐄𝟐)
Now P(E2)=
𝐧(𝐒)

𝟓𝐂 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝐂 𝟒 𝟓𝟎
= =
𝟏𝟓𝐂 𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟑
 PROBABILITY
𝐚𝐭 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛 𝐢𝐬
𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐄 = 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐠
𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛 𝐢𝐬
𝐄ത = 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐠

all 5 are good

⟹ 𝐧 𝐄ത = 𝟏𝟎𝐂 𝟓

ത
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏𝟎𝐂 𝟓
 P(𝐄)=
ത =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟓𝐂 𝟓
PROBABILITY

ത =1
But P(E)+ P(𝐄)

P(E) =1-P(𝐄)
ത

𝟏𝟎𝐂 𝟓
P(E) = 𝟏 −
𝟏𝟓𝐂 𝟓

𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟑𝟏
P(E) = 𝟏 − =
𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝟏𝟒𝟑
PROBABILITY
7) Two squares are chosen at random on a chess board.
Then show that the probability that they have a side in
common is 1/18.
Solution:
Chess board consists 64 squares

2 squares are selected at random

𝟔𝟒 × 𝟔𝟑
⟹ 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟔𝟒𝐂 𝟐 = = 𝟑𝟐 × 𝟔𝟑
𝟐
PROBABILITY
No. of favorable cases
𝟒𝐂 𝟏 𝟐𝐂 𝟏 + 𝟐𝟒𝐂 𝟏 𝟑𝐂 𝟏 +𝟑𝟔𝐂 𝟏 𝟒𝐂 𝟏
n(E) =
𝟐

𝐧(𝐄)
Now P(E)=
𝐧(𝐒)

𝟏
P(E)=
𝟏𝟖
PROBABILITY

Thank you…
PROBABILITY

PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
Addition theorem on Probability:
Statement: If A, B are any two events in sample space S of
a random experiment, then P(AB)= P(A)+P(B)-P(A∩B)
A B
Proof:
Case: (i) S
Suppose A∩B=∅

As A∩B=∅ , so by axiom of additivity, we write

P(AB)= P(A)+P(B)
= P(A)+P(B)-0
PROBABILITY
S
= P(A)+P(B)-P(∅) [∵ P(∅)=0] 𝐀∩𝐁
A B
= P(A)+P(B)-P(A∩B) [∵ P(A∩B) =P(∅)]
ഥ∩𝐁
𝐀
Thus P(A∪B)= P(A)+P(B)-P(A∩B) ഥ
𝐀∩𝐁

Case: (ii) suppose A∩B ≠∅

From figure, we have A is union of regions

𝐀∩𝐁 ഥ ,𝐀∩𝐁

P(A)= P (𝐀 ∩ 𝐁
ഥ ) ∪ (𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)

disjoint
 PROBABILITY
Applying axiom of additivity to RHS, we get
P(A)= P(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁
ഥ ) + 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)

P(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁
ഥ ) = 𝐏(𝐀) − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) −−−−−−−−−−− −()
Also from figure ,
ഥ ), 𝐁
we have (AB) is regions of (𝐀 ∩ 𝐁
disjoint
𝐏(𝐀𝐁) =P((𝐀 ∩ 𝐁
ഥ) ∪
𝐁))
disjoint
Applying axiom of additivity to RHS, we get
PROBABILITY
𝐏(𝐀𝐁) =P(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁
ഥ ) + 𝐏(𝐁)

= 𝐏(𝐀)-P(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) + 𝐏(𝐁) [∵ (𝟏) ]

= 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)

Thus P(A∪B)= P(A)+P(B)-P(A∩B)

Hence Proved
PROBABILITY
Deduction: If A,B,C are 3 events in a sample space S of a
random experiment, Then
P(A∪B∪ 𝐂)= P(A)+P(B)+P(C)-P(A∩B)-P(B∩C)-P(C∩A)+P(A∩B∩C)
Proof:

By data A,B,C are 3 subsets of S.

From set theory, we know
n(A∪B∪ 𝐂)= n(A)+n(B)+n(C)-n(A∩B)-n(B∩C)-n(C∩A)+n(A∩B∩C)

Now divide throughout by n(S), Then

 PROBABILITY
𝐧(𝐀⋃𝐁⋃𝐂) 𝐧(𝐀) 𝐧(𝐁) 𝐧(𝐂) 𝐧(𝐀∩𝐁) 𝐧(𝐁∩𝐂) 𝐧(𝐂∩𝐀) 𝐧(𝐀∩𝐁∩𝐂)
= + + - - - +
𝐧(𝐒) 𝐧(𝐒) 𝐧(𝐒) 𝐧(𝐒) 𝐧(𝐒) 𝐧(𝐒) 𝐧(𝐒) 𝐧(𝐒)

P(A∪B∪ 𝐂)= P(A)+P(B)+P(C)-P(A∩B)-P(B∩C)-P(C∩A)+P(A∩B∩C)

Hence Proved
PROBABILITY
Set theoretic representations of statements:
ഥ
1) Non happening of event A is written as 𝐀

2) Happening of at least one among events A,B is

written as (A ∪ B)

3) Happening of both events A,B is written as (A ∩B)

ഥ∩ 𝐁
4) Neither A nor B happens is written as 𝐀 ഥ = (𝐀 ∪ 𝐁)
 PROBABILITY
5) A happens but not B is written as ഥ
𝐀∩ 𝐁
ഥ )∪(𝐀
6) Exactly one of A,B happens is written as (𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ഥ ∩ 𝐁)
7) Not more than one happens in A,B is written as
ഥ )∪(𝐀
(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ഥ ∩ 𝐁) ∪(𝐀
ഥ∩𝐁
ഥ)

8) A happens when ever B happens is written as AB.

9) A,B are mutually exclusive (disjoint) iff A∩B=𝛟

PROBABILITY
52 Playing cards

26 Red 26 Black

13(Diamond) 13(Spades)

13(Hearts) 13(Clubs)
PROBABILITY
13(Diamond) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
JQK A

13(Hearts) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
JQK A

13(Spades) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
JQK A

13(Clubs) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
JQK A
PROBABILITY
➢ Here clubs, spades, diamonds, hearts are four suits
➢ Each suit contains 13 cards namely
2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,J,Q,K,A
➢ In every suit J,Q,K are face cards (or court cards or
pictured cards)

➢ Each suit contains 9 number cards

➢ In every suit there are 13 face values namely

(2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,J,Q,K,A)

➢ In a pack of cards the number of cards with same face

value is 4.
PROBABILITY
Solved Problems:
1) In an experiment of drawing a card from a pack , the
event of getting a spade is denoted by A and getting a
pictured card (king, queen or jack) is denoted by B. Find
the probabilities of A,B,A∩B,A∪ 𝐁.
Solution:
From data:
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟓𝟐𝐂 𝟏 = 𝟓𝟐, 𝐧 𝐀 = 𝟏𝟑𝐂 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑

𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐧 𝐁 = 𝟏𝟐𝐂 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝟐 𝟑
𝐀𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐏 𝐀 = = , 𝐏 𝐁 = =
𝟓𝟐 𝟒 𝟓𝟐 𝟏𝟑
PROBABILITY
We have A∩B =event of getting a spade pictured card i.e.
spade king or spade queen or spade jack.
𝟑
⟹ 𝐧 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 = 𝟑𝐂 𝟏 = 𝟑 ⟹ 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 = 𝟓𝟐
Again AB =event of getting a spade
card or pictured card.

Now P(A∪B)= P(A)+P(B)-P(A∩B)

𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏𝟑+𝟐−𝟑
= + − =
𝟒 𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐

𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏
= =
𝟓𝟐 𝟐𝟔
 PROBABILITY
2) From the employees of a company, 5 persons are
selected to represent them in the managing committee
of the company. The particulars of 5 persons are as
follows
S.No. Name Sex Age in years
1 Harish M 30
2 Rohan M 33
3 Sheetala F 46
4 Alis F 28
5 Salim M 41
A person is selected at random from this group to act as a
spokesperson.
PROBABILITY
Find the probability that the spokesperson will be either
male or above 35 years.
Solution:
Let A be the event that the spokesperson will be man and
B be the event that the spokesperson will be the person
above 35 years and S be the sample space.

Now n(S)=5, n(A)=3, n(B)=2,

n(A∩B)=1
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
P(A)= , 𝐏(𝐁) = , 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) =
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
Now P(A∪B)= P(A)+P(B)-P(A∩B)
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟒
= + − = .
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
PROBABILITY
3) If P is a probability function, then show that for any two
events A and B,
P(A∩B)P(A) P(A∪B) P(A) +P(B)
Solution:
A∩B A P(A∩B)P(A)

A  A B  P(A)  P(AB)
P(AB)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A∩B) P(A)+P(B)

P(A∩B) P(A)  P(AB)  P(A) +P(B)

PROBABILITY
4) The probability of 3 mutually exclusive events are
𝟏+𝐩 𝟏−𝐩 𝟏−𝐩 𝟏 𝟏
respectively given as , , . 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 ≤ 𝐩 ≤ .
𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
Solution: 𝟏+𝐩
Let A,B,C be the events that such that P(A)= ,
𝟑
𝟏−𝐩 𝟏−𝐩
P(B)= ,P(C)=
𝟒 𝟐
𝟏+𝐩
𝐍𝐨𝐰 ≤ 𝐏(𝐀) ≤ 𝟏 ⇒ 𝟎 ≤ ≤𝟏
𝟑

⇒ 𝟎 ≤ 𝟏 + 𝐩 ≤ 𝟑 ⇒ −≤ 𝟑𝐩 ≤ 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
⇒− ≤ 𝐩 ≤ → (𝟏)
𝟑 𝟑
PROBABILITY
𝟏−𝐩
𝐰𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 ≤ 𝐏(𝐁) ≤ 𝟏 ⇒ 𝟎 ≤ ≤𝟏
𝟒

⇒ 𝟎 ≤ 𝟏 − 𝐩 ≤ 𝟒 ⇒ 𝟎 ≥ 𝐩 − 𝟏 ≤ − ⇒ 𝟏 ≥ 𝐩 ≥ −𝟑 ⇒ −≤ 𝐩 ≤ 𝟏 → ()
𝟏−𝐩
𝐀𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐰𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 ≤ 𝐏(𝐂) ≤ 𝟏 ⇒ 𝟎 ≤ ≤𝟏
𝟐

⇒ 𝟎 ≤ 𝟏 − 𝐩 ≤ 𝟐 ⇒ 𝟎 ≥ 𝟐𝐩 − 𝟏 ≥ −

⇒ 𝟏 ≥ 𝟐𝐩 ≥ − ⇒ −𝟏 ≤ 𝟐𝐩 ≤ 𝟏

⇒ −𝟏/≤ 𝐩 ≤ 𝟏/→ (𝟑)

We know 0 P(ABC) 1
PROBABILITY
∵ 𝐀, 𝐁, 𝐂 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐦𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞
⇒ 0 P(A)+P(B)+P(C)1
⟹ 𝐏(𝐀𝐁𝐂) = 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) + 𝐏(𝐂)
𝟏+𝐩 𝟏−𝐩 𝟏−𝐩
⇒𝟎≤ + + ≤𝟏
𝟑 𝟒 𝟐
⇒ 𝟎 ≤ 𝟒 𝟏 + 𝐩 + 𝟑 𝟏 − 𝐩 + 𝟔 𝟏 − 𝟐𝐩 ≤
𝟏𝟐
⇒ 𝟎 ≤ 𝟒 + 𝟏𝟐𝐩 + −𝐏 + −𝟐𝐏 ≤ 𝟏𝟐
⇒ 𝟎 ≤ 𝟏𝟑 − 𝐩 ≤ 𝟏𝟐 ⇒ 𝟎 ≥ 𝟑𝐩 − 𝟑 ≥ −𝟏𝟐
⇒ 𝟏𝟑 ≥ 𝟑𝐩 ≥ 𝟏 ⇒ 𝟏𝟑/≥ 𝐩 ≥ 𝟏/
⇒ 𝟏/≤ 𝐩 ≤ 𝟏𝟑/→ (𝟒)
(1), (2), (3), (4) hold simultaneously
⇒ 𝟏/≤ 𝐩 ≤ 𝟏/𝟐.
PROBABILITY
MCQ
𝟑 𝟖
1) A And B Are 2 Events such that P(A∩B)= , 𝐏(𝐁 − 𝐀) =
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
then P(B)=___
𝟏𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟓
𝐚) 𝐛) 𝐜) 𝐝)
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟓
Solution:
𝐀∩𝐁 S
A
Hint: B

P(B)=P(A∩B)+P(B-A) by using
ഥ∩𝐁
𝐀
venn diagram
ഥ
𝐀∩𝐁 or B-A
PROBABILITY

Thank you…
PROBABILITY

PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
 PROBABILITY
ഥ )+P(𝐁
1) Find P(𝐀 ഥ ) if P(A⋃𝐁)=0.65, P(A⋂𝐁)=0.15
Solution:
Given P(A∪ 𝐁) =. 𝟓, P(A∩ 𝐁) =. 𝟓
We know, P(A∪ 𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) −
𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
0.65= 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁)−. 𝟓
𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) = 𝟎.
 1-P(𝐀
ഥ ) + 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐁
ഥ ) =.

 2 - 0.8=P(𝐀
ഥ ) + 𝐏(𝐁
ഥ )P(𝐀
ഥ ) + 𝐏(𝐁
ഥ ) = 𝟏.
 PROBABILITY
2) Suppose A and B are events with P(A)=0.5, P(B)=0.4
and P(A∩ 𝐁)=0.3. Find the probability that i) A does
not occur ii) neither A nor B occurs.
Solution:

Given P(𝐀) =. ,P(𝐁) =. ,P(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) =.

i) Probability (A does not occur)
=P 𝐀ഥ
= -P 𝐀
= -0.5
= 0.5
PROBABILITY

ii) Probability (neither A nor B occur)

=P 𝐀ഥ∩𝐁ഥ

= P 𝐀∪𝐁

= 1-P 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁

= − 𝐏 𝐀 +𝐏 𝐁 −𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁

= − 𝟎. +𝟎. 𝟒 − 𝟎. 𝟑
= 1-0.6

= 0.4
PROBABILITY
3) The probability for a contractor to get a road contract
is 2/3 and to get a building contract is 5/9. The
probability to get at least one contract is 4/5. Find
the probability that he gets both the contracts.
Solution:
𝟐
Pr (getting road contract) =P(R) =𝟑

𝟓
Pr (getting building contract)=P(B) =𝟗
PROBABILITY
𝟒
Pr (getting at least one contract)=P(R∪B) =𝟓

R (or) B
Pr (getting both the contracts) =P(R∩B) =?

R and B
Addition theorem gives
𝐏 𝐑∪𝐁 =𝐏 𝐑 +𝐏 𝐁 −𝐏 𝐑∩𝐁
⟹𝐏 𝐑∩𝐁 =𝐏 𝐑 +𝐏 𝐁 −𝐏 𝐑∪𝐁
𝟐 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑𝟎 + 𝟓 − 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟏𝟗
= + − = 𝟒𝟓
𝟑 𝟗 𝟓 𝟒𝟓
PROBABILITY
4) If A and B are two events, then show that S
𝐀∩𝐁
P(A-B) = P(A) - P(A∩B) A B

Solution:
A-B B-A
A,B are two events
Figure A is union of regions
(A-B),(A∩ 𝐁)

disjoint
⟹𝐏 𝐀
= 𝐏 𝐀−𝐁 ∪ 𝐀∩𝐁
= 𝐏 𝐀 − 𝐁 + 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 (∵Axiom of additivity)
PROBABILITY

⟹𝐏 𝐀 −𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 =𝐏 𝐀−𝐁
⟹𝐏 𝐀−𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐀 −𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁
PROBABILITY
5) If A and B are two events, then show that the
probability that exactly one of them occurs, is given by
P(A) + P(B) - 2P(A∩B)
Solution:
A,B are two events.
Exactly one ഥ ) (or) (𝐀
= (A∩ 𝐁 ഥ ∩ 𝐁)
occurs in A,B
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐢𝐧
Probability
𝐀, 𝐁 𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐬
ഥ ) + P(𝐀
= P (A∩ 𝐁 ഥ ∩ 𝐁)→ (i)
PROBABILITY
Figure A is union of regions 𝐀∩𝐁
S A B
ഥ ), (𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
(A∩ 𝐁

disjoint ഥ)
(A∩ 𝐁
ഥ ∩ 𝐁)
𝐀

ഥ ∪ 𝐀∩𝐁
⟹𝐏 𝐀 =𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁
ഥ +𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁
=𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁

ഥ
⟹𝐏 𝐀 −𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 =𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁
ഥ = 𝐏 𝐀 − 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 → (𝐢𝐢)
⟹𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁
PROBABILITY
Figure B is union of regions 𝐀∩𝐁
S A B
ഥ∩𝐁 )
(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) , 𝐀

disjoint ഥ)
(A∩ 𝐁
ഥ ∩ 𝐁)
𝐀

ഥ∩𝐁
⟹𝐏 𝐁 =𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 ∪ 𝐀
ഥ∩𝐁
=𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 +𝐏 𝐀

ഥ∩𝐁
⇒𝐏 𝐁 −𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 =𝐏 𝐀
ഥ∩𝐁
⇒𝐏 𝐁 −𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 =𝐏 𝐀
ഥ ∩ 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐁 − 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 → (𝐢𝐢𝐢)
⇒𝐏 𝐀
PROBABILITY

Now (ii), (iii) in (i) gives

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐢𝐧
Probability
𝐀, 𝐁 𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐬

=P(A)-P(A∩ 𝐁) + P(B) -P(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)

=P(A)+ P(B) - 2P(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)

PROBABILITY
6) For any two events A and B, show that
P(𝐀𝒄 ∩ 𝐁𝒄 ) = 1+ P(A∩B) - P(A) - P(B)
Solution:
ഥ∩𝐁
P(𝐀𝒄 ∩ 𝐁𝒄 ) = P(𝐀 ഥ)

= P(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁)
= 1- P(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁)
= 1- ሼ𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩
𝐁)ሽ
= 1-𝐏(𝐀) − 𝐏(𝐁) + 𝐏(𝐀 ∩
𝐁)
= 1+𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)-𝐏(𝐀) − 𝐏(𝐁)
 PROBABILITY
SAQ
1) A and B are seeking admission into IIT. If the
probability for A to be selected is 0.5 and that of both
to be selected is 0.3. Is it possible that, the probability
of B to be selected is 0.9?
Solution:
Pr (A is selected )= P(A)=0.5

Pr (both A, B are selected)=P(A∩ 𝐁)=0.3

PROBABILITY
We know P(A∪ 𝐁) ≤ 𝟏

⟹ 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)

≤𝟏
⟹ 𝟎. +𝐏(𝐁) − 𝟎. ≤ 𝟏
⟹ 𝐏(𝐁) ≤ 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐
⟹ 𝐏(𝐁) ≤ 𝟎. 𝟖

∴ 𝐏(𝐁) = 𝟎. 𝟗 is not possible

PROBABILITY
2) Find the probability of drawing an ace or a spade from a
well shuffled pack of 52 cards?
Solution:
E1, E2 are events of drawing an ace, drawing a spade
Now P(E1orE2)= P(E1∪E2)=?
But P(E1)=pr (Drawing ace)
𝟒𝐂 𝟏 𝟒
= =
𝟓𝟐𝐂 𝟏 𝟓𝟐

Also P(E2)=Pr (Drawing a spade)

𝟏𝟑𝐂 𝟏 𝟏𝟑
= =
𝟓𝟐𝐂 𝟏 𝟓𝟐
PROBABILITY
We have P(E1 ∩E2) = Pr (Drawing ace and spade)
𝟏𝐂 𝟏 𝟏
= Probability (Drawing spade ace card) = 𝟓𝟐𝐂 𝟏
=
𝟓𝟐

From Addition theorem

𝐏(𝐄𝟏 ∪ 𝐄𝟐) = 𝐏(𝐄𝟏) + 𝐏(𝐄𝟐) − 𝐏(𝐄𝟏 ∩ 𝐄𝟐)
𝟒 𝟏𝟑 𝟏
= + −
𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐

𝟏𝟔 𝟒
= =
𝟓𝟐 𝟏𝟑
PROBABILITY
3) In a class of 60 boys and 20 girls. Half of the boys and
half of the girls know cricket. Find the probability of
the event that a person selected from the class is
either ‘a boy’ or ‘a girl’ who knows cricket’.
Solution:
Class consists→ 60 boys, 20 girls
( 80 students)

Cricket known to
40
half of boys, half of girls students

30 boys 10 boys
PROBABILITY
E1= event of selecting boy
E2= event of selecting girls who knows cricket
To find : P(E1 or E2)=? (i.e) P(E1E2)=?
𝟔𝟎𝐂 𝟏 𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝐂 𝟏 𝟏𝟎
P(E1)= = , P(E2)= =
𝟖𝟎𝐂 𝟏 𝟖𝟎 𝟖𝟎𝐂 𝟏 𝟖𝟎

𝐁𝐨𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝
Also P(E1E2)=Pr 𝐠𝐢𝐫𝐥 𝐰𝐡𝐨 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐬
𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭
=P() =0
 PROBABILITY
From addition theorem P(E1E2) = P(E1) + P(E2) - P(E1 E2)
𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟎
= + −𝟎
𝟖𝟎 𝟖𝟎
𝟕𝟎
=
𝟖𝟎
𝟕
=
𝟖
PROBABILITY
4) A,B,C are three horses in a race. The probability of A to
win the race is twice that of B, and the probability of B
is twice that of C. what are the probability of A,B and C
to win the race?
Solution:
Race won by any one of A,B,C

Given data  P(A) = 2P(B),P(B)= 2P(C)

𝟏 𝟏
 P(A) = P(B), P(B) = P(C) →(i)
𝟐 𝟐

Now S = A or B or C

 P(S) = P(ABC)
PROBABILITY
 1=P(A)+P(B)+P(C)→(ii) (∵ 𝐀, 𝐁, 𝐂 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐦𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞)
𝟏 𝟏
 (i) in (ii)  P(A)+ P(A)+ P(B)=1
𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
 P(A)+ P(A)+ . P(A)=1
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
 𝟏+ + P(A)=1
𝟐 𝟒

𝟕
 P(A)=1
𝟒

𝟒
 P(A)=
𝟕
PROBABILITY
𝟒
Now P(A)= in (i) gives
𝟕
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
P(B) = ( ) , P(C)= P(B)
𝟐 𝟕 𝟐

𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
P(B) = , P(C) = ( )
𝟕 𝟐 𝟕
𝟐 𝟏
P(B) = , P(C) = ( )
𝟕 𝟕

𝟒 𝟐 𝟏
Thus P (A), P (B), P (C) are , , respectively.
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
PROBABILITY
5) In a committee of 25 members, each member is
proficient either in mathematics or in statistics or in
both. If 19 of these are proficient in mathematics,16 in
statistics find the probability that a person selected
from the committee is proficient in both.
Solution:
Committee consists of 25 members
Each member is proficient either in
maths or in statistics

Event A Event B
𝟐𝟓
Now n(AB)= 25 and P(AB)= =1
𝟐𝟓
PROBABILITY
But 19 are proficient in Maths and 16 are proficient in
Statistics 𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟔
 P (A) = , P (B) =
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
Addition Theorem
 P(AB)= P(A) + P(B)-P (AB)
 P(A  B)=P(A) + P(B)-P (A  B)
𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟔
= + − 𝟏
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
𝟑𝟓−𝟓
=
𝟐𝟓
𝟏𝟎 𝟐
= =
𝟐𝟓 𝟓
PROBABILITY
6) If one ticket is randomly selected from tickets
numbers 1 to 30, then find the probability that the
number on the ticket is
(i) a multiple of 5 or 7 (ii) a multiple of 3 or 5
Solution:
30 tickets are numbered 1 to 30
One ticket is selected at random
 n(s) = 𝟑𝟎𝐂𝟏 = 30
𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭 𝐢𝐬
(i) E1= 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐫

𝟓,𝟎,𝟓,𝟎,𝟓,𝟎
 E1= 𝟕,𝟒,𝟏,𝟖 n(E1) =10
 PROBABILITY
𝐧(𝐄 ) 𝟏𝟎 𝟏
 P(E1) = 𝐧(𝐬)𝟏 =𝟑𝟎 =𝟑

𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭 𝐢𝐬

(ii) E2= 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐫

𝟑,,,𝟐,𝟓,𝟖,𝟏,𝟒,𝟕,𝟎
 E2= 𝟓,𝟎,𝟓,𝟎,𝟓,𝟎

𝐁𝐮𝐭 𝟓, 𝟎 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐭𝐰𝐢𝐜𝐞, 𝐬𝐨 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦 𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞

 n(E2) =14
𝐧(𝐄𝟏) 𝟏𝟒 𝟕
By defn  P(E2) = = =
𝐧(𝐬) 𝟑𝟎 𝟏𝟓
 PROBABILITY
7) If P (A) = 0.3, P (B)= 0.4, P (C)= 0.8, P (AB)= 0.08,
P (AC)= 0.28, P (AB C)= 0.09, P (AB C)  0.75,
then show that P (BC) lies in [𝟎. 𝟑, . 𝟖]
Solution:
We know P (AB C)  𝟏→(𝐢)
Given P (AB C)  0.75
 . 𝟓  𝐏 (𝐀𝐁 𝐂) → (𝐢𝐢)
Now (i),(ii)  . 𝟓  𝐏(𝐀𝐁 𝐂)  1

 𝟎. 𝟓  𝐏 (𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) + 𝐏(𝐂) − 𝐏 (𝐀𝐁) - 𝐏 (𝐁𝐂) - 𝐏 (𝐂𝐀) +

𝐏 (𝐀𝐁𝐂)  1
PROBABILITY

 . 𝟓  𝟎. 𝟑+. +. − 𝐏 (𝐁𝐂) − . 𝟖 + . 𝟗  𝟏
 . 𝟓  𝟏. 𝟑 − 𝐏 (𝐁𝐂)𝟏

Multiply by ‘- 1’

 − 𝟎. 𝟓  𝐏 (𝐁𝐂) − 𝟏. 𝟑  −
Adding 1.23, we get
 1.23 – 0.75  𝐏 (𝐁𝐂) 𝟎. 𝟑
0.48
 0.23  𝐏 (𝐁𝐂)  𝟎. 𝟖
 𝐏 (𝐁𝐂) [. 𝟑 , . 𝟖]
PROBABILITY
8) A,B,C are three news papers published from a city. 20 %
of the population read A, 16 % read B, 14% read C,8%
read both A and B, 5% read both A and C,4% read both B
and C and 2% read all the three. Find the percentage of
the population who read at least one news paper

Solution:
𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟒 𝟖
P (A) = , P (B) = P (C) = , P (AB)=
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟓 𝟒 𝟐
P (AC) = , P (BC) = , P (AB C) =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
PROBABILITY
Population who reads at least one news paper

(i.e) A or B or C is ABC

We know P (ABC)= P (A)+P (B)+ P (C) – P(AB) - P(B C)

- P(C A)+ P (A  B  C)
𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟒 𝟖 𝟒 𝟓 𝟐
= + + − − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟎+ 𝟔+𝟒−−−+
=
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟓𝟐−𝟕 𝟑𝟓
= = = 𝟑𝟓 %
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
35% population reads at least one news papers
 PROBABILITY
A
Note: B
9 6 6

Let us find the population who reads 3

2
2

(i) Paper A exclusively 7

(ii) Paper B exclusively C

(iii) Paper C exclusively

First fix → 2% reads all 3 in figure.

(i) exclusively A → 9%
(ii) exclusively B → 6%
(iii) exclusively C → 7%
PROBABILITY

Thank you…
PROBABILITY

PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
CONDITIONAL EVENT :

A,B are 2 events such that happening of B is after the

𝐁
happening of A, this is denoted by 𝐨𝐫 𝐁/𝐀.
𝐀
𝐁
𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭.
𝐀

𝐁
𝐀𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐢𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐚𝐬 𝐁 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐀.
𝐀
 PROBABILITY
𝐁
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 ,
𝐀
𝐰𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐲 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐁 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐀.
𝐁
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 , 𝐰𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐀 𝐚𝐬 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐀𝐁 𝐢𝐬 𝐟𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐧.
𝐀

𝐁 𝐧(𝐀𝐁)
𝐒𝐨, 𝐰𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐏 =
𝐀 𝐧(𝐀)
PROBABILITY
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY (Definition) :
A,B are 2 events such that the probability of happening of
𝐁
B is after the event A, denoted by 𝐨𝐫 𝐁/𝐀
𝐀

𝐁 𝐧(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
Now we define P =
𝐀 𝐧(𝐀)
𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
= (formula)
𝐏(𝐀)

𝐀 𝐧(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
Just as above P =
𝐁 𝐧(𝐁)

𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
= (formula)
𝐏(𝐁)
PROBABILITY
INDEPENDENT EVENTS :
Two or more events are such that happening or non –
happening of one of them does not influences the other,
then those events are said to be independent events
Note:
Events which are not independent are always dependent
events
Note:

Also A,B are independent events

𝐀 𝐁
 =A; =B
𝐁 𝐀
 PROBABILITY
𝐀 𝐁 𝐏(𝐀∩𝐁) 𝐏(𝐀∩𝐁)
𝐏 = P(A), 𝐏 =P(B)  𝐏(𝐁)
= P(A),
𝐏(𝐀)
=P(B)
𝐁 𝐀

On cross multiplication we get

𝐏(𝐀𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀) 𝐏(𝐁)
RULE:
(𝟏)𝐀, 𝐁 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬
 𝐏(𝐀𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀) 𝐏(𝐁)

(𝟐)𝐀, 𝐁, 𝐂 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬

 𝐏(𝐀 𝐁𝐂) = 𝐏(𝐀) 𝐏(𝐁) 𝐏(𝐂)

PROBABILITY
MULTIPLICATION THEOREM:
Let A,B be any 2 events such that P(A)0, P(B)0; then
multiplication theorem states that
𝐁
(i) P (A B) = P (A)
𝐀
𝐀
(ii) P (A B) = P (B)
𝐁
PROOF:
Definition of conditional probability gives
𝐁 𝐏(𝐀∩𝐁) 𝐀 𝐏(𝐀∩𝐁)
P = ;P = =P (B)
𝐀 𝐏 (𝐀) 𝐁 𝐏 (𝐁)
PROBABILITY
On cross multiplication
𝐁 𝐀
𝐏(𝐀𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀) 𝐏 ; 𝐏 (𝐀𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐁) 𝐏
𝐀 𝐁

Hence proved
Note:

A,B,C are 3 events such that happening of C is after the

happening of A and B, this situation is denoted by the
𝐂
symbol
𝐀 ∩𝐁
 PROBABILITY
Note: (Multiplication theorem for 3 events):
𝐂
𝐏(𝐀𝐁𝐂) = 𝐏(𝐀𝐁) 𝐏 (∵ 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦 )
𝐀∩𝐁
𝐁 𝐂
= 𝐏(𝐀) 𝐏 𝐏
𝐀 𝐀∩𝐁
𝐁 𝐂
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐏 (𝐀𝐁𝐂) = 𝐏 (𝐀) 𝐏 𝐏
𝐀 𝐀∩𝐁
THEOREM:
If A,B are independent events, then
ഥ , 𝐁 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬.
(i) 𝐀
(ii) 𝐀,𝐁ഥ 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬.
ഥ,𝐁
(iii) 𝐀 ഥ 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬.
PROBABILITY
. .
PROOF: A .... ... .. B
. .. . ... . .
. .. . ..
. .. . .. .......
(i) Required to prove . . ...
. . ... .. ...
ഥ 𝐁) = P (𝐀
𝐏(𝐀 ഥ ) P (B) A-B B-A
𝐀∩𝐁 ഥ
𝐀∩𝐁
ഥ
𝐀∩𝐁
Figure  region B is union of
disjoint regions
ഥ 𝐁)
(𝐀𝐁), (𝐀
 𝐏 (𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀𝐁) +𝐏(𝐀ഥ 𝐁)
𝐏(𝐀
ഥ 𝐁) = P (B) - 𝐏(𝐀𝐁)
= 𝐏 (𝐁) − 𝐏 (𝐀) 𝐏 (𝐁)
[∵A,B are independent events]
= 𝐏 (𝐁) [−𝐏 (𝐀)]
PROBABILITY
. .
ഥ) .... ... .. B
= 𝐏(𝐁). 𝐏(𝐀 A . .. . ... . .
. .. . ..
ഥ 𝐁) = P (𝐀
ഥ ) 𝐏(𝐁) . .. . .. .......
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐏 (𝐀 . . ...
. . ... .. ...
A-B B-A
𝐀
ഥ ,B are independent events 𝐀∩𝐁 ഥ∩𝐁
𝐀
ഥ
𝐀∩𝐁

(ii) Required to prove

𝐏(𝐀𝐁ഥ ) = P(𝐀) P(𝐁
ഥ)

Figure  region A is union of

ഥ)
disjoint regions (𝐀𝐁) , (𝐀𝐁

 𝐏 (𝐀) = 𝐏(𝐀𝐁) + 𝐏(𝐀𝐁

ഥ)
𝐏(𝐀𝐁
ഥ ) = P (A) - 𝐏(𝐀𝐁)
PROBABILITY
= 𝐏 (𝐀) − 𝐏(𝐀) 𝐏(𝐁) [∵A,B are independent events]
= 𝐏(𝐀) [−𝐏 (𝐁)]
ഥ)
= 𝐏(𝐀) 𝐏(𝐁
ഥ ) = P (𝐀) 𝐏(𝐁
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐏 (𝐀𝐁 ഥ)

𝐀, 𝐁
ഥ are independent events

ഥ 𝐁
(iii) Required to prove 𝐏(𝐀 ഥ ) = P(𝐀
ഥ ) P(𝐁
ഥ)

ഥ 𝐁
Now 𝐏(𝐀 ഥ ) = P(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) ∵ 𝐃𝐄′𝐌𝐨𝐫𝐠𝐚𝐧′𝐬 𝐥𝐚𝐰
PROBABILITY
= −𝐏 (𝐀 ∪ 𝐁)
= −ሼ𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) − 𝐏(𝐀
∩ 𝐁)ሽ
= −𝐏(𝐀) − 𝐏(𝐁) + 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
= −𝐏(𝐀) − 𝐏(𝐁) + 𝐏(𝐀)𝐏(𝐁)
∵ 𝐀, 𝐁 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬

= 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀)
− 𝐏(𝐁) 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀)
= 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀) 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐁)
ഥ ) 𝐏(𝐁
= 𝐏(𝐀 ഥ)
PROBABILITY
ഥ 𝐁
Thus 𝐏(𝐀 ഥ ) = P(𝐀
ഥ ) P(𝐁
ഥ) . .
.... ... .. B
A . .. . ... . .
. .. . ..
. .. . ..........
𝐀
ഥ, 𝐁
ഥ are independent events . . ..
. . ... .. ...

RULE: ഥ
𝐀∩𝐁 𝐀∩𝐁 ഥ∩𝐁
𝐀
𝐁 ഥ
𝐁
𝐏 +𝐏 =𝟏
𝐀 𝐀

Proof:
ഥ.
Figure Region A is union of disjoint regions 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 and 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁

 𝐏(𝐀) = 𝐏(𝐀𝐁)
+P(𝐀 𝐁
ഥ)
PROBABILITY
𝐏(𝐀∩𝐁) ഥ)
𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁
= + (∵Dividing with P(A) )
𝐏(𝐀) 𝐏(𝐀)

𝐁 ഥ
𝐁
 = 𝐏 +𝐏
𝐀 𝐀

𝐁 ഥ
𝐁
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐏 +𝐏 =
𝐀 𝐀
PROBABILITY
Addition theorem for independent events:
Let A1 A2 ........An be independent events with respective
probabilities p1 , p2 ....... ., pn.
Now probability of happening of at least one in A1, A2,
........,An is given by
P(A1A2.....  An)
= 1- (1- p1) (1- p2)........ (1- pn)
Proof:
Given A1 A2 ........An are independent events

𝐀
ഥ1 𝐀
ഥ 2 ........ 𝐀
ഥ n are also independent events
PROBABILITY

 Also given P (A1) = p1, P(A2)= p2 ........P(An)=pn

Now P (A1A2 ....  An)=1- P (𝐀𝟏𝐀𝟐 . . . .  𝐀𝐧)

ഥ 1𝐀
= 1-P (𝐀 ഥ 2......... 𝐀
ഥ n)

ഥ 1) P (𝐀
= 1-P (𝐀 ഥ 𝟐).........P (𝐀
ഥ n)

= 1- (1-P (A1)) (−𝐏(𝐀𝟐)).............(1-P(𝐀 n))

= 1- (1-p1) (−𝐩𝟐). . . . . . . . (−𝐩𝐧)

Hence proved
PROBABILITY
Ex: The probabilities of solving a problem by three
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
students A,B,C independently are , , .The Probability
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
that the problem will be solved is___

Solution:

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
P (A), P (B), P(C) → , , .
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓

p1, 𝐩𝟐, p3

Problem is solved iff at least one in A,B,C solves it.

PROBABILITY

Required probability= P (A or B or C) = P (AB  C)

= 1- (1-p1) (−𝐩𝟐) (−𝐩𝟑)

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 1- 𝟏 − 𝟏− 𝟏− .
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓

𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
= 1- .
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓

𝟐 𝟑
= 1- =
𝟓 𝟓
PROBABILITY
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1) Prove that A and B are independent events if and only
if P(A/B)=P(A/𝐁𝐜 )
Solution:
𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁ഥ
ഥ) ⟺
P(A/B)=P(A/𝐁 =
𝐏 𝐁 ഥ
𝐏 𝐁

𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 𝐏 𝐀 −𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁
⟺ =
𝐏 𝐁 𝟏−𝐏 𝐁
⟺𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 −𝐏 𝐁 𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 =𝐏 𝐀 𝐏 𝐁 −𝐏 𝐁 𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁
⟺𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 =𝐏 𝐀 𝐏 𝐁
⟺ 𝐀, 𝐁 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬.
PROBABILITY
2) A box contains 4 defective and 6 good bulbs. Two bulbs
are drawn at random with out replacement. Find the
probability that both bulbs are good.
Solution:
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐀 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐠𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐰 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞
drawn is also good.

𝟔 𝟓
𝐏 𝐀 = , 𝐏 𝐁/𝐀 =
𝟏𝟎 𝟗
𝟔 𝟓 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐀 𝐏 𝐁/𝐀 = × =
𝟏𝟎 𝟗 𝟑
PROBABILITY
3)If one card is drawn at random from a pack of cards
then show that getting an ace and getting heart are
independent events.
Solution:
Let A be the event of getting an ace and B be the
event of getting heart when a card is drawn from a
pack of cards. Now

𝟒𝐂 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀 = = =
𝟓𝟐𝐂 𝟏 𝟓𝟐 𝟏𝟑
𝟏𝟑𝐂 𝟏 𝟏𝟑 𝟏
𝐏 𝐁 = = =
𝟓𝟐𝐂 𝟏 𝟓𝟐 𝟒
PROBABILITY
𝟏𝐂 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐀𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 = = = × =𝐏 𝐀 𝐏 𝐁
𝟓𝟐𝐂 𝟏 𝟓𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝟒

𝐀 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬.

PROBABILITY
4)In a shooting test the probability of A,B,C hitting the
targets are
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐲. 𝐈𝐟 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒

Solution:
𝐏 𝐀 = ,
𝟏 𝟐
𝐏 𝐁 = , 𝟑
𝟐 𝐏 𝐂 =
𝟑
𝟒
and A,B,C are independent.
i) The probability that only one of them hits the target
ഥ ∩ 𝐂ത ∪ 𝐀
= 𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 ഥ ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂ത ∪ 𝐀
ഥ∩𝐁
ഥ∩𝐂
PROBABILITY

ഥ ∩ 𝐂ത + 𝐏 𝐀
= 𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 ഥ ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂ത + 𝐏 𝐀
ഥ∩𝐁
ഥ∩𝐂

= 𝐏(𝐀)𝐏(𝐁 ത + 𝐏(𝐀
ഥ )𝐏(𝐂) ത
ഥ )𝐏(𝐁)𝐏(𝐂)
ഥ )𝐏(𝐁
+ 𝐏(𝐀 ഥ )𝐏(𝐂)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
= × × + × × + × ×
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒

𝟏++ 𝟔 𝟏
= = = .
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟒
PROBABILITY
ii) The probability that at least one of them hits the
target
=𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁∪𝐂 =𝟏−𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁∪𝐂 =𝟏−𝐏 𝐀 ഥ∩𝐁ഥ ∩ 𝐂ത

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=𝟏−𝐏 𝐀 ഥ 𝐏 𝐂ത = 𝟏 −
ഥ 𝐏 𝐁 × ×
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟏 𝟐𝟑
=𝟏− =
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒
PROBABILITY
5)There are 3 black and 4 white balls in one bag, 4 black
and 3 white balls in the second bag. A die is rolled and
the first bag is selected if it is 1 or 3, and the second
bag for the rest. Find the probability of drawing a black
ball from the selected bag.
Solution:
Let A1 be the event of selecting the first bag and A2 be the
event of selecting the second bag.

𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝟐 𝟏
P( A1)=Pr = =
𝐚 𝐝𝐢𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐫𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝟔 𝟑
PROBABILITY
𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐫 𝟒 𝟐
P( A2)= Pr = =
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐚 𝐝𝐢𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐫𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝟔 𝟑

Now A1 ,A2 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events.

Let E be the event of drawing a black ball from the selected
bag. Now
𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝟑
P(E/A1)=Pr = .
𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐬𝐭 𝐛𝐚𝐠 𝟕

𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝟒

P(E/A2)=Pr = .
𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐠 𝟕
PROBABILITY
Now P(E)=P 𝐀𝟏 ∩ 𝐄 + 𝐏 𝐀𝟐 ∩ 𝐄 .
𝐄 𝐄
=P 𝐀𝟏 𝐏 + 𝐏 𝐀𝟐 𝐏
𝐀𝟏 𝐀𝟐

𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏𝟏
= × + × = .
𝟑 𝟕 𝟑 𝟕 𝟐𝟏
PROBABILITY
MCQ
1) A and B are two events such that P(A)>0, P(B)0, then
ഥ /𝐁
P 𝐀 ഥ 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨 Hint: ഥ
𝐏 𝐀
𝟏 − 𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁
ഥ /B) c) 𝟏 −𝐏 𝐁ഥ d)
a) 1 - P(𝐀 /B) b) 1 - P(WBWB+BWBW
𝐀 ഥ
𝐏 𝐁

2) A bag contains 5 white and 3 black balls. Four balls are

successively drawn out and not replaced. The
probability that they are alternately of different
colours is

𝟏
a) b)
𝟐
c)
𝟏
d)
𝟏𝟑
𝟏𝟗𝟔 𝟕 𝟕 𝟓𝟔
PROBABILITY
3) The probability of India winning a test match against
West indies is 1/2 . Assuming independence from match
to match the probability that in a match series India’s
second win occurs at the third test is
𝟏 𝟏
a) b)
𝟖 𝟒

𝟐
c)
𝟏 d)
𝟐 𝟑
PROBABILITY

Thank you…
PROBABILITY

PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
1) If A,B are any two events in an experiment, and P(B)  1
𝐀 𝐏(𝐀) − 𝐏(𝐀 𝐁)
show that P( 𝐜) =
𝐁 𝟏− 𝐏(𝐁)

Solution:

𝐀 𝐏(𝐀 𝐁𝐜 )
P = (∵ 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧)
𝐁𝐜 𝐏(𝐁𝐜)

ഥ)
𝐏 (𝐀 𝐁
= → (𝟏)
𝐏(𝐁)
PROBABILITY
. . 𝐒
.... ... ..
𝐀 . .. . ... . . 𝐁
. .. . ..
. .. . .. .......
𝐀 𝐢𝐬 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 . . ...
fig  . . ... .. ...
𝐀𝐁 ഥ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐀𝐁
ഥ ∩ 𝐀)
(𝐁 𝐀∩𝐁 ഥ∩𝐁
𝐀

 𝐏 (𝐀) = 𝐏 𝐀𝐁
ഥ + 𝐏 𝐀𝐁

 𝐏 𝐀𝐁
ഥ = 𝐏(𝐀) − 𝐏(𝐀𝐁)→()

ഥ ) = − 𝐏(𝐁)→(𝟑)
𝐀𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐏(𝐁

𝐀 𝐏(𝐀)−𝐏(𝐀 𝐁)
()&() 𝐢𝐧 () 𝐏 =
𝐁𝐜 𝟏−𝐏(𝐁)
 PROBABILITY
2) If A,B are two events, then show that
𝐀 𝐀
P P(B)+P 𝐜 P(𝐁𝐜) = P(A) 𝐏(𝐀𝐁ഥ )=P(A)- P(𝐀𝐁)
𝐁 𝐁

Solution:
𝐀 𝐀
L.H.S = P P(B)+P P(𝐁𝐜)
𝐁 𝐁𝐜

𝐏(𝐀∩𝐁) 𝐏(𝐀∩𝐁ഥ)
= P(B) + ഥ)
𝐏(𝐁
𝐏(𝐁) ഥ)
𝐏(𝐁

ഥ)
= P(𝐀𝐁) + 𝐏(𝐀𝐁

= P(A)
= R.H.S
PROBABILITY
3) If A,B,C are three independent events, then show that
AB, C are also independent
Solution:

Given A,B,C are independent events

To prove A  B,C are independent events,

we have to show that
P((AB)C) = P(AB) P(C)

Now P((AB) C) =P( (AC)(BC))

(∵Distributive law)
PROBABILITY
= P((A C) + P(BC) – P( (AC)(BC) )

= P(A) P(C) + P(B) P(C) - P(ABC)

= P(A) P(C) + P(B) P(C) - P(A) P(B) P(C)

= P(C) { P(A)+P(B) - P(A) P(B) }

= P(C) { P(A)+P(B) - P (AB) }

= P(C)P(AB)

Hence proved
PROBABILITY
4) If A and B are independent events with
P(A)=0.2, P(B) = 0.5. Find
𝐁
(i) P(A/B) (ii) P (iii) P(AB) (iv) P(AB)
𝐀
Solution:
Given P(A)= 0.2, P (B)= 0.5
Given A,B are independent events
P(AB) = P(A) P(B)
= (0.2) (0.5) = 0.1
Now P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) - P(AB)
= 0.2 + 0.5 - 0.1
=0.6
PROBABILITY
𝐀 𝐏(𝐀∩𝐁) 𝟎. 𝟏
By definition P = = = =0.2
𝐁 𝐏(𝐁) 𝟎. 𝟓

𝐁 𝐏(𝐁∩𝐀) 𝟎. 𝟏
By definition P = = = =0.5
𝐀 𝐏(𝐀) 𝟎. 𝟐
 PROBABILITY
5) Suppose A and B are independent events with P (A) =
0.6, P(B) =0.7 compute
𝐁
(i) P(AB) (ii) P(AB) (iii) P (iv) P(Ac Bc)
𝐀
Solution:
Given P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.7
Given A,B are independent events
P(AB) =P(A) P(B)
= (0.6) (0.7)= 0.42
Also P(AB) = PA)+ P(B)-P(AB)
= 0.6+ 0.7 - 0.42
= 0.88
PROBABILITY
𝐁 𝐏(𝐀∩𝐁) 𝟎.𝟐
By definition P = = = 0.7
𝐀 𝐏(𝐀) 𝟎.

Also P(ACBC) = P(𝐀

ഥ 𝐁
ഥ)
ഥ ) P(𝐁
=P(𝐀 ഥ)
𝐁 are independent)
ഥ, ഥ
(∵ 𝐀

=[1-P(A)] [1-P(B) ]
=(1-0.6) (1-0.7)

=(0.4) (0.3) = 0.12

 PROBABILITY
6) A fair die is rolled. Consider the events A={1,3,5},
B= {2,3} and C = {2,3,4,5}. Find
𝐀 𝐂
(i) P(AB), P(AB)
𝐀
(ii) P , P
𝐁 (iii) P ,P
𝐁 𝐀 𝐂 𝐀
𝐁 𝐂
(vi) P ,P
𝐂 𝐁
Solution:
Given S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}, A= {1,3,5}
B={2,3} and C={2,3,4,5}
Now AB = {1,2,3,5}, AB ={3}, AC= {3,5}, BC={2,3}
𝐧(𝐀∪𝐁) 𝟒 𝟐
We have P 𝐀𝐁 = = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟔 𝟑
PROBABILITY
𝐧(𝐀⋂𝐁) 𝟏
Also we have P 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟔

𝐀 𝐏(𝐀⋂𝐁) 𝐧(𝐀⋂𝐁) 𝟏
By definition P = = =
𝐁 𝐏(𝐁) 𝐧(𝐁) 𝟐

𝐁 𝐏(𝐀⋂𝐁) 𝐧(𝐀⋂𝐁) 𝟏
By definition P = = =
𝐀 𝐏(𝐀) 𝐧(𝐀) 𝟑

𝐀 𝐏(𝐀⋂𝐂) 𝐧(𝐀⋂𝐂) 𝟐 𝟏
By definition P = = = =
𝐂 𝐏(𝐂) 𝐧(𝐂) 𝟒 𝟐
PROBABILITY
𝐂 𝐏(𝐂⋂𝐀) 𝐧(𝐂⋂𝐀) 𝟐
By definition P = = =
𝐀 𝐏(𝐀) 𝐧(𝐀) 𝟑

𝐁 𝐏(𝐁⋂𝐂) 𝐧(𝐁⋂𝐂) 𝟐 𝟏
By definition P = = = =
𝐂 𝐏(𝐂) 𝐧(𝐂) 𝟒 𝟐

𝐂 𝐏(𝐂⋂𝐁) 𝐧(𝐂⋂𝐁) 𝟐
By definition P = = = =𝟏
𝐁 𝐏(𝐁) 𝐧(𝐁) 𝟐
PROBABILITY
SAQ:
1) A Pair of dice are rolled. What is the probability that
they sum to 7 given that neither die shows a 2?
Solution:
2 dice are rolled  n (S) = 6× 𝟔 = 36

A= {Sum is 7},B={neither die shows 2}

Thus B = {1,3,4,5,6} × {1,3,4,5,6}

n(B)= 5× 𝟓  𝐧 (𝐁) = 𝟓
Also A = (, , ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, )
 PROBABILITY
We have AB ={sum is 7 and no die shows 2 }
AB = (, , ), (, ), (, ), (, ) n(AB)=4
𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐧𝐞𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐀
But Pr 𝐝𝐢𝐞 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰𝐬
=P
𝐁

𝐏(𝐀⋂𝐁)
=
𝐏(𝐁)

𝐧(𝐀⋂𝐁)
=
𝐧(𝐁)

𝟒
=
𝟐𝟓
PROBABILITY
2) A pair of dice are rolled. What is the probability that
neither die shows a 2 given that they sum to 7?
Solution:

2 dice are rolled  n (s) = 6× 𝟔 = 𝟑𝟔

Let A ={neither die shows 2}
A is {1,3,4,5,6}× ሼ, , , , ሽ𝐧(𝐀) = 𝟓

5× 𝟓

Let B ={ Sum is 7} B={(1,6), (2,5),(3,4), (4,3), (5,2), (6,1)}

 PROBABILITY
Now AB = Sum 7 and no die shows 2.

AB = (, , ), (, ), (, ), (, ) n(AB)=4

Thus n(A) =25, n(B)=6, n(AB)=4

𝐧𝐞𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐢𝐞 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰𝐬
Required probability = Pr 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐬

𝐀 𝐧(𝐀 𝐁)
=P =
𝐁 𝐧(𝐁)

𝟒 𝟐
= =
𝟔 𝟑
PROBABILITY
3) A urn contain 7 red and 3 black balls. Two balls are
drawn without replacement. Find the probability that
the second ball is red if it is known that the first is red
Solution:

7 Red → 10 Balls (total)

3 Black

2 Balls drawn without replacement

𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐝
Pr 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐝
=?
 PROBABILITY
Position after 1st ball is red 6 red + 3 black (9 balls)
Required probability = 2nd ball red when 6 red + 3black exists
𝟔𝐜𝟏 𝟔 𝟐
= = =
𝟗𝐜𝟏 𝟗 𝟑
PROBABILITY
4) An urn contains 12 red balls and 12 green balls. Suppose
two balls are drawn one after another without
replacement. Find the probability that the second ball
drawn is green given that the first ball drawn is red.
Solution:

12 Red → 24 Balls (total)

12 Green

2 Balls are drawn one after another without replacement

𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐧

Pr 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐝
=?
PROBABILITY
Position after 1st ball is 11 red + 12 green (23 balls)
𝟐𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐧
Required probability = Pr 𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝟏 𝐫𝐞𝐝 +𝟐 𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬

𝟏𝟐𝐜𝟏 𝟏𝟐
= =
𝟐𝟑𝐜𝟏 𝟐𝟑
PROBABILITY
5) A bag contains 10 identical balls of which 4 are blue and
6 are red. Three balls are taken out at random from the
bag one after the other. Find the probability that all the
three balls drawn are red.
Solution:

4 blue → 10 Balls (total)

6 red

3 balls are drawn one after another.

PROBABILITY
i) Without Replacement:
Required probability = Pr 𝟑 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐝
𝟏𝐬𝐭 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐬 𝟐𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐬 𝟑𝐫𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐬
=Pr × 𝐏𝐫 × 𝐏𝐫
𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐝
𝟔𝐜𝟏 𝟓𝐜 𝟒𝐜
= × 𝟏× 𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝐜𝟏 𝟗𝐜𝟏 𝟖𝐜𝟏

𝟔 𝟓 𝟒
=  
𝟏𝟎 𝟗 𝟖

𝟏
=
𝟔
PROBABILITY
ii) With Replacement:
Required probability = Pr 𝟑 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐝
𝟏𝐬𝐭 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐬 𝟐𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐬 𝟑𝐫𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐬
=Pr × 𝐏𝐫 × 𝐏𝐫
𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐝
𝟔𝐜𝟏 𝟔𝐜 𝟔𝐜
= × 𝟏 × 𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝐜𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝐜𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝐜𝟏

𝟔 𝟔 𝟔
=  
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎

𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐𝟕
=   =
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓
 PROBABILITY
6) Suppose there are 12 boys and 4 girls in a class. If we
choose three children one after another in succession,
what is the probability that all the three are boys?
Solution:
12 boys+ 4 girls=16 children

3 children selected one after another(without replacement)

𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐧
Required probability = Pr
𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐲𝐬

= Pr 𝟏𝐬𝐭 𝐛𝐨𝐲 × 𝐏𝐫 𝟐𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐨𝐲 × 𝐏𝐫 𝟑𝐫𝐝 𝐛𝐨𝐲

𝟏𝟐𝐜𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝐜 𝟏𝟎𝐜
= × 𝟏× 𝟏
𝟏𝟔𝐜𝟏 𝟏𝟓𝐜𝟏 𝟏𝟒𝐜𝟏
PROBABILITY

𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟎
=  
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟒

𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟏
= =
𝟒𝟏𝟒 𝟐𝟖
PROBABILITY
7) Three screws are drawn at random from a lot of 50
screws, 5 of which are defective. Find the probability of
the event that all 3 screws are non defective assuming
that the drawing is
i) With replacement
ii) Without replacement
Solution: No. of defective screws =5
No. of non- defective screws = 45

i) With Replacement:
𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐰𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞
Required probability = Pr
𝐧𝐨𝐧 − 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
 PROBABILITY

𝟒𝟓𝐜𝟏 𝟒𝟓𝐜 𝟒𝟓𝐜

= × 𝟏× 𝟏
𝟓𝟎𝐜𝟏 𝟓𝟎𝐜𝟏 𝟓𝟎𝐜𝟏

𝟒𝟓 𝟒𝟓 𝟒𝟓 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟑
=   =   =
𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎

i) Without Replacement:
𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐰𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞
Required probability = Pr
𝐧𝐨𝐧 − 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞

𝟒𝟓𝐜𝟏 𝟒𝟒𝐜 𝟒𝟑𝐜 𝟒𝟓 𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟑

= × 𝟏× 𝟏 =  
𝟓𝟎𝐜𝟏 𝟒𝟗𝐜𝟏 𝟒𝟖𝐜𝟏 𝟓𝟎 𝟒𝟗 𝟒𝟖
PROBABILITY
8) The probability that a boy A will get a scholarship is 0.9
and that another boy B will get is 0.8. what is the
probability that atleast one of them will get the
scholarship?
Solution:
Let A be the event that A get scholarship
Let B be the event that B get scholarship
P(A) =0.9 ,P(B)=0.8
Both A, B are independent events
𝐀𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞
Pr = 𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁)
𝐨𝐟 𝐀, 𝐁
=𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
PROBABILITY
= 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)

= 𝟎. +𝟎. 𝟖 − (𝟎. )(𝟎. 𝟖)

= 𝟏. −𝟎. 𝟕𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖
Another method:

𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) = − (𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀))(−𝐏(𝐁))

= − (𝟏 − 𝟎. )(−. 𝟖)
= − (𝟎. 𝟏)(. 𝟐) = . 𝟖
PROBABILITY
9) A problem in calculus is given to two students A and B
whose chances of solving it are 1/3 and 1/4. Find the
probability that the problem being solved if both of them
try independently.
Solution:
Let A be the event that A solve the problem
Let B be the event that B solve the problem

P(A) =1/3, P(B)=1/4

A ,B are independent events

Problem is solved if A or B happens

PROBABILITY
Required probability
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞𝐝
=Pr = 𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁)
𝐀 𝐨𝐫 𝐁
=𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)

=𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) − 𝐏(𝐀) 𝐏(𝐁)

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + − ×
𝟑 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒

𝟒+− 𝟔 𝟏
= = =
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟐
PROBABILITY
10) A speaks truth 75% of the cases and B in 80% cases.
Find the probability that their statements do not match
about an incident.
Solution:
Let A be the event that A speaks truth
Let B be the event that B speaks truth
𝟕𝟓 𝟖𝟎
P(A) = , P(B) =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
(A,B are independent events)
𝟕𝟓 𝟐𝟓
ഥ ) = 1- P(A) = 1 -
P(𝐀 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟖𝟎 𝟐𝟎
ഥ ) = 1- P(B) = 1 -
P(𝐁 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
 PROBABILITY
Statements of (A truth & B false) (or) (A false & B truth)
A,B do not match
ഥ )+P(𝐀
Required probability=P(A⋂𝐁 ഥ ⋂B)

ഥ )+(𝐏(𝐀
= P(A) P(𝐁 ഥ ) 𝐏(𝐁)
𝟕𝟓 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟓 𝟖𝟎
= +
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟕𝟓 𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟖
= +
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎

𝟏𝟓𝟎+𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝟑𝟓 𝟕
= = = =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎
PROBABILITY
11) A,B,C are aiming to shoot a balloon. A will succeed 4
times out of 5 attempts. The chance of B to shoot the
balloon is 3 out of 4 and that of C is 2 out of 3. If the
three aim the balloon simultaneously find the
probability that at least 2 of them hit the balloon.
Solution:
Let A be the event that A aiming to shoot the balloon
Let B be the event that B aiming to shoot the balloon
Let C be the event that C aiming to shoot the balloon
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
Given P(A)= ,P(B)= ,P(C)=
𝟓 𝟒 𝟑

ഥ )=𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀),P(𝐁
Now P(𝐀 ഥ )= −𝐏(𝐁),
PROBABILITY
ത −𝐏(𝐂)
P(𝐂)=
P(𝐀
ഥ )=𝟏/; P(𝐁 ത
ഥ )=/𝟒; P(𝐂)=/𝟑

All 3 (i.e) A,B,C shoots at balloon

𝐀𝐭 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐠𝐞𝐭
Required probability =Pr
𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐀, 𝐁, 𝐂

=Pr 𝟐 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 + 𝐏𝐫 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬

PROBABILITY
=P 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂ത + 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁
ഥ∩𝐂 +𝐏 𝐀
ഥ∩𝐁∩𝐂 +𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁∩𝐂

ത P(A) P(𝐁
=P(A) P(B) P(𝐂)+ ഥ ) P(C)+P(𝐀
ഥ ) P(B) P(C)+ P(A) P(B) P(C)

𝟒 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
= + + +
𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑

𝟏𝟐+𝟖+𝟔+𝟒 𝟓𝟎 𝟓
= = =
𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎 𝟔
 PROBABILITY
12) The probability that Australia wins a match against
India in a cricket game is given to be 1/3. If India and
Australia play three games(matches), what is the
probability that i) Australia will loose all the three
matches? ii) Australia will win at least one match?
Solution:
𝟏
Given, Pr 𝐀𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐚 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐚 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡 =
𝟑
𝟏
⟹ 𝐏(𝐀) =
𝟑
𝟐
ഥ ) = 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀) =
Pr 𝐀𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐚 𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐚 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡 = 𝐏(𝐀
𝟑
PROBABILITY
India And Australia plays 3 matches.
𝐀𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐚 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞 ഥ∩𝐀
ഥ∩𝐀
ഥ)
i) Pr = 𝐏(𝐀 = 𝐏(𝐀) 𝐏(𝐀) 𝐏(𝐀)
𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟖
= × × =
𝐀𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐚 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐰𝐢𝐧 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐𝟕
Let E=
𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡

𝐀𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐚 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐧

𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝐄ത =
𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡

𝐀𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐚 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞
⟹ 𝐄ത =
𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬
PROBABILITY
ത
Now P(E)= −𝐏(𝐄)
𝐀𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐚 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞
= −𝐏𝐫
𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬
𝟖 𝟏𝟗
=− =
𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟕
PROBABILITY
13) A,B are two independent events such that, the
probability of both the events to occur is 1/6 and the
probability of both the events do not occur is 1/3. Find
P(A).
Solution:
A,B are two independent events and
P(A∩ 𝐁) =
𝟏
𝟔 𝟏
⟹P(A) 𝐏(𝐁) = ⟶ (𝟏)
𝟔
PROBABILITY
ഥ) = 𝟏
ഥ∩𝐁
Also given P(𝐀
𝟑

 P(𝐀 ഥ) = 𝟏
ഥ ) 𝐏(𝐁
𝟑

 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀) 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐁) =
𝟏
𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀) 𝟏 − =
𝟔𝐏(𝐀) 𝟑
𝟏
∵ 𝟏 𝐏(𝐁) =
𝟔𝐏(𝐀)
𝟏 𝟏
 𝟏 −𝐱 𝟏 − = [𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐱
𝟔𝐱 𝟑
= 𝐏(𝐀)]
PROBABILITY
𝟔𝐱− 𝟏
 𝟏 −𝐱 =
𝟔𝐱 𝟑

𝟔𝐱
 𝟏 − 𝐱 𝟔𝐱 − =
𝟑

𝟔𝐱 − −𝐱𝟐 + 𝐱 = 𝟐𝐱
−𝐱𝟐 + 𝟓𝐱 − 𝟏 =

𝟔𝐱𝟐 − 𝐱 + 𝟏 =

 𝟐𝐱 − 𝟏 𝟑𝐱 − =
𝐱 = 𝐏(𝐀) =
𝟏
(𝐨𝐫)
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
(𝐨𝐫)
𝟐 𝟑
PROBABILITY
14) If A,B,C are three independent events such that P(A∩
𝐁 ത 𝟏 , 𝐏(𝐀
ഥ ∩ 𝐂)= ത = 𝟏 , 𝐏(𝐀
ഥ ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂) ഥ∩𝐁 ത = 𝟏 , then find P(A),
ഥ ∩ 𝐂)
𝟒 𝟖 𝟒
P(B), P(C).
Solution:
A,B,C are 3 independent events
such that
ത 𝟏 , 𝐏(𝐀
ഥ ∩ 𝐂)=
P(A∩ 𝐁 ത = 𝟏,
ഥ ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂)
𝟒 𝟖
𝟏
ഥ∩𝐁
𝐏(𝐀 ത =
ഥ ∩ 𝐂)
𝟒
PROBABILITY
P(A) 𝐏(𝐁 ത 𝟏 ⟶ (𝟏)
ഥ ) 𝐏(𝐂)=
𝟒
𝟏
ഥ ത
𝐏(𝐀) 𝐏(𝐁) 𝐏(𝐂) = ⟶ (𝟐)
𝟖
𝟏
ഥ ) 𝐏(𝐁
𝐏(𝐀 ത = ⟶ (𝟑)
ഥ ) 𝐏(𝐂)
𝟒
𝟏
() 𝐏(𝐁) 𝟖 𝐏(𝐁) 𝟏
⇒ = ⇒ =
(𝟑) 𝐏(𝐁 ഥ) 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐁) 𝟐
𝟒
⇒ 𝟐𝐏(𝐁) = 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐁)
𝟏
⇒ 𝟑𝐏(𝐁) = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝐏(𝐁) =
𝟑
PROBABILITY
() 𝐏(𝐀)
⇒ = 𝟏 ⟹ 𝐏(𝐀) = 𝐏(𝐀 ഥ ) ⟹ 𝐏(𝐀) = 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀)
(𝟑) 𝐏(𝐀)ഥ
⇒ 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐀)
=𝟏 𝟏
⇒ 𝟐𝐏(𝐀) = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝐏(𝐀) =
𝟏 𝟐
ത =
() ⇒ 𝐏(𝐀) 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐁) 𝐏(𝐂)
𝟒
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
⇒ ത
𝐏(𝐂) =
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟑 𝟏
ത
⇒ 𝐏(𝐂) = ⇒ 𝐏(𝐂) =
𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐏(𝐀) = , 𝐏(𝐁) = , 𝐏(𝐂) =
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
 PROBABILITY
LAQ
1) Two persons A and B are rolling a die on the condition
that the person who gets 3 will win the game. If A starts
the game then find the probabilities of A and B
respectively to win the game.
Solution:
A= A wins game, B = B wins game
Now S=A∪ 𝐁 𝐀, 𝐁 𝐦𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞
⟹P(S)=P(A∪ 𝐁)

⟹1=P(A)+P(B) ∵ 𝐀, 𝐁 𝐦𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞

PROBABILITY
⟹P(A)+P(B) = 1→ (1)

S = success= getting 3
F = failure= getting other than 3
𝟏 𝟓
Pr (Success)= ; Pr (Failure)= .
𝟔 𝟔

A starts game
Pr (A wins game)= P(A)

= 𝐒 + (𝐅𝐅)𝐒 + (𝐅𝐅) (𝐅𝐅)𝐒 + ⋯ .

𝐚
=s∞ of G.P=
𝟏−𝐫
PROBABILITY
𝟏
𝐒 𝟏 𝟑𝟔 𝟔
= 𝟐 = 𝟔
𝟓 𝟐
= × =
𝟏−𝐅 𝟔 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝟏−
𝟔

𝟔
Thus P(A)=
𝟏𝟏

𝟔 𝟔
Now P(A) = in (1) + P(B)=1
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝟔
P(B)=1−
𝟏𝟏
𝟓
P(B)=
𝟏𝟏
𝟔 𝟓
 P(A) = and P(B)=
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
PROBABILITY
2) Two persons A and B are rolling two dice on the
condition that the person who gets (sum) 3 will win the
game. If A starts the game then find the probabilities of
A and B respectively to win the game.
Solution:
A=A wins game, B=B wins game
Also A, B are exhaustive events
 S=(A∪B)
P(S)=P(A∪B) ∵ 𝐀, 𝐁 𝐦𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲
1=P(A)+P(B) 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞
PROBABILITY
P(A)+P(B) = 1→(1)
𝟐 𝟏
S= success=getting sum 3= =
𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟖

(1,2),(2,1)
F= Failure=getting other than sum 3

𝟏 𝟏𝟕
1- =
𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟖
𝟏 𝟏𝟕
Pr (Success)= ; Pr (Failure)=
𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟖
PROBABILITY
A starts game
Pr(A wins game)=P(A)=S+(FF)S+(FF) (FF)S+.........
𝟏
𝐚 𝐒 𝟏𝟖 𝟏 𝟏𝟖𝟐 𝟏𝟖
=𝐒∞ 𝐨𝐟 𝐆. 𝐏 = = = =
𝟏−𝐫 𝟏−𝐅𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖 × 𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓
𝟏𝟕
𝟏−
𝟏𝟖
𝟏𝟖
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐏(𝐀) =
𝟑𝟓
𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟖
𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐏(𝐀) = 𝟑𝟓 𝐢𝐧 𝟏 ⟹ 𝟑𝟓 + 𝐏(𝐁) =
𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟕
⟹ 𝐏(𝐁) = − ⟹ 𝐏(𝐁) =
𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓
𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟕
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐏(𝐀) = 𝟑𝟓 , 𝐏(𝐁) = 𝟑𝟓
PROBABILITY
3) An urn contains ‘w’ white balls and ‘b’ black balls. Two
players Q and R alternately draw a ball from the urn and
wins the game when white ball occurs. If Q begins the
game, find the probability that Q wins the game.
Solution:
‘w’ white balls + ‘b’ black balls
=(w+b) balls
Q, R are playing game
𝐞𝐱𝐡𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
Q or R wins game
𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬

S=Q∪R ( mutually exclusive)

PROBABILITY
P(S)=P(Q∪R) 1=P(Q)+P(R)→(1)
𝐃𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐂 𝟏 𝐰
But Pr(Success)=𝐏𝐫 = =
𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐰+𝐛𝐂 𝟏 𝐰+𝐛

P(E)
𝐰 𝐛
Pr(Failure) =1- P(E)=𝟏 − =
𝐰+𝐛 𝐰+𝐛

ത
P(𝐄)
Q starts game, those who gets white balls first, is winner.

P(Q)= Pr( Q wins game)

 PROBABILITY
𝐏(𝐐) = S +(FF)S +(FF) (FF)S+..............(S= Success, F= failure)
𝐰
𝐚 𝐏(𝐄) ( ) 𝐰+𝐛
= 𝐰 + 𝐛
= 𝐒∞ 𝐨𝐟 𝐆. 𝐏 = = =
𝟏−𝐫 𝟏 − (𝐏(𝐄))ത 𝟐 𝐛 𝟐 𝐰+𝐛
𝐒 𝟏−( )
= 𝐰 + 𝐛
𝟏 − 𝐅𝟐
𝐰+𝐛
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐏(𝐐) = .
𝐰+𝐛

Note: 𝐰+𝐛
() + 𝐏(𝐑) = 𝟏
𝐰+𝐛
𝐰+𝐛
𝐏(𝐑) = −
𝐰+𝐛
𝐛
𝐏(𝐑) =
𝐰+𝐛
PROBABILITY
4) A bag B1 contains 4 white and 2 black balls, bag B2
contains 3 white and 4 black balls. A bag is drawn at
random and a ball is chosen at random from it. Then
what is the probability that the ball drawn is white?
Solution:
Bag B1 = 4 white+ 2 black= 6 balls

Bag B2 = 3 white+ 4 black= 7 balls

B1 = Event of selecting bag B1

B2 = Event of selecting bag B2
PROBABILITY
A bag is selected at random (with equal chance)
𝟏
P(B1)=
𝟏 , P(B2) = →(1)
𝟐 𝟐

A bag selected at random, then a ball is selected from it.

Let W= Event that selected ball is white

Now P(W)=Pr (selecting white ball)

=P(𝐁𝟏 ∩ 𝐖) + P(𝐁𝟐 ∩ 𝐖)
𝐖 𝐖
=P(𝐁𝟏 ) P + 𝐏(𝐁𝟐 ) 𝐏
𝐁𝟏 𝐁𝟐

𝟏 𝟒𝐂 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑𝐂 𝟏 𝟐𝟑
= + =
𝟐 𝟔𝐂 𝟏 𝟐 𝟕𝐂 𝟏 𝟒𝟐
PROBABILITY

Thank you…
PROBABILITY

PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
INTRODUCTION TO BAYES’ THEOREM:
A1, A2,......... Ak,......... An are exhaustive, mutually
exclusive events associated with sample space S of a
random experiment. An event E occurs due to any of the
reasons A1, A2,......... Ak,......... An
𝐄 𝐄 𝐄 𝐄
and P ,𝐏 , . ...𝐏 ,....𝐏
𝐀𝟏 𝐀𝟐 𝐀𝐤 𝐀𝐧

are known. Now when E has already occurred, then

contribution of Ak to E is
𝐀 𝐀
𝐏 𝐤 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁𝐚𝐲𝐞𝐬′ 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐏 𝐤 , 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬
𝐄 𝐄
PROBABILITY
𝐄
𝐏 𝐀𝐤 𝐏
𝐀𝐤 𝐀𝐤
𝐏 = (Bayes’ Rule)
𝐄 𝒏
𝐄
෍ 𝐏 𝐀𝐢 𝐏
𝐀𝐢
𝒊=𝟏
Above Bayes’ Rule is also called as
“ Law of inverse Probability”
REMARKS
1) The events A1,A2........An are usually referred to as
‘hypothesis’ and the probabilities P(A1), P(A2).... P(An) are
known as the ‘priori’
PROBABILITY
probabilities as they exist before we obtain any
information from the experiment.
2) The probabilities P(E/Ai); i=1,2,....,n are called the
‘likelyhood probabilities’ as they tell us how likely the
event E under consideration occurs, given each and
every priori probabilities.
3) The probabilities P(Ai/E); i=1,2,....,n are called the
‘posterior probabilities’ as they are determined after
the results of the experiment are known.
PROBABILITY
BAYES’ THEOREM
Statement:
Let S be the sample space of a random experiment and
A1,A2........An are n events which are mutually exclusive
and exhaustive with P(Ai)> 0 for i=1,2,......n.
E is any event, which takes place in connection with any
of A1, A2....Ak.. ......... An with P(E)>0, then

𝐄
𝐏 𝐀𝐤 𝐏
𝐀𝐤 𝐀𝐤 (for k = 1,2,3…..n)
𝐏 = 𝒏
𝐄 𝐄
෍ 𝐏 𝐀𝐢 𝐏
𝐀𝐢
𝒊=𝟏
PROBABILITY
Proof: A1 A2 ....... A
n
A1,A2.......An are mutually exclusive.
E
Fig  E is union of regions
(A1∩ 𝐄),(A2∩ 𝐄),...... (An∩ 𝐄)
(Disjoint events)
P(E)=P(A1∩ 𝐄)+P(A2∩ 𝐄)....+P(An∩ 𝐄)
𝑛

P(E) = ෍ 𝐏(𝐀𝐢 ∩ 𝐄)
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝐄
P(E) =෍ 𝐏(𝐀𝐢 )𝐏 → (1)
𝐀𝐢
𝑖=1
(∵multiplication theorem)
PROBABILITY
Definition of conditional probability gives
𝐀𝐤 𝐏 𝐀𝐤∩𝐄
𝐏 =
𝐄 𝐏 𝐄
𝐄
𝐀𝐤 𝐏 𝐀𝐤 𝐏
𝐀𝐤
𝐏 =
𝐄 𝐏 𝐄
𝐄
𝐏 𝐀𝐤 𝐏
𝐀𝐤 𝐀𝐤
𝐏 = (∵ (1) )
𝐄 𝒏
𝐄
෍ 𝐏 𝐀𝐢 𝐏
𝐀𝐢
𝒊=𝟏
Hence proved
PROBABILITY
Solved Examples
1) In a certain college, 25% of the boys and 10% of the
girls are studying mathematics. The girls constitute
60% of the student strength. If a student selected at
random is found studying mathematics, find the
probability that the student is a girl.
Solution:
Let A1,A2 be the events that the selected student is a boy,
a girl respectively.
𝟒𝟎 𝟐 𝟔𝟎 𝟑
Then P(A1)= = , P(A2)=𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓 ,
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟓
PROBABILITY
Now A1,A2 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events.
Let E be the event that the selected student studying
Mathematics.
𝟐𝟓 𝟏
Then P(E A1)= = , P(E A2)= 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎

Now we have to find P(A2 E)

𝐏(𝐀𝟐)𝐏(𝐄 𝐀𝟐)
P(A2 E)=
𝐏(𝐀𝟏)𝐏(𝐄𝐀𝟏)+𝐏(𝐀𝟐)𝐏(𝐄 𝐀𝟐)

(∵Bayes’ rule)
𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
× 𝟑
= 𝟐 𝟏
𝟓 𝟏𝟎
𝟑 𝟏 = 𝟓𝟎
𝟏 𝟑 = .
× + × + 𝟖
𝟓 𝟒 𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟓𝟎
PROBABILITY
2) Three urns have the following composition of balls
Urn I: 1 white, 2 black; Urn II : 2 white, 1 black;
Urn III: 2 white 2 black. One of the urns is selected at
random and a ball is drawn. It turns out to be white. Find
the probability that it came from urn III.
Solution:

Let A1,A2,A3 be the events of selecting Urn I, Urn II, Urn

III respectively.
𝟏
Then P(A1)=P(A2)= 𝐏(𝐀𝟑) = .
𝟑

Now A1,A2,A3 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events.

PROBABILITY
Let E be the event of drawing a white ball from the
selected Urn.
By data, we have
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
P(E A1)= , P(E A2)= , P(E A3)= =
𝟑 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐

Now, we have to find P(A3 E).

By Bayes’ theorem, we have

PROBABILITY

𝐏(𝐀𝟑)𝐏(𝐄𝐀𝟑)
P(A3 E)=
𝐏(𝐀𝟏)𝐏(𝐄𝐀𝟏)+𝐏(𝐀𝟐)𝐏(𝐄 𝐀𝟐)+𝐏(𝐀𝟑)𝐏(𝐄 𝐀𝟑)

𝟏 𝟏
×
= 𝟏 𝟏
𝟑 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
×
𝟑 𝟑
+ ×
𝟑 𝟑
+ 𝟑×𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
𝟔 𝟔 𝟑 𝟏
= = = =
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐+𝟒+𝟑 𝟗 𝟑
+ +
𝟗 𝟗 𝟔 𝟏𝟖
PROBABILITY
3) A person is known to speak truth 2 out of 3 times. He
throws a die and reports that it is 1. Find the probability
that it is actually 1.
Solution:
Let A be the event that 1 occurs when a die is thrown.

P(A)=1/6, P(𝐀
ഥ )=5/6.

Let E be the event that the man reports that it is 1.

Since the man speaks the truth 2 out of 3 times,
so we have
ഥ )=1/3
P(E/A)=2/3, P(E/𝐀
PROBABILITY

By Bayes’ Theorem,

𝐏(𝐀) 𝐏(𝐄 𝐀)

P(AE)=
𝐏(𝐀) 𝐏(𝐄𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐀
ഥ ) 𝐏(𝐄 𝐀
ഥ)

𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
× 𝟐
= 𝟏 𝟐
𝟔 𝟑
𝟓 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟖
𝟕 = .
× + × 𝟕
𝟔 𝟑 𝟔 𝟑 𝟏𝟖
PROBABILITY
Exercise 9.3 (LAQ)
5) Suppose that an urn B1 contains 2 white and 3 black
balls and another urn B2 contains 3 white and 4 black balls.
One urn is selected at random and a ball is drawn from it.
If the ball drawn is found black, find the probability that
the urn chosen was B1.
Solution:
urn B1 =2 white + 3 black = 5 balls
urn B2 =3 white + 4 black = 7 balls

From urns B1, B2; one urn is selected at random.

PROBABILITY
𝟏
P(B1)= P(B2)= (∵equal chance)
𝟐

One ball is drawn from above selected urn and is found to

be black.

Let B=event of getting black ball.

𝐁 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥
Now P = 𝐏𝐫
𝐁𝟏 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐁𝟏
𝟑𝐂 𝟏 𝟑
= =
𝟓𝐂 𝟏 𝟓
PROBABILITY
𝟒𝐂 𝟏 𝟒
𝐁 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 = =
Also P = 𝐏𝐫 𝟕𝐂 𝟏 𝟕
𝐁𝟐 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐁𝟐
𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐁𝟏 𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐁𝟏
Now 𝐏𝐫 =𝐏 =?
𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐁

Baye’s rule gives:

𝐁
𝐁𝟏 𝐏 𝐁𝟏 𝐏 𝐁
𝐏 = 𝐁
𝟏
𝐁
𝐁 𝐏 𝐁𝟏 𝐏 𝐁 +𝐏 𝐁𝟐 𝐏 𝐁
𝟏 𝟐

𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
× 𝟐𝟏
= 𝟏 𝟑
𝟐 𝟓
𝟏 𝟒 =𝟑 𝟓
𝟒 = .
× + 𝟐×𝟕 + 𝟒𝟏
𝟐 𝟓 𝟓 𝟕
PROBABILITY
6) Three boxes B1, B2, B3 contains 2 white, 1 black and 2
red balls; 3 white , 2 black and 4 red balls; 4 white, 3 black
and 2 red balls respectively. A die is rolled and B1 is
selected if the number is 1 or 2; B2 if the number is 3 or 4 ;
B3 if the number is 5 or 6 having chosen a box in this way,
a ball is chosen at random from this box. If the ball drawn
is found to be red, find the probability that it is drawn
from box B2.
Solution:
B1 =2 white +1 black +2 red = 5 balls
B2 =3 white + 2 black +4 red = 9 balls
B3 =4 white + 3 black +2 red= 9 balls
PROBABILITY
From boxes B1 ,B2, B3 ; one box is selected by throwing a die
as follows:
𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝟐 𝟏
P 𝐁𝟏 = 𝐏𝐫 = =
𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐞 𝟔 𝟑

𝟑 𝐨𝐫 𝟐 𝟏
P 𝐁𝟐 = 𝐏𝐫 = =
𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐞 𝟔 𝟑

𝟓 𝐨𝐫 𝟐 𝟏
P 𝐁𝟑 = 𝐏𝐫 = =
𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐞 𝟔 𝟑

One ball is selected from above selected box and is

found to be red.
Let R= event of getting red ball.
PROBABILITY
𝟐𝐂 𝟏 𝟐
𝐑 𝐑𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 = =
Now P =Pr 𝟓𝐂 𝟏 𝟓
𝐁𝟏 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐁𝟏

𝟒𝐂 𝟏 𝟒
𝐑 𝐑𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 = =
Now P =Pr 𝟗𝐂 𝟏 𝟗
𝐁𝟐 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐁𝟐

𝟐𝐂 𝟏 𝟐
𝐑 𝐑𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 = =
Now P =Pr 𝟗𝐂 𝟏 𝟗
𝐁𝟑 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐁𝟑

𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐨𝐱 𝐢𝐬 𝐁𝟐
𝐁𝟐
Now Pr 𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 =P =?
𝐑
𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐝
PROBABILITY
Baye’s rule gives:
𝐑
𝐁𝟐 𝐏 𝐁𝟐 𝐏
𝐏 = 𝐑
𝐁𝟐
𝐑 𝐑
𝐑 𝐏 𝐁𝟏 𝐏 𝐁 +𝐏 𝐁𝟐 𝐏 +𝐏 𝐁𝟑 𝐏 𝐁
𝟏
𝐁𝟐 𝟑

𝟏 𝟒 𝟒
× 𝟓
= 𝟏 𝟐
𝟑 𝟗
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 = 𝟗
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 = .
× + × + 𝟑×𝟗 + + 𝟏𝟐
𝟑 𝟓 𝟑 𝟗 𝟓 𝟗 𝟗
 PROBABILITY
7) A shop keeper buys a particular type of electric bulbs
from three manufacturers M1, M2, and M3. He buys 25% of
his requirement from M1, 45% from M2, and 30% from M3.
Based on the past experience, he found that 2% of type M3
bulbs are defective where as only 1% of type M1and type
M2 are defective.
If a bulb chosen by him at random is found defective, find
the probability that it was of type M3.

Solution:
𝟐𝟓 𝟒𝟓 𝟑𝟎
P 𝐌𝟏 = ; P 𝐌𝟐 = ; P 𝐌𝟑 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Let D=event of getting defective bulb.

PROBABILITY
𝟏 𝟏 𝐃 𝟐
By data P
𝐃
= , P
𝐃
= , P = ,
𝐌𝟐 𝐌𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐌𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

A bulb is chosen at random and is found to be defective.

𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐌𝟑
Pr =P =?
𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛 𝐢𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐌𝟑 𝐑
PROBABILITY
Bayes’ rule gives:
𝐃
𝐌𝟑 𝐏 𝐌𝟑 𝐏
𝐌𝟑
𝐏 =
𝐃 𝐃 𝐃 𝐃
𝐏 𝐌𝟏 𝐏 + 𝐏 𝐌𝟐 𝐏 + 𝐏 𝐌𝟑 𝐏
𝐌𝟏 𝐌𝟐 𝐌𝟑
𝟑𝟎 𝟐
×
= 𝟐𝟓 𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟒𝟓 𝟏 𝟑𝟎 𝟐
× + × + ×
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎 𝟔
= = = .
𝟐𝟓 + 𝟓 + 𝟎 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝟏𝟑
PROBABILITY

Thank you…
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I

PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏. The probability of an impossible event is
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟏 𝟑) 𝟎 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟒

Solution

𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 =
𝒏()
P  = =𝟎
𝒏(𝒔)

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟐. The probability of an event lies in

𝟏) (𝟎, 𝟏] 𝟐) [𝟎, 𝟏) 𝟑) [𝟎, 𝟏] 𝟒) (𝟎, 𝟏)

Solution

𝐏 𝐄 ≥ 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝑬𝑺 ⇒ 𝐏 𝐄 ≤ 𝑷 𝑺 = 𝟏

𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔 𝑶 ≤ 𝑷(𝑬) ≤ 𝟏

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑. If A and B are two mutually exclusive events then P(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) is
𝟏) 𝑷 𝐀 . 𝐏(𝐁) 𝟐) 𝐏(𝐀) 𝟑) 𝟎 𝟒) 𝟏

Solution

𝑨, 𝑩 𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 ⇒ 𝑨 𝑩 = 

𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔 𝑷 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷  = 𝟎

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟒. If A and B are any two events in a sample space S then P(𝐀 ∪
𝐁) is
𝟏) ≥ 𝑷 𝐀 + 𝐏(𝐁) 𝟐) 𝑷 𝐀 + 𝐏(𝐁)
𝟑) ≤ 𝑷 𝐀 + 𝐏(𝐁) 𝟒) 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)

Solution

𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
≤𝐏 𝐀 +𝐏 𝐁

Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟓. P (at least one of the events A or B)=
𝟏) 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) ഥ∩𝐁
𝟐) 𝟏 − 𝑷 𝐀 ഥ
𝟑) 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) 𝟒) 𝟏 − 𝑷 𝐀 . 𝐏(𝐁)

Solution
ഥ∩𝐁
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 = 𝟏−𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 = 𝟏−𝑷 𝐀 ഥ
=𝟏−𝑷 𝐀ഥ∩𝐁
ഥ

Key - 2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟔. If A and B are two Mutually Exclusive events in a sample space
S such that P 𝑩 = 𝟐𝑷(𝑨) and 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 = 𝑺, then 𝑷(𝑨) =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
Solution
𝐏 𝐀 +𝐏 𝐁 =𝟏
P 𝐁 = 𝟐𝐏(𝐀)
𝐏 𝐀 + 𝟐𝐏 𝐀 = 𝟏
𝟑𝐏 𝐀 = 𝟏
𝟏 Key - 2
𝐏 𝐀 =
𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟕. An experiment yields 3 Mutually Exclusive and exhaustive events
A ,B and C . If 𝑷 𝑨 = 𝟐𝑷 𝑩 = 𝟑𝑷 𝑪 , then 𝑷(𝑨) =
𝟏 𝟓 𝟔 𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟔 𝟔 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
Solution
𝐏 𝐀 +𝐏 𝐁 +𝐏 𝐂 =𝟏

𝟏 𝟏
P 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝑨 + 𝐏 𝑨 =1(∵P(A)=2P(B)=3P(C))
𝟐 𝟑
𝟔
⇒P(A)=
𝟏𝟏

Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟖. If A, B and C are any three events in a sample space S then
P 𝐀 ∩ (𝐁 ∪ 𝐂) =
𝟏) 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 + 𝐏 𝐂 − 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐂)
𝟐) 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 + 𝐏 𝐜 − 𝐏 𝐁 𝐏(𝐂)
𝟑) 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 + 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐂 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂)
𝟒) 𝐏 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂 + 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂)
Solution
P 𝐀 ∩ (𝐁 ∪ 𝐂) = 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) ∪ 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑪)
𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 + 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐂 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂)
Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
ഥ ) ∪ (𝑨
𝟗. If A & B are 2 events then 𝑷 (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 ഥ ∩ 𝑩) =
𝟏) 𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝑩 − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) 𝟐) 𝐩 𝐀 ∪ 𝑩 + 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)
𝟑) 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏(𝐁) 𝟒) 𝐏 𝑨 + 𝐏 𝐁 + 𝐏(𝐀𝑩)
Solution
𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 𝑨𝑩 𝒊𝒔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒋𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕
ഥ 𝑩, 𝑨𝑩, 𝑨𝑩
𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝑨 ഥ
⇒ 𝑷 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷 𝑨 ഥ 𝑩 + 𝑷 𝑨 𝑩 + 𝑷(𝑨𝑩
ഥ) A B
ഥ 𝑩 + 𝑷(𝑨𝑩
⇒ 𝑷 𝑨𝑩 − 𝑷 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷 𝑨 ഥ)

Key - 1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟎. If A & B are two mutually exclusive events, then the relation
ഥ and 𝑷(𝑩) is
between 𝑷 𝑨
ഥ)
𝟏) 𝐏 𝑩 ≥ 𝑷(𝑨 ഥ
𝟐) 𝐏(𝐁) ≤ 𝑷 𝑨
𝟑) 𝐏 𝐁 = 𝐏(𝐀) 𝟒) 𝐏 𝐁 < 𝐏(𝐀)

Solution

ഥ
𝐁⊆𝐀

ഥ
𝐏(𝐁) ≤ 𝑷 𝑨

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟏. If A & B are two events in a sample space S such that 𝑷(𝑨) ≠
𝑩
𝟎 then 𝑷 =
𝑨
𝟏) 𝐏 𝑨 . 𝑷(𝑩) 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝑩)
𝟐)
𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) 𝑷(𝑩)
𝟑) 𝟒) 𝐏(𝐁)
𝐏(𝐀)
Solution
𝐁𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝑩 𝑷(𝑨𝑩)
𝐏 =
𝑨 𝑷(𝑨)
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟐. If A and B are two independent events in a sample space S
then 𝑷 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 =
𝑨 𝐁
𝟏) 𝐏 𝑨 . 𝑷 𝟐) 𝐏 𝐁 . 𝐏 𝟑) 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏(𝐁) 𝟒) 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏(𝐁)
𝑩 𝑨
Solution
𝑨
𝐀, 𝐁 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 ⇒ =𝑨
𝑩
𝑨
𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝑷 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷 𝑩 𝑷 = 𝑷 𝑩 𝑷(𝑨)
𝑩
𝑷 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷 𝑨 𝑷(𝑩)

Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝐁 𝐀
𝟏𝟑. If 𝐏 < 𝐏 𝐁 , the relationship between 𝐏 and 𝐏(𝐀) is
𝐀 𝐁
𝐀 𝟏 𝐀
𝟏) 𝐏 = 𝐏(𝐀) 𝟐) 𝐏 > 𝐏(𝐀)
𝐁 𝟐 𝐁
𝐀 𝐀
𝟑) 𝐏 < 𝐏(𝐀) 𝟒) 𝐏 < 𝟐𝐏(𝐀)
𝐁 𝐁
Solution
𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
< 𝐏 𝐁 ⇒ 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 < 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏(𝐁)
𝐏(𝐀)
𝐀 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏(𝐁)
𝐏 = <
𝐁 𝐏(𝐁) 𝐏(𝐁)
Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟒. The probability of getting head or tail, when an unbiased coin
is tossed is

𝟏) 𝟎 𝟐) 𝟏/𝟐 𝟑) 𝟏 𝟒) 𝟐
Solution
𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭

Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟓. The probability of obtaining exactly r heads and (𝐧 − 𝐫) tails,
when we toss n unbiased coins is
𝐫 𝐧𝐂𝐫 𝐧𝐂𝐫
(𝐧 − 𝐫) 𝟑) 𝐧 𝟒) 𝐧
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑
𝐧 𝐧 𝟐
Solution 𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐭𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐝 ⇒ 𝒏 𝒔 = 𝟐𝒏
𝑬 ∶ 𝒓 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒔, 𝒏 − 𝒓 𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒔
𝑬 ∶ 𝑯𝑯 −−− −𝑯 𝒓 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝑻𝑻 −−−− −𝑻((𝒏 − 𝒓) 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒔)
𝒏!
𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝒏 𝑬 = = 𝒏 𝒄𝒓
𝒓! 𝒏 − 𝒓 !
𝒏(𝑬) 𝒏𝒄𝒓
𝑷 𝑬 = = Key - 3
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟐𝒏
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟔. The probability of obtaining at least one head when we toss n
unbiased coins is
𝒏 𝑪𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒏𝑪𝒓 𝟏 𝐧𝐂𝐫
𝟏) 𝒏 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟏 − 𝒏 𝟒) 𝐧
𝟐 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 𝟑
Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐧𝐨 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝

𝐧 𝐂𝟎
=𝟏− 𝐧
𝟐

Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟕. The probability of obtaining 4 heads, 4 tails when 8 unbiased
coins are tossed is
𝟏 𝟖𝑪 𝟒 𝟖𝑪 𝟎 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟖 𝟑) 𝟖 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒

Solution

𝟖𝑪 𝟒
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟖
𝟐

Key - 2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟖. If two coins are tossed 5 times, the chance that there will be
5 heads and 5 tails is
𝟒𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟔𝟑 𝟑𝟎
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟐𝟓𝟔

Solution

𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟓
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟏𝟎
𝟐

Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟗. A coin is weighted so that head is twice as likely to appear as
tail. When such a coin is tossed once the probability of
getting tail is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟒

Solution

𝐏 𝐇 = 𝟐𝐏 𝐓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏 𝐇 + 𝐏 𝐓 = 𝟏

Key - 2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟐𝟎. Two persons A and B have respectively (n+1) and n coins
which they toss simultaneously. The probability that A will
have more number of heads is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟖

Solution
𝐎𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬, 𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐟 𝐨𝐟
𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐟𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭.

Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟐𝟏. When a fair coin is tossed thrice, the probability of obtaining
head at most twice is
𝟏 𝟓 𝟕 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟖 𝟑 𝟖 𝟖

Solution

𝟑𝑪 𝟎 + 𝟑𝑪 𝟏 + 𝟑𝑪 𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟐𝟑

Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟐𝟐. When a perfect die is rolled, the probability of getting a face
with 4 or 5 points upward is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟒
Solution
𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 = 𝟐
𝟐 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = =
𝟔 𝟑

Key - 1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟐𝟑. When a perfect die is rolled, the probability of getting any one
of the 6 faces is.
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟏 𝟒) 𝟐
𝟔 𝟐
Solution

𝒏(𝑬) 𝟔
𝐏 𝐄 = = =𝟏
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟔

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟐𝟒. In a single throw of a symmetrical die the probability that a
number less than 4 is obtained, given that the throw resulted
is an odd number is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 𝟒)
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
Solution

𝐒 = 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓 , 𝐄 = ሼ𝟏, 𝟑ሽ
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟑

Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟐𝟓. A perfect die is rolled. If the outcome is an odd number, the
probability that it is a prime is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟖
Solution

𝐒 = 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓 , 𝐄 = ሼ𝟑, 𝟓ሽ
𝒏(𝑬) 𝟐
𝑷 𝑬 = =
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟑

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟐𝟔. The probability of getting a number greater than 2 or an even
number in a single throw of a fair die is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟔 𝟒
Solution
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 = ሼ𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔ሽ
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟓, 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟔
𝐧 𝐄 𝟓
𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝑷 𝑬 = =
𝐧 𝐒 𝟔

Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟐𝟕. Two symmetrical dice are thrown. The probability of getting a
sum of 6 points is
𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔

Solution
𝐫−𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟐 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐫 = 𝟔
𝟔
𝟔−𝟏 𝟓
= =
𝟔𝟐 𝟑𝟔

Key - 2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟐𝟖. Two uniform dice marked 1 to 6 are thrown together. The
probability that the total score on them is either minimum or
maximum
𝟒 𝟓 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔
Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝟐
+ 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝟏𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
= + =
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔
Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟐𝟗. Two uniform dice marked 1 to 6 are thrown together. The
probability that the total score on the two dice is either 7 0r
11 is
𝟓 𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟗 𝟗 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔

Solution
𝟕 − 𝟏 𝟏𝟑 − 𝟏𝟏 𝒓 − 𝟏 𝟏𝟑 − 𝒓
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟐
+ ∵ 𝟐 +
𝟔 𝟔𝟐 𝟔 𝟔𝟐
𝟔 𝟐
= +
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
= + = Key - 2
𝟔 𝟏𝟖 𝟗
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑𝟎. Two uniform dice marked 1 to 6 are thrown together. The
probability that the sum is a prime number is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟓 𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟐 𝟗 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝟑 𝐨𝐫 𝟓
𝐨𝐫 𝟕 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟏
𝟏+𝟐+𝟒+𝟔+𝟐 𝟓
=
𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐
Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑𝟏. Two uniform dice marked 1 to 6 are thrown together. The
probability that the sum is even is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏𝟐
Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝟒 𝐨𝐫 𝟔
𝐨𝐫 𝟖 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟎 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟐
𝟏+𝟑+𝟓+𝟓+𝟑+𝟏 𝟏
=
𝟑𝟔 𝟐

Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑𝟐. When two symmetrical dice are rolled simultaneously, the
probability that both the dice show even numbers is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟖
Solution
𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐧𝐨′ 𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐞 = 𝟑
𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 = 𝟑 × 𝟑 = 𝟗
𝟗 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = =
𝟔×𝟔 𝟒

Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑𝟑. Two dice are thrown. The probability that the absolute
difference of points on them is 4 is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟕 𝟖 𝟗 𝟔
Solution
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬
= ሼ 𝟏, 𝟓 , 𝟐, 𝟔 , 𝟓, 𝟏 , 𝟔, 𝟐 ሽ
𝐧 𝐄 =𝟒 𝐧 𝐬 = 𝟑𝟔
𝒏(𝑬) 𝟒 𝟏
𝑷 𝑬 = = =
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟑𝟔 𝟗
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑𝟒. Two dice are thrown. The probability of scoring a sum greater
than 9 or a doublet is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟔 𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟖
Solution
𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐦𝐚𝐲 𝐛𝐞 𝟏𝟎 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐝𝐨𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐟𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬
=𝟔−𝟐=𝟒

𝟏𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟑 − 𝟏𝟏 + 𝟏𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟒
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟑𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑 + 𝟐 + 𝟏 +𝟒
𝟑𝟔
𝟏𝟎
=
𝟑𝟔
𝟓
=
𝟏𝟖

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑𝟓. Two symmetrical dice are thrown. The probability that the
product of the numbers on their upper most faces is 12 is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟕 𝟖 𝟗 𝟔

Solution

𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 = ሼ 𝟐, 𝟔 𝟔, 𝟐 𝟑, 𝟒 𝟒, 𝟑 ሽ

Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑𝟔. Three symmetrical dice are thrown. The probability of obtaining
a sum of 5 points is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝟓𝟒
Solution
(𝐫 − 𝟏)(𝐫 − 𝟐)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟐 × 𝟔𝟑
𝐫=𝟓
(𝟓 − 𝟏)(𝟓 − 𝟐) 𝟒×𝟑
= = 𝟑
𝟐×𝟔 𝟑 𝟐 × 𝟔
𝟏𝟐 𝟏
= = Key - 2
𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝟑𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑𝟕. A and B throw with 3 dice. If A throws a sum of 16 points,
the probability of B throwing a higher sum is
𝟕 𝟓 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓𝟒 𝟓𝟒 𝟓𝟒 𝟓𝟒
Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝟏𝟕 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟖

(𝟏𝟗 − 𝐫)(𝟐𝟎 − 𝐫)
𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐫 = 𝟏𝟕&𝟏𝟖
𝟐. 𝟔𝟑

Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑𝟖. On a symmetrical die the numbers 1, -1, 2, -2, 3 and 0 are
marked on its 6 faces. If such a die is thrown 3 times. The
probability that the sum of points on them is 6 is
𝟓 𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐)
𝟐𝟕 𝟓𝟒
𝟓 𝟑
𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟏𝟎𝟖
Solution
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 → 𝟔 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬
𝟐, 𝟐, 𝟐 → 𝟏 𝐰𝐚𝐲 𝟑, 𝟑, 𝟎 → 𝟑 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐧 𝐬 = 𝟔𝟑 Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑𝟗. A symmetrical die is thrown 4 times. The probability that 3 and
6 will turn up exactly 2 times each is
𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟒 𝟐) 𝟑 𝟑) 𝟐 𝟒)
𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔
Solution
𝟒!
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝟑, 𝟑, 𝟔, 𝟔 → 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 = 𝟔
𝟐! 𝟐!
𝟔 𝟏
𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟒 = 𝟑
𝟔 𝟔

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟒𝟎. Three symmetrical dice are thrown. The probability of
obtaining a sum of 8 points is
𝟐𝟓 𝟕 𝟓 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝟕𝟐 𝟕𝟐 𝟖
Solution
(𝐫 − 𝟏)(𝐫 − 𝟐)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟐 × 𝟔𝟑
𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐫 = 𝟖
(𝟖 − 𝟏)(𝟖 − 𝟐)
=
𝟐 × 𝟔𝟑
𝟕×𝟔 𝟕
= =
𝟐 × 𝟔𝟑 𝟕𝟐 Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟒𝟏. The probability that a leap year will have 53 sundays is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
Solution

𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐩 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫 = 𝟑𝟔𝟔

= 𝟓𝟐 𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐤𝐬+2 days extra 2 days may be (S,M)(M,T)(T,W)

(𝐖, 𝐓𝐇)(𝐓𝐇, 𝐅)(𝐅, 𝐒𝐀)(𝐒𝐀, 𝐒)

𝐧 𝐬 =𝟕 𝐧 𝐄 =𝟐
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟐
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟕 Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟒𝟐. The probability that a leap year will have 53 Tuesdays or
Fridays is
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
Solution
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 =
ሼ 𝐌, 𝐓 , 𝐓, 𝐖 , 𝐓𝐇, 𝐅 , 𝐅, 𝐒𝐀 ሽ
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟒, 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟕
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟒
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟕
Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟒𝟑. The probability that a non-leap year will have 53 Fridays is
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
Solution

𝐍𝐨𝐧 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐩 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐢. 𝐞. 𝟓𝟐 𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐤𝐬 + 𝟏𝐝𝐚𝐲 𝐞𝐱𝐭𝐫𝐚 𝐝𝐚𝐲 𝐦𝐚𝐲 𝐛𝐞

𝐒, 𝐌, 𝐓, 𝐖, 𝐓𝐇, 𝐅, 𝐒𝐀

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟏, 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟕
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟕
Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟒𝟒. The probability that the February of a leap year will have 5
saturdays is
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
Solution

𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 = 𝟐𝟗
= 𝟒𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐤𝐬 + 𝟏𝐝𝐚𝐲. 𝐰𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝟓 𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐞𝐱𝐭𝐫𝐚 𝐝𝐚𝐲 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐛𝐞
𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐝𝐚𝐲
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟏, 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟕
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟕 Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟒𝟓. The probability that in a month of April there will be 5
Tuesdays is
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
Solution
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 = ሼ 𝐓, 𝐖 𝐌, 𝐓 ሽ
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟐, 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟕
𝐧(𝐄)
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝐧(𝐒)
𝟐
𝐏 𝐄 = Key - 2
𝟕
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟒𝟔. The probability that 13th day of the randomly chosen month is
a Friday is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟕 𝟏𝟐 𝟖𝟒 𝟒𝟐
Solution
𝟏 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = ×
𝟏𝟐 𝟕
𝟏
=
𝟖𝟒

Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟒𝟕. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 well
shuffled playing cards. The probability that the cards drawn are
aces is
𝟓 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟏

Solution
𝟒𝑪 𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟐

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟒𝟖. When a card is drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of
52 playing cards, the probability that it may be either king or
queen is
𝟖 𝟓 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑

Solution
𝟒+𝟒 𝟖
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = =
𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟒𝟗. A pack of cards is distributed among four hands equally. The
probability that 5 spades, 3 clubs 3 hearts and the rest
diamonds may be in a particular hand is
𝟒𝑪𝟏 × 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟓 × 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑 × 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟐
𝟏)
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟓 × 𝟐𝟔𝑪𝟔 × 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟐
𝟐)
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟓 × 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑 × 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑 × 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟐
𝟑)
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑
𝟒𝑪𝟏 × 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑 × 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑 × 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟐
𝟒)
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
Solution

𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟓 × 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑 × 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑 × 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟐

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟓𝟎. If two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing
cards, the probability that there will be at least one club card
is
𝟑𝟗𝑪𝟐 𝟑𝟗 𝟑𝟗 𝟑𝟎𝑪𝟐
𝟑𝟗𝑪𝟐 𝟐)𝟏 − 𝟑) × 𝟒)
𝟏) 𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟐
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟐 𝑪 𝟐

Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝟑𝟗𝑪𝟐
that there will be no club card = 𝟏 −
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟐

Key - 2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟓𝟏. From a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards two cards are
drawn at random. The probability that either both are red or
both are kings is
𝟐𝟔𝑪𝟐 + 𝟒𝑪𝟐 − 𝟐𝑪𝟐
𝟐𝟔𝑪𝟐 + 𝟒𝑪𝟐 𝟐)
𝟏) 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟐
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟐 𝟑𝟗𝑪𝟐
𝟑𝟎𝑪𝟐 𝟒)
𝟑) 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟐
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟐
Solution
𝐍𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 = 𝟐𝟔
𝐍𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 = 𝟒
𝐍𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 = 𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I

𝟐𝟔𝑪𝟐 + 𝟒𝑪𝟐 − 𝟐𝑪𝟐

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟐

Key -2
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟓𝟐. Four cards are drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of
52 playing cards. The probability that all the 4 are hearts, but
one is a queen is 𝟒
𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟑 𝟒 𝐂 𝟏
× 𝟒𝟖 𝐂 𝟒
𝟏𝟑
𝟒𝐂𝟏 × 𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟑 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟓 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟓
𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟒 𝟓𝟐 𝐂𝟒

Solution
𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 𝐢𝐬 𝟏𝟑 𝐢𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐞𝐧
𝟏𝐂𝟏 . 𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟑
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟒
𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟑
= Key -2
𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟓𝟑. Five cards are drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of
52 cards. The probability that out of these 5 there will be just
one ace is 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟒
𝟒𝑪𝟏 × 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟒 𝟒)
𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟓 𝟒𝑪 𝟏 𝟑)
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟓 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟓
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟓 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟓
Solution
𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐛𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝐂𝟏 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟒 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐛𝐞
𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐧𝐨𝐧 − 𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟖𝐂𝟒 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬
𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬
𝟒𝑪𝟏 . 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟒
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = Key -3
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟓𝟓. Two cards are drawn simultaneously from a well shuffled pack
of 52 playing cards. The probability that one of them is an ace
of hearts is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟑 𝟐𝟔 𝟑𝟗 𝟓𝟐

Solution
𝟏𝑪𝟏 .𝟓𝟏𝑪𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟐
𝟏
=
𝟐𝟔

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟓𝟔. In a bridge game, the probability that a specified player has at
least one ace is
𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟑 𝟒𝑪 𝟏 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟑 𝟒𝑪 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑)𝟏 − 𝟒)𝟏 −
𝟓𝟐𝑪 𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑
𝟏𝟑 𝑪𝟏𝟑

Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐧𝐨 𝐚𝐜𝐞

𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟑
=𝟏−
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑

Key - 3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟓𝟕. Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing
cards. The probability that one is a heart card and the other is
not a heart card is
𝟕 𝟗 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟒 𝟑𝟒 𝟑𝟒 𝟑𝟒
Solution
𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 = 𝟏𝟑
𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐧𝐨𝐧 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 = 𝟓𝟐 − 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟑𝟗
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟏 . 𝟑𝟗𝑪𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟐
Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟓𝟖. An urn contains 25 balls numbered 1 to 25. Two balls are
drawn one at a time with replacement . The probability that
both the numbers on the balls are odd is
𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝟐𝟓𝐂𝟐 𝟏𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝟑𝟒

Solution
𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐝𝐝 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐬 = 𝟏𝟑
𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟔𝟗
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = =
𝟐𝟓 × 𝟐𝟓 𝟔𝟐𝟓

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟓𝟗. A box contains 40 balls of the same shape and weight . Among
the balls 10 are white, 16 are red and the rest are black, the
probability that a ball drawn from the box is not a black is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑𝟗
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒 𝟓 𝟐𝟎 𝟔𝟐𝟓

Solution
𝟏𝟎+𝟏𝟔
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟒𝟎
𝟐𝟔
=
𝟒𝟎
𝟏𝟑
=
𝟐𝟎

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟔𝟎. There are 4 red, 3 black and 5 white balls in a bag. If a ball is
drawn at random, the probability that it may be either red or
black ball is
𝟏 𝟓 𝟕 𝟗
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐

Solution
𝟒𝑪𝟏 +𝟑𝑪𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟏
𝟒+𝟑
=
𝟏𝟐
𝟕
=
𝟏𝟐

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟔𝟏. There are 4 red, 3 black and 5 white balls in a bag. The
probability of drawing 2 balls of the same colour and one is of
different colour is
𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟐𝟗 𝟏𝟑𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟗𝟓

Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟒𝑪𝟐 .𝟑𝑪𝟏 +𝟑𝑪𝟐 .𝟒𝑪𝟏 +𝟒𝑪𝟐 .𝟓𝑪𝟏 +𝟓𝑪𝟐 𝟒𝑪𝟏 +𝟓𝑪𝟐 𝟑𝑪𝟏 +𝟑𝑪𝟐 𝟓𝑪𝟏
=
𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟑

Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟔𝟐. There are 5 green, 6 black and 7 white balls in a bag. A ball is
drawn at random form the bag. The probability that it may
be either green or black is
𝟓 𝟔 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟖

Solution
𝟓𝑪𝟏 +𝟔𝑪𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = =
𝟏𝟖𝑪𝟏 𝟏𝟖

Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟔𝟑. Out of 10 balls in a bag 3 are red. The probability that there
will be at least one red ball in a draw of 2 balls is
𝟕 𝟖 𝟔 𝟗
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓

Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐧𝐨𝐧 − 𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐬
𝟕𝑪 𝟐
=𝟏−
𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟔𝟒. A bag contains 4 white and 2 black balls. Another contains 3
white and 5 black balls. If one ball is drawn from each, the
probability that both are white is
𝟏𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟒 𝟏𝟒

Solution
𝟒𝑪 𝟏 𝟑𝑪 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = ×
𝟔𝑪 𝟏 𝟖𝑪 𝟏
𝟒 𝟑
= ×
𝟔 𝟖
𝟏
=
𝟒 Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟔𝟓. A bag contains 4 white and 2 black balls. Another contains 3
white and 5 black balls. If one ball is drawn from each, the
probability that both are black is
𝟏𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟒 𝟏𝟒

Solution
𝟐𝑪 𝟏 𝟓𝑪 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = ×
𝟔𝑪 𝟏 𝟖𝑪 𝟏
𝟐 𝟓
= ×
𝟔 𝟖
𝟓
= Key -2
𝟐𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟔𝟔. From a bag containing 4 white and 5 black balls 3 are drawn
at random. The odds against these being all black balls is
𝟏) 𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟒𝟐 𝟐) 𝟑𝟕 𝐭𝐨 𝟓 𝟑) 𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟑𝟕 𝟒) 𝟒𝟐 𝐭𝐨 𝟓
Solution
𝟓𝐂 𝟑
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝟗𝐂 𝟑
𝟓
𝐏 𝐄 = 𝐨𝐝𝐝𝐬 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭 𝐄 𝐚𝐫𝐞
𝟒𝟐
𝐏 𝐄ത : 𝐏(𝐄)

Key - 2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟔𝟕. Box A contains 3 red and 2 black balls. Box B contains 2 red
and 3 black balls. One ball is drawn at random from box A and
placed in box B. Then one ball is drawn at random from box B
and placed in box A. The probability that the composition of
the balls in the two boxes remains unaltered is
𝟗 𝟖
𝟏) 𝟐)
𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎
𝟏𝟕 𝟑
𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐛𝐨𝐱 𝐀

𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐛𝐨𝐱 𝐁 + 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐛𝐨𝐱
𝐀 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐛𝐨𝐱 𝐁

𝟑𝑪 𝟏 𝟑 𝑪 𝟏 𝟐𝑪 𝟏 𝟒𝑪 𝟏
= × + ×
𝟓𝑪 𝟏 𝟔 𝑪 𝟏 𝟓𝑪 𝟏 𝟔𝑪 𝟏

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟔𝟖. 3 red and 4 white balls of different sizes are arranged in a
row at random. The probability that no two balls of the same
colour are together is
𝟔 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟎

Solution 𝒏 𝑺 = 𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝟕 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒔 = 𝟕!

𝟑 𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝟑! 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟒 𝒈𝒂𝒑𝒔 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅.
𝟒 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝟒 𝒈𝒂𝒑𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝟒!
𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝒏 𝑬 = 𝟑! × 𝟒!
𝒏(𝑬) 𝟑! 𝟒! 𝟏
𝑷 𝑬 = = =
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟕! 𝟑 Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟔𝟗. Two cards are drawn at random from 10 cards numbered 1 to
10. The probability that their sum is odd, if the two cards are
drawn together is
𝟐 𝟒 𝟓 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗

Solution

𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐝𝐝 𝐢𝐟 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐝𝐝

𝟓𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟓𝑪 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟕𝟎. The probability that at least one of the events A and B occur is
0.6 If A and B occur simultaneously with probability 0.2, then
ഥ +𝐏 𝐁
𝐏 𝐀 ഥ =
𝟏) 𝟎. 𝟒 𝟐) 𝟎. 𝟖 𝟑) 𝟏. 𝟐 𝟒)𝟏. 𝟔
Solution
𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 = 𝟎. 𝟐
ഥ +𝐏 𝐁
𝐏 𝐀 ഥ = 𝟏 − 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐁)
=𝟐−ሼ 𝐏∪𝐁 +𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 ሽ
= 𝟐 − (𝟎. 𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟐)
= 𝟐 − (𝟎. 𝟖)=1.2
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟕𝟏. A single letter is selected at random from the word
PROBABILITY. The probability that it is a vowel is
𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
Solution
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟒, 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟏
𝐧(𝐄)
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝐧(𝐒)
𝟒
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝟏𝟏

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟕𝟐. Two letters are taken at random from the word HOME. The
probability that at least one is a vowel is..
𝟏 𝟐 𝟓 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟔 𝟒
Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = = 𝟏 −
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐥𝐬

𝟐𝑪 𝟐 𝟓
=𝟏− =
𝟒𝑪 𝟐 𝟔

Key - 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟕𝟑. In a book 0f 100 pages, if a page is opened at random, the
probability that the number on it is a cube is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟖 𝟗 𝟐𝟓 𝟒
Solution
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 = ሼ𝟏, 𝟖, 𝟐𝟕, 𝟔𝟒ሽ

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟒, 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟒 𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟓
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟕𝟒. If A and B are two events in a sample space S such that
𝑨
𝑷 𝑨 ≠ 𝟎, then 𝑷 =
𝑩
𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝑩) 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) 𝟒) 𝐏(𝐁)
𝟐) 𝟑)
𝟏) 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏(𝐁) 𝑷(𝑨)
𝑷(𝑩)
Solution
𝑨 𝑷(𝑨𝑩)
𝐁𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐏 =
𝑩 𝑷(𝑩)

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝐀 𝐁 𝐀 𝐁
𝟕𝟓. If 𝐏 >𝐏 and 𝐏 >𝐏 , then the relationship
𝐂 𝐂 𝐂ത 𝐂ത
between 𝐏 𝐀 and 𝐏(𝐁) is
𝟏) 𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏(𝐁) 𝟐) 𝐏(𝐀) ≤ 𝐏(𝐁)
𝟑) 𝐏 𝐀 > 𝐏(𝐁) 𝟒) 𝐏(𝐀) ≥ 𝐏(𝐁)

Solution

𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐂 > 𝐏 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂 𝐚𝐧𝐝
𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐂ത > 𝐏 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂ത 𝐚𝐧𝐝
⇒𝐏 𝐀 >𝐏 𝐁
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟕𝟔. If A and B are two events such that 𝐏 𝐀 > 𝟎 and 𝐏 𝐁 ≠ 𝟏,
then 𝐏(𝐀ഥ /𝐁
ഥ )=
𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) 𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁)
𝟏) 𝟏 − 𝟐) 𝟏 −
ഥ
𝐏 𝐁 𝐏(𝐁)
𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) 𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁)
𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐁) 𝐏(𝐁)

Solution
ഥ ∩𝐁ഥ
ഥ )= 𝐏
ഥ /𝐁
𝐏(𝐀
𝐀
=
𝟏−𝐏(𝐀∪𝐁)
𝐏 𝐁ഥ 𝟏−𝐏(𝐁)

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑 𝟑
𝟕𝟕. If A and B are two events such that 𝐏 𝐀 = , 𝑷 𝑨𝑩 = ,
𝟖 𝟒
𝑩
then 𝑷 ഥ =
𝑨
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
Solution

𝑩 ഥ∩𝑩
𝐏 𝐀 𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝑩) − 𝐏(𝐀)
𝐏 = =
ഥ
𝑨 ഥ
𝐏 𝐀 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀)

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑 𝟓
𝟕𝟖. If A and B are two events such that 𝐏 𝐀𝑩 = , 𝑷 𝑩 = ,
𝟒 𝟖
𝑨
then 𝑷 ഥ
=
𝑩
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑 𝟓 𝟑 𝟓
Solution

𝐀 𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 ഥ 𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) − 𝐏(𝐁)

𝐏 = =
ഥ
𝐁 ഥ
𝐏 𝐁 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐁)

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟕𝟗. Two symmetrical dice are thrown at a time. If the sum of
points on them is 7, the chance that one of them will show a
face with 2 points is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟖 𝟑 𝟑 𝟖
Solution
𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝟏, 𝟔 𝟐, 𝟓 𝟑, 𝟒 𝟒, 𝟑 (𝟓, 𝟐)(𝟔, 𝟏)

𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 (𝟐, 𝟓)(𝟓, 𝟐)

𝟐 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = =
𝟔 𝟑
Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟖𝟎. A and B are to throw with a pair of symmetrical dice. If B
throws a sum of 5 points then A’s chance of throwing a sum
less than 5 is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟖
Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝟑 𝐨𝐫 𝟒

𝟏++ 𝟔 𝟏
= = =
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟔

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟖𝟏. Out of the digits 1 to 9, two are selected at random and one
is found to be 2, the probability that their sum is odd is
𝟑 𝟓 𝟕 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖
Solution
∵ 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝟐, 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐲 𝐛𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟏 𝐭𝐨 𝟗 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭 𝟐
𝐧 𝐒 =𝟖
𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐝𝐝 𝐢𝐟 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐝𝐝 𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟓
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟓
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟖
Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟖𝟐. It is given that a leap year has 53 Sundays, the probability
that it has 53 Mondays is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟔 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕

Solution
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝟓𝟑 𝐬𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐒, 𝐌 𝐒𝐀, 𝐒 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐞
𝐟𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝟓𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐢𝐬 (𝐒, 𝐌)

𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟐

Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟖𝟑. 𝐄𝟏 , 𝐄𝟐 are events of sample space such that
𝟏 𝐄𝟐 𝟏 𝐄𝟏 𝟏 𝐄𝟏
𝐏 𝐄𝟏 = , 𝐏 = ,𝐏 = . 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐏 =
𝟒 𝐄𝟏 𝟐 𝐄𝟐 𝟒 𝐄𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒

Solution

𝑬𝟏 𝐄𝟏 𝟑
𝐏 = 𝐏 𝐄𝟏 ⇒ 𝐄𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝟐 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐏 = 𝐏 𝐄𝟏 =
𝐄𝟐 𝐄𝟐 𝟒

Key -4
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟖𝟒. If the probability of two events 𝑬𝟏 and 𝑬𝟐 in a random
experiment are 𝑷 𝑬𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝑷 𝑬𝟐 = 𝑷, 𝑷 𝑬𝟏 ∪ 𝑬𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕, the
value of P, if 𝑬𝟏 and 𝑬𝟐 are independent
𝟏) 𝟎. 𝟑 𝟐)𝟎. 𝟒 𝟑)𝟎. 𝟓 𝟒)𝟎. 𝟐

Solution

𝐏 𝐄𝟏 ∪ 𝐄𝟐
𝐏 𝐄𝟏 ) + 𝐏(𝐄𝟐 − 𝐏 𝐄𝟏 ). 𝐏(𝐄𝟐
𝟎. 𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟒 + 𝐏 − 𝟎. 𝟒 𝐏

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟖𝟓. One of the two events must happen. Given that the chance of
one is two –third that of the other , find the odds in favour of
the other
𝟏) 𝟐 𝐭𝐨 𝟑 𝟐) 𝟐 𝐭𝐨 𝟓 𝟑) 𝟑 𝐭𝐨 𝟐 𝟒) 𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟐

Solution
𝟐
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝑷(𝑩)
𝟑
ഥ
𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 = 𝟏 𝐨𝐝𝐝𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐁 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐏 𝐁 : 𝐏 𝐁

Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟖𝟔. The results of students of a college revealed the following
facts. 25% of students failed in Mathematics, 15% of students
failed in Chemistry, 10% of students failed in both. If a student
is selected at random. The probability that he has failed in
Mathematics, given that he failed in chemistry is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓 𝟑 𝟓 𝟑

Solution
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟓
𝐏 𝐌 = 𝑷 𝑪 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎 𝟏
𝐏 𝐌∩𝑪 = =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝐌 𝐏(𝐌 ∩ 𝐂)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 =
𝐂 𝐏(𝐂)
𝟏/𝟏𝟎
=
𝟏𝟓/𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= ×
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟓
𝟐
=
𝟑

Key -2
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟖𝟕. A card is drawn from a pack of 100 cards numbered 1 to 100.
The probability of drawing a number which is a perfect square
is
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟓
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐟𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 =
ሼ𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟔, 𝟐𝟓, 𝟑𝟔, 𝟒𝟗, 𝟔𝟒, 𝟖𝟏, 𝟏𝟎𝟎ሽ
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟏𝟎
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏𝟎 𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = = =
𝐧 𝐒 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟖𝟖. The probability that a randomly chosen number from the set
of first 100 natural numbers is divisible by 4 is
𝟓 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
Solution
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐧 𝐄 = = 𝟐𝟓
𝟒
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟐𝟓
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = Key -4
𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟖𝟗. From the set of numbers {1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8} two numbers are
selected at random without replacement. The probability that
their sum is more than 13 is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟒 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕

Solution

𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞(𝟔, 𝟖)(𝟕, 𝟖)

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟐 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟖𝑪 𝟐
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟐
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟖𝐂𝟐
Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟗𝟎. In a room there are 6 couples. Out of them if 4 are selected at
random, the probability that they may be couples is
𝟒 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
𝟑𝟑

Solution

𝟔𝑪 𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟒

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟗𝟏. In a race three horses A, B and C are taking part. The
probability of A’s winning is twice the probability of B’s
winning and the probability of B’s winning is thrice the
probability of C’s winning. The probability of C’ s winning.
𝟔 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎

Solution
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝟐𝐏(𝐁)
𝐏 𝐁 = 𝟑𝐏(𝐂)
𝐏 𝐀 +𝐏 𝐁 +𝐏 𝐂 =𝟏
𝟐𝐏 𝐁 + 𝟑𝐏 𝐂 + 𝐏 𝐂 = 𝟏
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟐𝐏 𝐁 + 𝟑𝐏 𝐂 + 𝐏 𝐂 = 𝟏
6𝐏 𝐂 + 𝟑𝐏 𝐂 + 𝐏 𝐂 = 𝟏
10𝐏 𝐂 = 𝟏
𝟏
𝐏 𝐂 =
𝟏𝟎

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟗𝟐. Three squares of a chess board having 𝟖 × 𝟖 square being
chosen at random, the chance that all the three are white is
𝟑𝟐𝑪𝟑 𝟖𝑪 𝟑 𝟏𝟔𝑪𝟑 𝟒𝑪𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑 𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑 𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑 𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑

Solution

𝟑𝟐𝑪𝟑
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑

Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟗𝟑. Three squares of a chess board having 𝟖 × 𝟖 squares being
chosen at random, the chance that 2 are of one colour and 1
is of different colour is
𝟐×𝟑𝟐𝑪𝟐 ×𝟑𝟐𝑪𝟏
𝟑𝟐𝑪𝟑 𝟏𝟔𝑪𝟑 𝟑)
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑
𝟒) 𝟏
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑 𝑪𝟑𝟔𝟒

Solution
𝟑𝟐𝑪𝟐 . 𝟑𝟐𝑪𝟏 𝟑𝟐𝑪𝟐 . 𝟑𝟐𝑪𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = +
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑 𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟗𝟒. A speaks truth in 75% of the cases and B in 80% of the
cases. The percentage of cases they are likely to contradict
each other in making the same statement is
𝟏) 𝟐𝟓% 𝟐) 𝟑𝟓% 𝟑) 𝟓𝟎% 𝟒) 𝟔𝟓%

Solution
𝟕𝟓 𝟑
𝐏 𝐀 = =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟒
𝟖𝟎 𝟒
𝐏 𝐁 = =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟓
ഥ + 𝐏(𝐀
𝐑𝐞𝐪 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ഥ ∩ 𝐁)
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
ഥ +𝑷 𝑨
=𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑷 𝑨 . 𝑷 𝑩 ഥ . 𝑷(𝑩)
ഥ = 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐁)
𝐏 𝐁
𝟒
ഥ =𝟏−
𝐏 𝐁
𝟓
𝟏
ഥ =
𝐏 𝐁
𝟓
ഥ
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀)
𝟑 𝟏
ഥ
𝐏 𝐀 =𝟏− ഥ =
𝐏 𝐀
𝟒 𝟒
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
=𝟏𝟎𝟎 . + .
𝟒 𝟓 𝟒 𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑 𝟏
=𝟏𝟎𝟎 +
𝟐𝟎 𝟓

𝟑+𝟒
=𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟎

𝟕
=𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟎
= 𝟑𝟓%

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟗𝟓. A bag contains 17 counters marked with numbers 1 to 17 on
chits. A counter is drawn and replaced. A second draw is then
made. The chance that the number on the counter drawn 1st
is even and the second is odd is
𝟔𝟒 𝟖𝟏 𝟕𝟐 𝟑𝟔
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟖𝟗 𝟐𝟖𝟗 𝟐𝟖𝟗 𝟐𝟖𝟗

Solution
𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐧𝐨′ 𝐬 = 𝟖, 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐝𝐝 𝐧𝐨′ 𝐬 = 𝟗
𝟖𝑪 𝟏 𝟗𝑪 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = .
𝟏𝟕𝑪𝟏 𝟏𝟕𝑪𝟏
𝟖 𝟗 𝟕𝟐
= . = Key -3
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕 𝟐𝟖𝟗
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑 𝟓
𝟗𝟔. If A and B are two events such that 𝐏 𝐀 = , 𝐏 𝐁 = and
𝟖 𝟖
𝟑
ഥ =
𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 = , then 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁
𝟒
𝟓 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖
Solution
ഥ = 𝑷 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 − 𝑷(𝑩)
𝐏 𝐀∩𝑩
ഥ =𝟑−𝟓
𝐏 𝐀∩𝑩
𝟒 𝟖

ഥ =𝟑−𝟓
𝐏 𝐀∩𝑩
𝟒 𝟖

ഥ = 𝟔−𝟓 = 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀∩𝑩
𝟖 𝟖 Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟗𝟕. The results of an examination in two papers A and B for 20
candidates were recorded as follows. 8 passed in paper A, 7
passed in paper B, 8 failed in both the papers A and B. If one
is selected at random, the probability that the candidate has
failed in A or B is
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟖
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎

Solution
𝟖 𝟕
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏 𝐁 =
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝟖 𝟏𝟐
ഥ ഥ
𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 =
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
ഥ ∪𝐁
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 ഥ = 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
= 𝟏 − ሼ𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 − 𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝑩 ሽ
𝟖 𝟕 𝟏𝟐
=𝟏− + −
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝟖 + 𝟕 − 𝟏𝟐
=𝟏−
𝟐𝟎
𝟑
=𝟏−
𝟐𝟎
𝟏𝟕
=
𝟐𝟎

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟐
𝟗𝟖. The probability that a student passes in Mathematics is and
𝟑
𝟒
the probability that he passes in English is . The probability
𝟗
𝟒
that he passes in any one of the courses is . The probability
𝟓
that he passes in both is
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒𝟓 𝟒𝟓 𝟒𝟓 𝟒𝟓
Solution

𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
𝐏 𝐌 = 𝐏 𝐄 = 𝐏 𝐌∪𝐄 =
𝟑 𝟗 𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐏 𝐌 ∩ 𝐄 = 𝐏 𝐌 + 𝐏 𝐄 − 𝐏(𝐌 ∪ 𝐄)
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
𝐏 𝐌∩𝐄 = + −
𝟑 𝟗 𝟓
𝟑𝟎 + 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟑𝟔
=
𝟒𝟓
𝟏𝟒
𝐏 𝐌∩𝐄 =
𝟒𝟓

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟗𝟗. In a class of 60 boys and 20 girls, half of boys and half of the
girls know cricket, then the probability of the event that a
person selected from the class is either a boy or a girl who
knows cricket is
𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟕
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖

Solution
𝐀 → 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐨𝐲
𝐁 → 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐠𝐢𝐫𝐥 𝐰𝐡𝐨 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐬 𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭
𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏 𝐁 =
𝟖𝟎 𝟖𝟎
𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 =𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟔 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) = +
𝟖 𝟖
−𝟎
𝟕
=
𝟖

Key -4
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟎𝟎. An urn contain 12 red balls and 12 green balls. Suppose two
balls are drawn one after another without replacement, then
the probability that the second ball drawn is green given that
the first ball drawn is red is….
𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟕
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟑 𝟐𝟑 𝟐𝟑 𝟐𝟑

Solution
𝟏𝟐
𝐑 𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐨 𝐏 𝐑 =
𝟐𝟒
𝐆
𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝑹
𝐆 𝟏𝟐
𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐨 𝐏 =
𝑹 𝟐𝟑 Key -2
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟎𝟏. If the probabilities of two dogs A and B dying within 10
years are respectively p and q , then the probability that at
least one of them will be alive at the end of 10 years is
𝟏) 𝐩 + 𝐪 𝟐) 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐪 𝟑) 𝐩 + 𝐪 − 𝐩𝐪 𝟒) 𝐩𝐪
Solution
𝐀, 𝐁 → 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐝𝐨𝐠 𝐀 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐨𝐠 𝐁 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐞
𝐏 𝑨ഥ = 𝑷, 𝑷 𝑩
ഥ =𝒒
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐏 𝐀∪𝑩 =𝟏−𝐏 𝑨∪𝑩
ഥ∩𝑩
𝐏 𝐀∪𝑩 =𝟏−𝐏 𝑨 ഥ
Key -2
ഥ .𝐏 𝐁
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 =𝟏−𝐏 𝐀 ഥ = 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐪
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟎𝟐. A husband and wife appear in an interview for two
vacancies in the same post . The probability of husbands
𝟏 𝟏
selection is and that of wife is . The probability that
𝟕 𝟓
both of them will be selected is
𝟐𝟒 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟓 𝟕 𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓
Solution
𝟏 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏 𝐁 =
𝟕 𝟓
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝑩 = 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏(𝐁)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀∩𝑩 = . =
𝟕 𝟓 𝟑𝟓 Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟎𝟑. A husband and wife appear in an interview for two vacancies
𝟏
in the same post . The probability of husbands selection is
𝟕
𝟏
and that of wife is The probability that one
.
𝟓
of them will be selected is
𝟏 𝟐𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓 𝟕 𝟑𝟓

Solution
𝟏 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏 𝐁 =
𝟕 𝟓

ഥ + 𝐏(𝑨
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝑩 ഥ ∩ 𝑩)
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
= 𝐏 𝐀 .𝐏 𝐁ഥ +𝐏 𝐀
ഥ . 𝐏(𝐁)
𝟏 𝟔
ഥ =𝟏−𝑷 𝑨 =𝟏− =
𝐏 𝑨
𝟕 𝟕
𝟏 𝟒
ഥ
𝐏 𝑩 =𝟏−𝑷 𝑩 =𝟏− =
𝟓 𝟓
ഥ +𝐏 𝐀
= 𝐏 𝐀 .𝐏 𝐁 ഥ . 𝐏(𝐁)
𝟏 𝟒 𝟔 𝟏
= . + .
𝟕 𝟓 𝟕 𝟓
𝟒 𝟔
= +
𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓
𝟏𝟎 𝟐
= =
𝟑𝟓 𝟕 Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟎𝟒. From each of the three married couples one partner is
selected at random. The probability that all the three are
males is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟒 𝟖 𝟖

Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝟏𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟏𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟏𝑪 𝟏
=
𝟐𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟐𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟐𝑪 𝟏
𝟏. 𝟏. 𝟏 𝟏
= =
𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟐 𝟖
Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟎𝟓. From each of the three married couples one partner is
selected at random. The probability that all the three are
females is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟒 𝟖 𝟖

Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝟏𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟏𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟏𝑪 𝟏
=
𝟐𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟐𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟐𝑪 𝟏
𝟏. 𝟏. 𝟏 𝟏
= =
𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟐 𝟖
Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟎𝟔. From each of the three married couples one partner is
selected at random. The probability that all the belong to the
same sex is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟒 𝟖 𝟖

Solution
𝟏𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟏𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟏𝑪 𝟏 𝟏𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟏𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟏𝑪 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = +
𝟐𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟐𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟐𝑪 𝟏 𝟐𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟐𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟐𝑪 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
= + = =
𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟒
Key -2
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟎𝟕. The odds against ‘A’ solving a certain problem are 4 to 3 and
the odds in favour of B solving the same problem are 7 to
5. If both of them try independently, the probability that the
problem will be solved is
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟔 𝟖
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏

Solution
𝟑 𝟕
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝑷 𝑩 =
𝟕 𝟏𝟐

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 − 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏(𝐁)

PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑 𝟕 𝟑 𝟕
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 = + − .
𝟕 𝟏𝟐 𝟕 𝟏𝟐
𝟑 𝟕 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 = + −
𝟕 𝟏𝟐 𝟒
𝟑𝟔 + 𝟒𝟗 − 𝟐𝟏
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 =
𝟖𝟒
𝟔𝟒
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 =
𝟖𝟒
𝟏𝟔
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 =
𝟐𝟏

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟎𝟖. A person is known to hit the target in 3 out of 4 shots,
where as an other person is known to hit twice in every
three attempts. If both of them try independently the
probability that the target being hit is
𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟓 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐

Solution
𝟑 𝟐
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝑷 𝑩 =
𝟒 𝟑
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =

𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 − 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏(𝐁)
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 = + − .
𝟒 𝟑 𝟒 𝟑
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 = + −
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝟗+𝟖−𝟔
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 =
𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟏
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 =
𝟏𝟐

Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟎𝟗. The probability that A can solve a problem in Mathemetics is
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
and B can solve it is and for C it is . When all of
𝟓 𝟖 𝟏𝟎
them try independently, the probability that the problem will
not be solved is
𝟑𝟏 𝟗 𝟏𝟏 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎

Solution
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝑷 𝑩 = 𝑷 𝑪 =
𝟓 𝟖 𝟏𝟎

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
ഥ∩𝑩
𝐏 𝑨 ഥ =𝐏 𝑨
ഥ ∩𝑪 ഥ .𝐏 𝑩 ഥ
ഥ .𝐏 𝑪
ഥ∩𝑩
𝐏 𝑨 ഥ = 𝟏 − 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝟏 − 𝐏 𝐁 . (𝟏 − 𝐏 𝐂 )
ഥ ∩𝑪
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
ഥ∩𝑩
𝐏 𝑨 ഥ = 𝟏−
ഥ ∩𝑪 . 𝟏− . 𝟏−
𝟓 𝟖 𝟏𝟎
𝟑 𝟓 𝟔
ഥ ഥ ഥ
𝐏 𝑨∩𝑩∩𝑪 = . .
𝟓 𝟖 𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟖 𝟗
ഥ∩𝑩
𝐏 𝑨 ഥ =
ഥ ∩𝑪 =
𝟖𝟎 𝟒𝟎

Key -2
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟏𝟎. The probability that A will fail in an examination is 0.2 and
that of B failing is 0.3. The probability that exactly one of
them will fail is
𝟏) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 𝟐) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝟑) 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝟒) 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐
Solution 𝟐 𝟑
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝑷 𝑩 =
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
ഥ + 𝑷(𝑨
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝑩 ഥ ∩ 𝑩)
ഥ +𝐏 𝑨
= 𝐏 𝐀 .𝐏 𝑩 ഥ . 𝐏(𝐁)

𝟐 𝟕 𝟖 𝟑 𝟑𝟖
+ = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Key -1
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟐 𝟑
𝟏𝟏𝟏. The probability that A and B in examination is and
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
respectively. The probability that only one of them will pass
the examination is
𝟑𝟖 𝟒𝟏 𝟒𝟓
𝟑𝟓 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Solution
𝟐 𝟑
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏 𝐁 =
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎

ഥ + 𝑷(𝑨
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝑩 ഥ ∩ 𝑩)

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
ഥ =
𝟏𝟏𝟐. A and B are two events such that 𝐏 𝐀 = 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁
𝟎. 𝟕. If A and B are independent events 𝐏 𝐁 =
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓

Solution
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 ഥ =𝐏 𝐀 +𝐏 𝐁 ഥ − 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏(𝐁
ഥ)
ഥ − 𝟎. 𝟓. 𝐏(𝐁
𝟎. 𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝐏 𝐁 ഥ)
ഥ (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓)
𝟎. 𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝐏 𝐁
ഥ (𝟎. 𝟓)
𝟎. 𝟕 − 𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝐏 𝐁
ഥ (𝟎. 𝟓)
𝟎. 𝟐 = 𝐏 𝐁
ഥ = 𝟎.𝟐 = 𝟐 ⇒ 𝐏 𝐁 = 𝟏 − 𝟐 = 𝟑
𝐏 𝐁 Key -3
𝟎.𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟏𝟑. There are 10 cards in a bag. On 5 of them “N” is printed and
on the other 5 “C” is printed. 3 cards are drawn, one after
an other without replacement and kept in that order. The
probability that the word formed with the letter is NCC is
𝟓 𝟕 𝟏𝟏 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔

Solution
𝟓 𝟓 𝟒
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = . .
𝟏𝟎 𝟗 𝟖
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏
= . .
𝟐 𝟗 𝟐
𝟓
= Key -1
𝟑𝟔
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟏𝟒. The chance of drawing a king, a queen and a knave in that
order from a pack of cards in three consecutive draws, when
the cards are not being replaced is
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝟏) × × 𝟐) × ×
𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟏 𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟏 𝟓𝟎
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝟑) × × 𝟒) × ×
𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟏 𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐
Solution
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = . .
𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟏 𝟓𝟎

Key -1
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟏𝟓. A card is drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing
cards. It is replaced in the pack after noting its colour. A gain
a card is drawn at random. The probability that the 1st card
drawn may be a heart and the second card drawn may not
be a queen is
𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑

Solution
𝟏𝟑 𝟒𝟖
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = .
𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐

𝟏 𝟏𝟐 𝟑
= . =
𝟒 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑
Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟏𝟔. A card is drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing
cards. It is replaced in the pack after noting its colour. A gain
a card is drawn at random. The probability that both cards
drawn are red is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟒 𝟐

Solution
𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟔
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = .
𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= .
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
= Key - 3
𝟒
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟏𝟕. A pack of cards is distributed to four players as in the game
of bridge. The probability that a particular player will not get
an ace in three consecutive games is
𝟑 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟑 𝟑
𝟑×𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟑 𝟑×𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟑
𝟏) 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟑 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑 𝟐) 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑

Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟏𝟑 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝟑 𝐠𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐬
𝟑
𝟒𝟖𝐂𝟏𝟑
=
𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑
Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟏𝟖. Three cards are drawn successively with replacement. The
probability of obtaining 2 aces and 1 king is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑 𝟑) 𝟑 𝟒)
𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑𝟑

Solution

𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐀𝐀𝐊, 𝐀𝐊𝐀, 𝐊𝐀𝐀

𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟑 × ×
𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐
𝟑
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟑
𝟏𝟑
Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟏𝟗. The probability of drawing 4 white and 2 black balls in two
drawing in succession from a bag containing 1 red, 4 black
and 6 white balls , if the drawing is without replacement is
𝟔𝑪 𝟒 𝟒𝑪 𝟐 𝟔𝑪 𝟒 𝟒𝑪 𝟐
𝟏) × 𝟐) ×
𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟒 𝟕𝑪𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐
𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟔 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟐

Solution
𝟔𝑪 𝟒 𝟒𝑪 𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = ×
𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟒 𝟕𝑪𝟐

Key - 2
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟐𝟎. A bag contain 10 white and 8 black balls. Two successive
drawings of 2 balls are made . The probability that the 1st
draw will give 2 white and the 2nd draw will give 2 black if
the drawing is without replacement is
𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐 + 𝟖𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐 𝟖𝑪 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) ×
𝟏𝟖𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝑪𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐 𝟖𝑪 𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟐 𝟔𝑪 𝟐
𝟑) × 𝟒) ×
𝟏𝟖𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝑪𝟐
Solution
𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐 𝟖𝑪 𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = ×
𝟏𝟖𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝑪𝟐
Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟐𝟏. A bag contains 5 white and 3 black balls, 4 balls are
successively drawn out and not replaced. The chance that
they are alternately of different colours is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟕 𝟏𝟒 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟖
Solution
𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐖𝐁𝐖𝐁 𝐨𝐫 𝐁𝐖𝐁𝐖
𝟓 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟓 𝟐 𝟒
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = × × × + × × ×
𝟖 𝟕 𝟔 𝟓 𝟖 𝟕 𝟔 𝟓

Key -1
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟐𝟐. The probability of drawing two red balls in succession from a
bag containing 4 red and 5 black balls, when the ball that is
drawn 1st is not replaced is
𝟏𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟖𝟏 𝟗 𝟔 𝟑
Solution
𝟒 𝟑
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = ×
𝟗 𝟖
𝟒 𝟑
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = ×
𝟗 𝟖
𝟏
=
𝟔 Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟐𝟑. Four tickets numbered 00, 01, 10, 11 are placed in a bag. A
ticket is drawn at random and replaced. Again a ticket is
drawn at random. The probability that the sum of the
numbers on the tickets drawn is 21
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒 𝟖 𝟔 𝟏𝟐
Solution
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 = ሼ 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟎 ሽ
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟐 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟒𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟐 𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟔 𝟖
Key -2
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟐𝟒. The key for a door to open is in a bunch of 10 keys. A man
attempt to open the door by trying the keys at random
discarding the wrong key. The probability that the door is
opened in the 5th trail is
𝟏) 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟐) 𝟎. 𝟑 𝟑) 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟒) 𝟎. 𝟕
Solution

𝟗 𝟖 𝟕 𝟔 𝟏 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = × × × × =
𝟏𝟎 𝟗 𝟖 𝟕 𝟔 𝟏𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟏
Key -1
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟐𝟓. If 𝐀𝟏 , 𝐀𝟐 , 𝐀𝟑 … … , 𝐀𝐧 are n independent events such that
𝟏
𝐏 𝐀𝐤 = , 𝐤 = 𝟏, 𝟐 … . . 𝐧; then the probability that none of
𝐤+𝟏
the n events occur is
𝟏 𝐧
𝟏) 𝟐)
𝐧+𝟏 𝐧+𝟏
𝐧 𝟏
𝟑) 𝟒)
(𝐧 + 𝟏)(𝐧 + 𝟐) 𝐧 + 𝟏!
Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝑨𝟏 ∩ 𝑨𝟐 ∩ 𝑨𝟑 ∩ ⋯ 𝑨𝒏

= 𝐏 𝑨𝟏 )𝑷 𝑨𝟐 𝑷( 𝑨𝟑 ) … 𝑷(𝑨𝒏
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝐧
= . . ….
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝐧+𝟏

𝟏
=
𝐧+𝟏

Key -1
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟐𝟔. Two fair dice are tossed. Let X be the event that the first die
shows an even number and Y be the event that the second
die shown an odd number. The two events X and Y are
𝟏) 𝐦𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞
𝟐) 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐦𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞
𝟑) 𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝟒) 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭
Solution
𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝐏 𝐗 = = 𝐏 𝐘 = =
𝟔 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐
𝟗 𝟗 𝟏
𝐏 𝐗∩𝒀 = 𝟐= = = 𝐏 𝐗 .𝐏 𝐘 Key -4
𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟒
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟐𝟕. Two persons A and B alternately throw a die and the person
who 1st throws 5 wins. If A starts the game the probability of
his winning is
𝟏 𝟓 𝟔 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟔 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
Solution
𝟏
𝐩 = 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟓 =
𝟔
𝟓
𝐪=
𝟔
𝐩
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟏 − 𝒒𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏
𝟔
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟐
𝟓
𝟏−
𝟔
𝟏
𝟔
=
𝟐𝟓
𝟏−
𝟑𝟔
𝟏
𝟔
=
𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟔
𝟏 𝟑𝟔 𝟔
= × =
𝟔 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟐𝟖. A and B alternately throw a pair of symmetrical dice. A wins
if he throws 6 before B throws 7 and B wins if he throws 7
before A throws 6. If A begins, the probability of his winning
is
𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟔 𝟔𝟏 𝟔𝟏 𝟑𝟔
Solution
𝟓
𝐏 = 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟔 =
𝟑𝟔
𝟏
𝐪 = 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟕 =
𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I

ഥ𝐪ഥ 𝐏 + 𝐏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 + 𝐏 ഥ𝐪ഥ 𝟐
𝐏+⋯

𝐏 𝟓/𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟎
= =
ഥ𝐪ഥ
𝟏−𝐏 𝟑𝟏 𝟓 𝟔𝟏
𝟏− .
𝟑𝟔 𝟔

Key -2
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟐𝟗. A man alternately tosses coin and throws a die beginning
with coin. The probability that he gets a head before he gets
5 or 6 on the die is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟖
Solution
𝐏 = 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝 = 𝟏/𝟐
𝟐 𝟏
𝐪 = 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐧𝐞𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 ′𝟓′ 𝐧𝐨𝐫 ′𝟔′ = =
𝟔 𝟑

𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 + 𝐪𝐩 + 𝒒𝟐 𝒑 + ⋯ = 𝒑 𝟐 𝟑
= 𝟐 = Key -3
𝟏−𝒒 𝟒
𝟑
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟑𝟎. The probability that a teacher will give a surprise test during
any class meeting is 3/5. If a student is absent on two days,
then the probability that he will miss at least one test is
𝟏) 𝟗/𝟐𝟓 𝟐) 𝟒/𝟐𝟓 𝟑) 𝟐𝟏/𝟐𝟓 𝟒) 𝟏𝟑/𝟐𝟓
Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭
𝟐 𝟐
=𝟏− ×
𝟓 𝟓
𝟒 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟒 𝟐𝟏
=𝟏− = =
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟑𝟏. A box contains 90 good and 10 defective screws. If 10 screws
are selected at random the probability that none is defective
is
𝟗𝟎 𝟗𝟎 𝟗𝟎𝑪𝟏𝟎 𝟗𝟎𝑪𝟏𝟎
𝟏) 𝟐)𝟏 − 𝟑) 𝟒) 𝟏 −
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑪𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑪𝟏𝟎
Solution
𝟗𝟎𝑪𝟏𝟎
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑪𝟏𝟎

Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟑𝟐. A box consists of 12 good pencils, 6 with minor defects and
two with major defects. A pencil is chosen at random. The
probability that this pencil is not defective is
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝟑
Solution
𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟏 𝟏𝟐 𝟑
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = = =
𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟏 𝟐𝟎 𝟓

Key -1
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟑𝟑. In a bag there are N balls out of which R are red. If n balls
are drawn at random from the bag, the probability that r of
them are red is
𝐧 𝐂𝐫 𝐑 𝐂𝐫 𝐍𝐂 𝐫
𝐑 𝐂𝐫 × 𝐍 − 𝐑 𝐂𝐧−𝐫 𝟒)
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝐑 𝐂𝐫
𝐍𝐂 𝐫 𝐍𝐂 𝐫 𝟓

Solution
𝐑 𝐂𝐫 (𝐍 − 𝐑)𝐂𝐧−𝐫
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐍𝐂𝐧

Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟑𝟒. In a department there are two professors, four readers and 6
Lectures. A committee of three persons is to be formed out of
the staff of the department . The probability that the
committee consists of at least two lecturers is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟖
Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬
+𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬
𝟔𝐂 𝟐 . 𝟔𝐂 𝟏 𝟔𝐂 𝟑
= + Key -3
𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟑
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟑𝟓. From a group of 3 mathematicians, 4 statisticians and 5
economists, a committee of 4 is selected by lottery. The
probability that the committee consists of 2 mathematicians
and 2 statisticians is
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟐 𝟒𝑪 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐)
𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟒
𝟑𝑪 𝟐 × 𝟒𝑪 𝟐 𝟑𝑪 𝟒
𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟐𝑪 𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟒
𝟒

Solution
𝟑𝑪 𝟐 × 𝟒𝑪 𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = Key -3
𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟒
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟑𝟔. Five men in a company 0f 20 are graduates. If 3 men are
picked out at random. The probability that at least one is a
graduate is
𝟏𝟓𝑪𝟑 𝟓𝑪 𝟑 𝟏𝟓𝑪𝟑 𝟓𝑪 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑)𝟏 − 𝟒)𝟏 −
𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟑 𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟑 𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟑 𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟑

Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐧𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞

𝟏𝟓𝑪𝟑
=𝟏−
𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟑
Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟑𝟕. A cricket 11 is to be selected at random out of 15 players of
whom 4 are bowlers. The probability that at least 3 bowlers
will be there is
𝟒𝑪𝟒 (𝟒𝑪𝟑 ×𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟖 +𝟒𝑪𝟒 ×𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟕 ) 𝟒𝑪 𝟑
(𝟒𝑪 +𝟒𝑪 ) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏) 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏𝟓𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟓𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟓𝑪𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟓𝑪𝟏𝟏

Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟒 𝐛𝐨𝐰𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟕 𝐛𝐚𝐭𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐧 +
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟑 𝐛𝐨𝐰𝐥𝐞𝐰𝐫𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟖 𝐛𝐚𝐭𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐧

(𝟒𝑪𝟑 × 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟖 + 𝟒𝑪𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟕 )

=
𝟏𝟓𝑪𝟏𝟏 Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟑𝟖. Six boys and six girls to sit in a row at random. The
probability that all the 6 girls sit together is
∠𝟔∠𝟔 ∠𝟔∠𝟕 ∠𝟔∠𝟔 𝟐∠𝟔∠𝟕
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
∠𝟏𝟐 ∠𝟏𝟐 ∠𝟏𝟐 ∠𝟏𝟐
Solution

𝐧 𝐒 = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟔 𝐛𝐨𝐲𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟔 𝐠𝐢𝐫𝐥𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐫𝐨𝐰

= 𝟏𝟐!
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟔 𝐛𝐨𝐲𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟔 𝐠𝐢𝐫𝐥𝐬 𝐬𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐠𝐢𝐫𝐥𝐬
𝐬𝐢𝐭 𝐭𝐨𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫
= 𝟕! 𝟔!
Key -2
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟑𝟗. If the letters of word MISSISSIPPI are arranged at random,
the probability that all the 4S’s appear consecutively is
∠𝟖 ∠𝟒 ∠𝟖∠𝟒 ∠𝟔
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
∠𝟏𝟏 ∠𝟏𝟏 ∠𝟏𝟏 ∠𝟏𝟏

Solution

𝟏𝟏! 𝟖! 𝟒!
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝐧 𝐄 = ×
𝟒! 𝟒! 𝟐! 𝟒! 𝟐! 𝟒!

Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟒𝟎. If n students are to be seated around a round table at
random, the probability that two particular students will be
together is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝐧−𝟏 𝐧 − 𝟏 𝐧 − 𝟏 𝐧−𝟏

Solution

𝐧 𝐒 = 𝐧 − 𝟏 ! 𝐧 𝐄 = 𝐧 − 𝟐 ! 𝟐!

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟒𝟏. If 10 persons are to sit around a round table, the odds
against two specified persons sitting together is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒
Solution
𝟖! 𝟐! 𝟐
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝟗! 𝟗
𝐎𝐝𝐝𝐬 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐄 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐏 𝐄ത : 𝐏(𝐄)

Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟒𝟐. If the letters of the word ASSASSIN are written in a row at
random, the probability that no two S’s come together is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒

Solution
𝟖! 𝟒!
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝐧 𝐄 = . 𝟓𝐂 𝟒
𝟒! 𝟐! 𝟐!

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟒𝟑. Six boys and six girls are to sit in a row at random. The
probability that boys and girls sit alternately is
∠𝟔 × 𝟕𝑷𝟔 ∠𝟔∠𝟔 𝟐∠𝟔∠𝟔 𝟐∠𝟔
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
∠𝟏𝟐 ∠𝟏𝟐 ∠𝟏𝟐 ∠𝟏𝟐
Solution
𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞
𝐁𝐆 𝐁𝐆 𝐁𝐆 𝐁𝐆 𝐁𝐆 𝐁𝐆 𝐎𝐑 𝐆𝐁 𝐆𝐁 𝐆𝐁 𝐆𝐁 𝐆𝐁 𝐆𝐁

𝟐 × 𝟔! × 𝟔!
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = Key -3
𝟏𝟐!
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟒𝟒. 100 tickets are numbered as 00, 01, 02,….. 09, 10, 11, 12……99
out of them one ticket is drawn at random. The probability
that the product of the digits of the number on the ticket is
0 is
𝟏 𝟏𝟗 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟓 𝟏𝟓
Solution

𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 = ሼ𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟏, … 𝟎𝟗, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟑𝟎, … 𝟗𝟎ሽ

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟏𝟗 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏𝟗
𝐏 𝐄 = = Key -2
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟎𝟎
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟒𝟓. n biscuits of different shape and size are to be distributed to
N beggars at random. The probability that a particular beggar
receives r (r < n) biscuits is
𝐧 × (𝐍 − 𝟏)𝐧−𝐫 𝐧𝐂𝐫
𝐧𝐂𝐫 𝐧𝐂𝐫 × 𝐧 − 𝟏𝐂𝐧−𝐫 𝐂 𝐫
𝟒)𝟏 − 𝐧
𝟏) 𝐧 𝟐) 𝟑)
𝐍 𝐍 𝐧 𝐍
𝐧𝐂𝐧
Solution

𝐧 𝐒 = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐧 𝐛𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐍 𝐛𝐞𝐠𝐠𝐚𝐫𝐬 = 𝐍𝐧

‘E’ be the event of select ‘r’ biscuits form ‘n’ in 𝐧𝐂𝐫 ways and give it to a
particular beggar and remaining (n-r) biscuits will be given to (N-1)
beggars in
(𝐍 − 𝟏)𝐧−𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐧 𝐄 = 𝐧𝐂𝐫 (𝐍 − 𝟏)𝐧−𝐫 Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟒𝟔. 10 pens of different shape and size are to be distributed to 6
students at random. The probability that a particular student
receives 4 pens is
𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟒 × 𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟒 × 𝟓𝟔
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟏𝟎
𝟒)
𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟔 𝟏𝟎 𝟔 𝟔 𝟑𝟏𝟎

Solution

𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟒 ×𝟓𝟔
Required probability
𝟔𝟏𝟎

Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟒𝟕. If n letters are placed into n addressed envelopes at random,
the probability that atleast one letter will go into wrongly
addressed envelope is
𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑)𝟏 − 𝟒)
𝒏 𝒏 ∠𝒏 ∠𝒏
Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐠𝐨 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐞𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐞
𝟏
=𝟏−
𝐧!
Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟒𝟗. Assuming equal probability for the days, the probability that
the birthdays of five people will fall on five different days of
the week is
𝟓𝐏 𝟓 𝟕𝐏 𝟓 𝟕𝐂 𝟓 𝟓𝐂 𝟓
𝟏) 𝟓 𝟐) 𝟓 𝟑) 𝟓 𝟒) 𝟓
𝟓 𝟕 𝟕 𝟓
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟕𝟓 , 𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟕𝐏 𝟓
𝐧(𝐄)
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝐧(𝐒)
𝟕𝐏 𝟓
𝐏 𝐄 = 𝟓
𝟕 Key -2
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟓𝟎. Assuming that a year consist of 365 days, the probability
that a group of 30 people have all different birthdays is
𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟔𝟓𝑷𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝑷𝟑𝟎
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟎
Solution

𝐧 𝐒 = (𝟑𝟔𝟓)𝟑𝟎 , 𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟑𝟔𝟓𝑷𝟑𝟎
𝐧(𝐄)
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝐧(𝐒)
𝟑𝟔𝟓𝑷𝟑𝟎
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝟑𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟎
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟓𝟏. The probability that the birthdays of 12 girls will fall on 12
different calender month of a year is
𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝑷𝟏𝟐 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟏𝟏 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟓
Solution

𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟐 , 𝒏 𝑬 = 𝟏𝟐𝑷𝟏𝟐
𝐧(𝐄)
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝐧(𝐒)
𝟏𝟐𝑷𝟏𝟐
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟎 Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟓𝟐. Two children were picked at random and found to have born
in 1992 then the probability that exactly one of them is
born on 29th February is
𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝟕𝟑𝟏
𝟏 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏) 𝟎 𝟐) 𝟑𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟖𝟑 (𝟑𝟔𝟔)𝟐
𝟑𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟖𝟑
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟑𝟔𝟔 𝟐 ; 𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟐(𝟑𝟔𝟓)
𝐧(𝐄)
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝐧(𝐒)
𝟐(𝟑𝟔𝟓)
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝟑𝟔𝟔 𝟐 Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟓𝟑. Three integers are chosen at random without replacement
from the 1st 20 integers. The probability that their product is
even is
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟗

Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟐 𝟏𝟕
𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐝𝐝 𝟏 − =
𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟗

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟓𝟒. Ten different letters of the English alphabet are given. Out of
these a word is formed using 5 letters. The probability that
at least one letter is repeated in the word is
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝑷𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟏 −
𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝟏𝟎𝑷𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝑷𝟓
𝟑) 𝟒)
∠𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟓
Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐧𝐨 𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝
𝟏𝟎𝑷𝟓
=𝟏− Key -2
𝟏𝟎𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟓𝟓. Seven persons sit in a row at random. The probability that
three persons A, B and C sit in that order not necessarily
side by side is
𝟑 𝟕𝑪 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
∠𝟕 ∠𝟕 ∠𝟑 ∠𝟕

Solution
𝟕!
𝟑!
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = = 𝟏/𝟔
𝟕!

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟓𝟔. Three persons A, B and C are to speak at a function with 5
other persons. If the persons speak in random order, the
probability that A speaks before B and C speaks before A in
that order is
𝟑 𝟖𝑪 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
∠𝟖 ∠𝟖 ∠𝟑 ∠𝟖

Solution
𝟖!
𝟑! 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = =
𝟖! 𝟑!

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟓𝟕. 9 persons sit in a row at random. The probability that 4
persons A, B, C and D sit in that order not necessarily side
by side is
𝟒 𝟗𝑪 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
∠𝟗 ∠𝟗 ∠𝟒 ∠𝟗

Solution
𝟗!
𝟒! 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = =
𝟗! 𝟒!

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟓𝟖. There are m persons sitting in a row. Two of them are
selected at random. The probability that the two selected
persons are not together
𝒎 − 𝟏𝑪 𝟐 𝐦−𝟏 𝐦−𝟑 𝐦−𝟑
𝟏) 𝟏 − 𝟐)𝟏 − 𝟑)𝟏 − 𝟒)
𝒎𝑪𝟐 𝒎𝑪 𝟐 𝒎 𝑪𝟐 𝒎𝑪𝟐

Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =𝟏−

𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫

𝐦−𝟏
=𝟏−
𝐦 𝐂𝟐
Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟓𝟗. 5 persons entered the lift cabin on the ground floor of an
eight floor house. Suppose each of them independently leave
the cabin at any floor beginning with 1st floor, the
probability of all the 5 persons leaving at different floor is
𝟖𝑷 𝟓 𝟕𝑷 𝟓 𝟓 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟓 𝟐) 𝟓 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟖 𝟕 𝟖 𝟖

Solution
𝟕𝑷 𝟓
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟓
𝟕

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟔𝟎. If n distinct balls are placed in n cells, the probability that
each cell will be occupied is
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏! ∠𝐧
𝟏) 𝐧−𝟏 𝟐) 𝐧 𝟑) 𝐧 𝟒) 𝐧−𝟏
𝐧 𝐧 𝐧 𝐧
Solution

𝐧!
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐧𝐧

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟔𝟏. If n objects are distributed at random to n persons, the
probability that at least one of them will not get anything is
𝐧! 𝐧! 𝟏 𝐧!
𝟏) 𝐧 𝟐)𝟏 − 𝐧 𝟑) 𝐧−𝟏 𝟒) 𝐧−𝟏
𝐧 𝐧 𝐧 𝐧
Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠
𝐧!
=𝟏− 𝐧
𝐧

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟔𝟐. Consider a lottery that sells 𝐧𝟐 tickets and awards n prizes.
If one busy n tickets the probability of his winning is i.e
getting at least one prize is
𝐧 𝐧𝟐 − 𝐧 𝐂 (𝐧𝟐 − 𝐧) 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐 𝐧 𝟑) 𝟒) 𝟐
𝐧 𝐂𝐧 𝟐) 𝟏 − 𝐧 𝐂𝐧
𝐧𝟐
𝐂𝐧 𝐧𝟐

Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐡𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐧𝐨 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐞

𝐧𝟐 − 𝐧 𝐂𝐧
=𝟏−
𝐧𝟐 𝐂𝐧 Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟔𝟑. A party of 23 persons take their seats at a round table. The
odds against two specified persons sitting together is
𝟏) 𝟏 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟏 𝟐) 𝟏𝟏 𝐭𝐨 𝟏 𝟑) 𝟏𝟎 𝐭𝐨 𝟏 𝟒) 𝟏 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎
Solution
𝟐𝟏! 𝟐!
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝟐𝟐!
𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟎
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝟏𝟏
ഥ : 𝑷 𝑬 = 𝟏𝟎: 𝟏
𝑷 𝑬 Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟔𝟒. 5 persons a, b, c, d, e are contesting in an election. Three
persons are to be selected. If one of them d has been
selected uncontested, the probability that c would be
selected is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟓
Solution
𝐧 𝐒
= 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟑 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 ′𝐝′ 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐝
= 𝟒𝑪 𝟐
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟑 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 ′𝐝′ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ′𝐜 ′ 𝐚𝐫𝐞
𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 included
= 𝟑𝑪 𝟏 Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟔𝟓. Three numbers are chosen at random from the set {1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6,7, 8, 9,10}. The probability that the smallest of the three
numbers chosen is even is
𝟓 𝟕 𝟓 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟔
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟑
𝐈𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐧 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝟐, 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠

𝟐 𝐧𝐨′ 𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐛𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝟖𝐂𝟐 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬

PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝐈𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐧 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝟒,
𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟐 𝐧𝐨′ 𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐛𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝐂𝟐 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬

𝐈𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐧 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝟔, 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠

𝟐 𝐧𝐨′ 𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐛𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝐂𝟐 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬

𝐈𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐧 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝟖, 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠

𝟐 𝐧𝐨′ 𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐛𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝐂𝟐 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟖𝐂 𝟐 + 𝟔𝐂 𝟐 + 𝟒𝐂 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐂 𝟐
Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟔𝟔. The probability that in a random arrangement of the letters
of the word UNIVERSITY the 2 Is do not come together is
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟔 𝟓
Solution

𝟖!. 𝟗𝑪𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟏𝟎!
𝟐!

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟔𝟕. A number is chosen at random from among the 1st 50
natural numbers. The probability that the number chosen is
either a prime number or a multiple of 5 is
𝟏𝟐 𝟏 𝟏𝟒 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟓 𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟒
Solution
𝐀 → 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫, 𝐁 → 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝟓
𝐀 = ሼ𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟑, 𝟐𝟗, 𝟑𝟏, 𝟑𝟕, 𝟒𝟏, 𝟒𝟑, 𝟒𝟕ሽ

𝐁 = ሼ𝟓, 𝟏𝟎 … . 𝟒𝟓, 𝟓𝟎ሽ

𝐀 ∩ 𝑩 = ሼ𝟓ሽ
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 = + −
𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟎
𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟐
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 = =
𝟓𝟎 𝟐𝟓

Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟔𝟖. n person are to sit in a row at random. The probability that
two particular persons are never together
𝟐 𝟐 𝐧 − 𝟏𝐂 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐)𝟏 − 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝐧 𝐧 ∠𝐧 𝐧
Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐬𝐢𝐭 𝐭𝐨𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫
𝟐
=𝟏−
𝐧

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟔𝟗. If A, B and C are three events such that .
P(A)=0.3, P(B)=0.4, P(C)=0.8
P(A∩B)=0.12 , P(A ∩C)=0.28
P(A ∩B ∩C)=0.09 and P(A∪B ∪C)≥0.75, then the limits
P(B∩C) are
𝟏) [𝟎. 𝟑𝟐, 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐] 𝟐) [𝟎. 𝟐𝟑, 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖]
𝟑) [𝟎. 𝟏𝟗, 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒] 𝟒) [𝟎. 𝟐𝟏, 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗]

Solution
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁∪𝐂 =𝐏 𝐀 +𝐏 𝐁 +𝐏 𝐂 −𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 −𝐏 𝐁∩𝐂 −𝐏 𝐂∩𝐀
+𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂)
𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 ∪ 𝐂 = 𝟎. 𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟖 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 − 𝐏 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗
𝐏 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗

𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗 − 𝑷(𝑩𝑪) ≤ 𝟏

−𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 ≤ −𝑷(𝑩𝑪) ≤-0.19

𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 ≤ 𝑷(𝑩𝑪) ≤0.44
𝟎. 𝟏𝟗, 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟕𝟎. If 3 squares are selected at random on a chess board having
𝟖 × 𝟖 squares, then the probability that they will be in a
diagonal line is
ሼ𝟖𝑪𝟑 + 𝟐 𝟕𝑪𝟑 + 𝟔𝑪𝟑 + 𝟓𝑪𝟑 + 𝟒𝑪𝟑 + 𝟑𝑪𝟑 ሽ
𝟏)
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑
𝟐ሼ𝟖𝑪𝟑 + 𝟕𝑪𝟑 + 𝟔𝑪𝟑 + 𝟓𝑪𝟑 + 𝟒𝑪𝟑 + 𝟑𝑪𝟑 ሽ
𝟐)
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑
𝟐ሼ𝟖𝑪𝟑 + 𝟐 𝟕𝑪𝟑 + 𝟔𝑪𝟑 + 𝟓𝑪𝟑 + 𝟒𝑪𝟑 + 𝟑𝑪𝟑 ሽ
𝟑)
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑
ሼ𝟖𝑪𝟑 + 𝟕𝑪𝟑 + 𝟔𝑪𝟑 + 𝟓𝑪𝟑 + 𝟒𝑪𝟑 + 𝟑𝑪𝟑 ሽ
𝟒)
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
Solution

𝟐ሼ𝟖𝑪𝟑 +𝟐 𝟕𝑪𝟑 +𝟔𝑪𝟑 +𝟓𝑪𝟑 +𝟒𝑪𝟑 +𝟑𝑪𝟑 ሽ

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏𝟕𝟏. If 4 squares are selected at random on a chess board having
𝟖 × 𝟖 squares, then the probability that they will be in a
diagonal line is
ሼ𝟖𝑪𝟒 + 𝟐 𝟕𝑪𝟒 + 𝟔𝑪𝟒 + 𝟓𝑪𝟒 + 𝟒𝑪𝟒 ሽ
𝟏)
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟒
𝟐ሼ𝟖𝑪𝟒 + 𝟕𝑪𝟑 + 𝟔𝑪𝟑 + 𝟓𝑪𝟑 + 𝟒𝑪𝟑 + 𝟑𝑪𝟑 ሽ
𝟐)
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟒
𝟐ሼ𝟖𝑪𝟒 + 𝟐 𝟕𝑪𝟒 + 𝟔𝑪𝟒 + 𝟓𝑪𝟒 + 𝟒𝑪𝟒 ሽ
𝟑)
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟒
ሼ𝟖𝑪𝟒 + 𝟕𝑪𝟒 + 𝟔𝑪𝟒 + 𝟓𝑪𝟒 + 𝟒𝑪𝟒 ሽ
𝟒)
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I

Solution

𝟐ሼ𝟖𝑪𝟒 +𝟐 𝟕𝑪𝟒 +𝟔𝑪𝟒 +𝟓𝑪𝟒 +𝟒𝑪𝟒 +𝟑𝑪𝟒 ሽ

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟒

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
1. The probability of a certain event is
𝟏 𝟏
1) 𝟎 2) 3) 𝟏 4)
𝟐 𝟒

Solution

By the definition of probability for any event E, 0≤P(E)≤1

P(certain event)=1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
2. If A and B are two mutually exclusive events then 𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 =
1) 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) 2)𝐏 𝐀 − 𝟐𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
3) 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 4)𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏 𝐁

Solution

P 𝐀∩𝐁 = 𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
3. If , A ⊂ 𝐁 then 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁𝐜 =

1) 𝟏 2)𝟎 3) 𝐏 𝐀 4)𝐏 𝐁

Solution

𝐈𝐟 𝐀 ⊂ 𝐁, 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁𝐂 = ∅
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
4. If A , B are subsets of a sample space S, then
1) 𝐀 ⊆ 𝐁 ⟺ 𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏(𝐁) 2) 𝐏 𝐀 > 𝐏(𝐁) ⇒ 𝐀 ⊂ 𝐁

3) 𝐀 ⊆ 𝐁 ⇒ 𝐏 𝐀 ≤ 𝐏(𝐁) 4) 𝐀 ⊆ 𝐁 ⇒ 𝐏 𝐀 ≥ 𝐏(𝐁)

Solution

If 𝐀 ⊆ 𝐁 ⇒ 𝐏 𝐀 ≤ 𝐏(𝐁)
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
5. A game consists of tossing a coin 3 times and noting its outcome. A
boy wins if all tosses given the same outcome and losses otherwise.
The probability that the boy losses the game is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟑

Solution

𝟏 𝟑
ഥ =𝟏−
∴𝐏 𝐀 =𝟏−𝐏 𝐀 =
𝟒 𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
6. A and B are among 20 persons who sit at random along a round
table. The probability that there are exactly six persons between A
and B is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟗 𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗

Solution

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲

𝟐
=
𝟏𝟗
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
7. The probability of getting a head and 6 tails when an unbiased coin is
tossed 7 times is
𝟏 𝟓 𝟕 𝟑
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟐𝟖

Solution

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲

𝟕𝑪 𝟏
= 𝟕
𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
8. The probability of getting at least one head when we toss 3 unbiased
coins is
𝟑 𝟓 𝟕 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖

Solution
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝟑𝐂 𝟎
=𝟏− 𝟑
𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
9. If a coin is tossed five times the probability of getting head and tail
alternately
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟑𝟐 𝟖 𝟏𝟔 𝟒

Solution

𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬
=𝐄
𝐧 ሼ𝐇𝐓𝐇𝐓𝐇,
= 𝟐 𝐧 𝐓𝐇𝐓𝐇𝐓ሽ
𝐒 = 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟑𝟐
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟐 𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟑𝟐 𝟏𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
10. If a coin is so biased that head is thrice as likely to appear as tail,
then the probability of head is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟖

Solution

𝐏 𝐇 = 𝟑𝐏 𝐓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏 𝐇 + 𝐏 𝐓 = 𝟏
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
11. A tosses 2 coins while B tosses 3. The probability that B obtains more
number of heads is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟒

Solution

𝐎𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬, 𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐟 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦

𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐟𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭.
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
12. The probability of getting at least 2 heads, when an unbiased coin is
tossed 6 times is
𝟔𝟑 𝟓𝟕 𝟕 𝟑𝟕
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒

Solution

𝟔𝑪𝟐 +𝟔𝑪𝟑 +𝟔𝑪𝟒 +𝟔𝑪𝟓 +𝟔𝑪𝟔

Required Probability =
𝟐𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
13. A fair coin is tossed 4 times. The probability that heads exceed tails
in number is
𝟑 𝟏 𝟓 𝟕
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔

Solution

Required Probability = probability of getting 3 heads +

probability of getting 4 heads
𝟒𝑪 𝟑 + 𝟒 𝑪 𝟒
=
𝟐𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
14. If a coin is tossed 3 times the probability of getting one head or one
tail is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒

Solution

𝟑𝑪𝟏 +𝟑𝑪𝟏
Required Probability =
𝟐𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
15. If a coin is tossed 3 times the probability of obtaining 2 heads or 2
tails is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒

Solution

𝟑𝑪𝟐 +𝟑𝑪𝟐
Required Probability =
𝟐𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
16. When a perfect die is rolled, the probability of getting a face with
even number of points upward is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟖

Solution
Favourable cases = ሼ𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔ሽ

n(E) = 𝟑 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟔
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟑 𝟏
P(E) = = =
𝐧 𝐒 𝟔 𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
17. A symmetrical die is rolled. If an odd number comes up on it, then
the probability of getting a prime number greater than 3 on it is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟒

Solution
S = {1,𝟑, 𝟓ሽ 𝐄 = 𝟓

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏
Required probability = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
18. Two symmetrical dice are thrown. The probability of getting a sum
of 7 points is
𝟒 𝟓 𝟔
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔
𝟑𝟔

Solution
𝐫−𝟏
Required Probability = where 𝐫 = 𝟕
𝟔𝟐

𝟕−𝟏 𝟔 𝟏
= = =
𝟔𝟐 𝟑𝟔 𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
19. Two uniform dice marked 1 to 6 are thrown together. The
probability that the score on the two dice is at the most 7 is
𝟓 𝟕 𝟑 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
Solution
Required Probability
𝟐−𝟏 + 𝟑−𝟏 + 𝟒−𝟏 + 𝟓−𝟏 +
𝟔 − 𝟏 + (𝟕 − 𝟏)
=
𝟔𝟐

𝟏+𝟐+𝟑+𝟒+𝟓+𝟔 𝟐𝟏 𝟕
= = =
𝟔𝟐 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
20. Two uniform dice marked 1 to 6 are thrown together. The
probability that the sum is neither 7 nor 11 is
𝟐 𝟓 𝟕 𝟒
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗

Solution

Required Probability = 1-probability that sum is either 7 or 11

𝟖 𝟕
=𝟏− =
𝟑𝟔 𝟗
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
21. Two uniform dice marked 1 to 6 are thrown together. The
probability that the sum is odd is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏𝟐

Solution
n(E) = 𝟏𝟖 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟑𝟔
𝐧(𝐄)
P(E) =
𝐧 𝐒

𝟏𝟖
P(E) =
𝟑𝟔

𝟏
P(E) =
𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
22. In a throw with a pair of symmetrical dice the probability of
obtaining a doublet is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟔 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐

Solution

Favourable cases = ሼ 𝟏, 𝟏 𝟐, 𝟐 𝟑, 𝟑 𝟒, 𝟒 𝟓, 𝟓 𝟔, 𝟔 ሽ

n 𝐄 = 𝟔, 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟑𝟔

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟔 𝟏
P 𝐄 = = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟑𝟔 𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
23. When two symmetrical dice are rolled simultaneously, the
probability that both the dice show odd numbers is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟔 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐

Solution
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟗, 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟑𝟔
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟗 𝟏
P 𝐄 = = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟑𝟔 𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
24. The probability of getting at least an one when two dice are rolled is
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟓 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟔 𝟖

Solution
Favourable cases = ሼ 𝟏, 𝟏 , 𝟏, 𝟐 … 𝟏, 𝟔 𝟐, 𝟏 𝟑, 𝟏 … . 𝟔, 𝟏 ሽ

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟑𝟔

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟑𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
25. Three symmetrical dice are thrown. The probability that the same
number will appear on each of them is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑𝟓 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟓

Solution
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞 = ሼ 𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏 𝟐, 𝟐, 𝟐 … 𝟔, 𝟔, 𝟔 ሽ

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟔 , 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟔 𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = 𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝟑𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
26. Three symmetrical dice are thrown. The probability of having
different points on them is
𝟑𝟓 𝟒 𝟓 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟑𝟔 𝟗 𝟗 𝟑𝟔

Solution

𝟔𝐏 𝟑 𝟓
Required Probability = =
𝟔𝟑 𝟗
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
27. Six symmetrical dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability of
having different points on them is

𝟏 𝟏 𝟔𝐩𝟔 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟔𝟔 𝟏𝟖

Solution

𝟔𝐏 𝟔
Required Probability =
𝟔𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
28. Three symmetrical dice are thrown. The probability of obtaining
a sum of 16 points is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝟕𝟐

Solution
(𝟏𝟗−𝐫)(𝟐𝟎−𝐫)
Required Probability =
𝟐×𝟔𝟑
Where r = 16
(𝟏𝟗−𝟏𝟔)(𝟐𝟎−𝟏𝟔)
=
𝟐×𝟔𝟑

𝟑×𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟏
= = =
𝟐×𝟔𝟑 𝟐×𝟔×𝟔×𝟔 𝟑𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
29. A cubical die is thrown 6 times . The probability that 2 and 4 will
turn up exactly 3 times each is
𝟏 𝟔! 𝟔!
1) 2) 𝟔 3) 4) 𝟏
𝟔𝟔 𝟔 𝟑!𝟑!

Solution (𝟏𝟗−𝐫)(𝟐𝟎−𝐫)
Required Probability =
𝟐×𝟔𝟑
Where r = 16
(𝟏𝟗−𝟏𝟔)(𝟐𝟎−𝟏𝟔)
=
𝟐×𝟔𝟑

𝟑×𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟏
= = =
𝟐×𝟔𝟑 𝟐×𝟔×𝟔×𝟔 𝟑𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
30. Two dice are thrown. The probability of getting a sum of less than 7
points or a double is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟔 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐

Solution

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟏𝟖 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟑𝟔

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏𝟖 𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟑𝟔 𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
31. The probability that a leap year will have only 52 Sundays is
𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕

Solution
𝐧 𝐄 =𝟓𝐧 𝐒 =𝟕

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟓
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟕
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
32. The probability that a leap year will have 53 Sundays or 53 Mondays
is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
Solution
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟑, 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟕
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟑
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟕
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
33. The probability that a leap year will have 53 Sundays and 53
Mondays is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
Solution
Favourable cases = {(S, M)}

n(E) = 1 n(S) = 7
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏
P(E) = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟕
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
34. The probability that a non-leap year will have only 52 Fridays is
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕

Solution
𝐧 𝐄 =𝟔𝐧 𝐒 =𝟕

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟔
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟕
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
35. The probability that in a month of March there will be 5 Wednesdays
is
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
Solution
𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 = 𝟏
= 𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐤𝐬 + 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐫𝐚 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐲 𝐛𝐞 (𝐌, 𝐓, 𝐖) (𝐓 𝐖 𝐓𝐇) (𝐖 𝐓𝐇 𝐅)

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟑 ,𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟕
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟑
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟕
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
36. In a non leap year the probability of getting 53 Sundays or 53
Tuesdays or 53 Thursdays
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕

Solution
Favourable cases = ሼ𝐒, 𝐓, 𝐓𝐇ሽ

𝐧 𝐄 =𝟑𝐧 𝐒 =𝟕

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟑
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟕
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
37. A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing
cards. The probability that the card is either a face card or a six is
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑

Solution

Face cards are K, Q, J each contain 4 cards and no of six numbered

cards is 4 .

No of favourable cases = 4+4+4+4 = 16

𝟏𝟔 𝟒
Required Probability = =
𝟓𝟐 𝟏𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
38. The probability of drawing a card which is a spade or a king from a
well shuffled pack of playing cards is
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑

Solution
No. of spades = 13
No. of kings = 4
Common cards = 1

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟏𝟔, 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟓𝟐
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏𝟔 𝟒
𝐏 𝐄 = = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟓𝟐 𝟏𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
39. In shuffling a pack of cards, four cards are accidentally dropped.
The probability that the cards dropped are one from each suit is
𝟏𝟑!
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟒 𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟒 4)
1) 2) 3) 𝟒 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟒
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟒 𝟓𝟐𝑪
𝟒 𝟏𝟑

Solution
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟏 ×𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟏 ×𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟏 ×𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟏
Required probability =
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟒

𝟏𝟑𝟒
=
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟒

[ There are four suits, in a pack and each suit consists of 13 cards]
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
40. If a card is drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing
cards, the probability that it is a court card is (Jack, Queen & King
are court cards)
𝟓 𝟑 𝟏 𝟕
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑
Solution
No of court cards = 𝟒𝐉 + 𝟒𝐐 + 𝟒𝐊 = 𝟏𝟐
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟓𝟐
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏𝟐 𝟑
𝐏 𝐄 = = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟓𝟐 𝟏𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
41. Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards.
The probability that they belong to different colours is
𝟐×𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟐 𝟒𝑪𝟐 ×𝟏𝟑×𝟏𝟑 𝟐𝟔𝑪𝟏 ×𝟐𝟔𝑪𝟏 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟐
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟐 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟐 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟐 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟐

Solution

No of red cards = No of black cards = 26

PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
42. The face cards are removed from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards.
Out of the remaining cards 4 are drawn at random. The probability
that they belong to different suits and different denominations is

𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝑷𝟒 𝟏𝟑𝟒

1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟒 𝟒𝟎𝑪𝟒 𝟒𝟎𝑪𝟒 𝟒𝟎𝑪𝟒

Solution

𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟏 ×𝟗𝑪𝟏 ×𝟖𝑪𝟏 ×𝟕𝑪𝟏

Required probability =
𝟒𝟎𝑪𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
43. A card is drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards numbered 2 to
53. The probability that the number on the card is a prime less than
10 is
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑

Solution
Favourable cases = ሼ𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕ሽ

n 𝐄 = 𝟒, 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟓𝟐
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟒 𝟏
P 𝐄 = = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟓𝟐 𝟏𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
44. In a game of bridge, the probability of a particular player having
all the 13 cards of red colour is
𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝟐𝟔𝑪𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑×𝟒 𝟏𝟑𝟐
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟑

Solution

𝟐𝟔𝑪𝟏𝟑
Required probability =
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
45. From a well shuffled pack of 52 cards, 2 cards are drawn, one at a
time with replacement at random. The probability that both the
cards are not queens is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟔 𝟔𝟗 𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝟖

Solution

No of non queen cards = 52 - 4 = 48

𝟒𝟖×𝟒𝟖 𝟏𝟒𝟒
Required probability = =
𝟓𝟐×𝟓𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝟗
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
46. A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards.
Again a card is drawn at random from the remaining cards. The
probability that one is a king and the other is a queen is
𝟒 𝟖 𝟏 𝟐
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟔𝟔𝟑 𝟔𝟔𝟑 𝟐𝟐𝟏 𝟔𝟔𝟑

Solution
𝟒𝑪𝟏 ×𝟒𝑪𝟏
Required probability = 𝟐.
𝟓𝟐×𝟓𝟏
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
47. In shuffling a pack of 52 cards 3 cards are dropped at random. The
probability that the missing cards should be of different suits is
𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝟐𝟔𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝟔
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟕

Solution

𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟏 ×𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟏 ×𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟏

Required probability = 𝟒𝑪𝟑
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
48. A box contains 40 balls of the same shape and weight. Among the
balls 10 are white, 16 are red and the rest are black, if two balls are
drawn, the probability that one is red and one is black is
𝟑 𝟓𝟔 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 𝟏 4)
𝟒 𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝟒

Solution

𝟏𝟔𝑪𝟏 ×𝟏𝟒𝑪𝟏
Required probability =
𝟒𝟎𝑪𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
49. There are 4 red, 3 black and 5 white balls in a bag. The probability
of drawing 3 balls of different colour is
𝟓 𝟑 𝟏 𝟕
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏

Solution

𝟒𝐂𝟏 ×𝟑𝐂𝟏 ×𝟓𝐂𝟏

Required probability =
𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
50. A bag contains 3 red, 4 white and 7 black balls. Two balls are drawn
at random. The probability that they are of different colours is
𝟑𝟎 𝟔𝟏 𝟑𝟏 𝟔𝟎
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟗𝟏 𝟗𝟏 𝟗𝟏 𝟗𝟏

Solution

𝟑𝐂𝟏 .𝟒𝐂𝟏 +𝟑𝐂𝟏 .𝟕𝐂𝟏 +𝟒𝐂𝟏 .𝟕𝐂𝟏

Required probability=
𝟏𝟒𝐂𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
51. A bag contains 4 white and 2 black balls. Another contains 3 white
and 5 black balls. If one ball is drawn from each, the probability
that one is white and one is black is
𝟏𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 𝟐
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒

Solution

𝟒𝐂 𝟏 𝟓𝐂 𝟏 𝟐𝐂 𝟏 𝟑𝐂 𝟏
Required probability= . + .
𝟔𝐂𝟏 𝟖𝐂𝟏 𝟔𝐂𝟏 𝟖𝐂𝟏
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
52. An urn contains 7 green and 5 yellow balls. Two balls are drawn at
random. The probability that both the balls are of same colour is

𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟏 𝟏𝟏
1)
𝟐𝟏
2) 3) 4)
𝟔𝟔 𝟔𝟔 𝟔𝟔
𝟔𝟔

Solution

𝟕𝐂𝟐 +𝟓𝐂𝟐
Required probability =
𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
53. Three balls are drawn from a collection of 7 white, 12 green and 4
red balls. The probability that each is of different colour is

𝟒𝟖 𝟔𝟒 𝟐𝟑 𝟕𝟐
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐𝟓𝟑 𝟐𝟓𝟑 𝟐𝟓𝟑 𝟐𝟓𝟑

Solution

𝟕𝐂𝟏 ×𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟏 ×𝟒𝐂𝟏

Required probability =
𝟐𝟑𝐂𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
54. There are three events A, B and C one of which and only one can
happen. The odds are 7 to 3 against A and 6 to 4 against B. The odds
against C are
1) 3 to 4 2) 4 to 3 3) 7 to 3 4) 3 to 7

Solution
𝟑 𝟑
P(A) = =
𝟑+𝟕 𝟏𝟎
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
P(B) = = =
𝟔+𝟒 𝟏𝟎 𝟓

P(A)+P(B)+P(C) = 1, odds against C are 𝐏 𝐂ത : 𝐏(𝐂)

PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
55. A single letter is selected at random from the word ARTICLE, the
probability that it is a vowel is

𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕

Solution

No. of letters are =7, no. of vowels = 3

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟑
P(E) = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟕
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
56. In a book of 100 pages, if a page is opened at random, the
probability that the number on it is a prime is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟖

Solution
n(E) = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟏𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓

n(S) = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟏𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟐𝟓 𝟏
P(E) = = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
57. A letter is taken out at random from the English alphabet. The
probability that it is a vowel is
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟐
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟔

Solution

n(E) = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐥𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐚𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐛𝐞𝐭 = 𝟓

n(S) = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐚𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐛𝐞𝐭 = 𝟐𝟔

𝐧 𝐄 𝟓
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧 𝐒 𝟐𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
58. A single letter is selected at random from the word PROBABILITY.
The probability that it is not a vowel is
𝟒 𝟐 𝟕 𝟓
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏

Solution

n(E) = no of consonants in the word = 7, n(S) = 11

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟕
P(E) = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟏
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
59. There are 100 pages in a book. If a page of the book is opened at
random, the probability that the number on the page is two digit
number made up with the same digit is
𝟖 𝟗 𝟏 𝟖
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎

Solution
Favourable cases = {11,22,33….99}

n(E) = 9, n(S) =100

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟗
P(E) = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟎𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
60. If A and B are two mutually exclusive events such that P(A) = 0.55
ഥ∪𝐁
and P(B) = 0.35 then 𝐩(𝐀 ഥ)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 𝟏 4)
𝟒 𝟐 𝟖

Solution

ഥ ∪𝐁
P(𝐀 ഥ ) = 𝐏(𝑨𝑩) = 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)

=𝟏−𝟎=𝟏
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
61. Out of the digits 1 to 9 two are selected at random and one is found
to be 2, the probability that their sum is even is
𝟑 𝟓 𝟕 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖

Solution

n(S) = 8, sum is even if other digit is even (i.e. 4 or 6 or 8)

PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏 𝟏
62. If A and B are two events such that 𝐏 𝐀 = , P(A∪ 𝐁) = and
𝟒 𝟑
P(B) = P, the value of P if 𝐀 ⊂ 𝐁
𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟐 𝟒 𝟑 𝟑

Solution

∴ 𝐀 ⊂ 𝐁; 𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 = 𝐏(𝐁)
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑 𝟓
63. For two independent events 𝐏 𝐀 = and 𝐏 𝐁 = , then
𝟒 𝟖
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 =
𝟑 𝟐𝟗 𝟏𝟓 𝟓
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐
Solution
𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 − 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏(𝐁)
𝟑 𝟓 𝟑 𝟓
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 = + − .
𝟒 𝟖 𝟒 𝟖
𝟐𝟒 + 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 =
𝟑𝟐
𝟐𝟒 + 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓 𝟐𝟗
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 = =
𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
64. In a class 40% of students read History, 25% Civics and 15% both
History and Civics. If a student is selected at random from that
class, the probability that he reads History, if it is known that he
reads Civics is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟖
Solution
𝟒𝟎 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟓
𝐏 𝐇 = 𝐏 𝐂 = 𝐏 𝐇∩𝐂 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝐇 𝐏(𝐇 ∩ 𝐂)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐏 =
𝐂 𝐏(𝐂)
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
65. From a set of 17 cards numbered 1 to 17 one is drawn at random.
The probability that it is divisible by 3 or 5 is
𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕

Solution
𝐀 → 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝟑 𝐁 → 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝟓
𝐀 → 𝟑, 𝟔, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟓 𝐁 = ሼ𝟓, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟓ሽ
𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 = ሼ𝟏𝟓ሽ
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 − 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁
𝟓+𝟑−𝟏 𝟕
= =
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
66. An integer is chosen from the 1st 200 positive integers. The
probability that the integer selected is divisible by 6 or 8 is
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓 𝟖 𝟒 𝟐

Solution

𝐀 → 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝟔 𝐁 → 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝟖

𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝐧 𝐀 = = 𝟑𝟑 𝐧 𝐁 = = 𝟐𝟓
𝟔 𝟖
𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝐧 𝐀∩𝐁 = =𝟖
𝟐𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)

𝟑𝟑 + 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟖
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 =
𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝟓𝟎
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 =
𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝟏
𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 =
𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
67. From a box containing 10 cards numbered 1 to 10, four cards are
drawn together. The probability that their sum is even is
𝟏𝟏 𝟓 𝟔 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏

Solution
Sum of 4 numbers is even if (i) 4 are even of (ii) 4 are odd or (iii) 2 even,
2 odd

𝟓𝐂𝟒 +𝟓𝐂𝟒 +𝟓𝐂𝟐 .𝟓𝐂𝟐

Required Probability =
𝟏𝟎𝐂𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
68. A and B are two candidates seeking admission in I.I.T. The
probability that both A and B are selected is at the most 0.3. If the
probability of A's selection is 0.5, then the probability of B's
selection if A and B are independent is
1) 0.6 2) <0.6 3) ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔 4) >0.6
Solution
P 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔, 𝐏 𝐀 = 𝟎. 𝟓
P 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟑

P 𝐀)𝐏(𝐁 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟑
𝟎.𝟑
P 𝐁 ≤ ⇒P(B)≤0.6
𝟎.𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
69. Three students A, B and C are to take part in a swimming
competition. The probability of A's winning or B's winning each is 3
times the probability of C's winning. The probability of C's winning
if there is no tie is
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕

Solution

𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏 𝐁 = 𝟑𝐏(𝐂)
𝐏 𝐀 +𝐏 𝐁 +𝐏 𝐂 =𝟏
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
70. Three squares of a chess board having 8×8 squares being chosen at
random, the chance that all the three are black is
𝟑𝟐𝑪𝟑 𝟖𝑪 𝟑 𝟏𝟔𝑪𝟑 𝟒𝑪 𝟑
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑 𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑 𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑 𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑

Solution

𝟑𝟐𝑪𝟑
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐲𝐭 =
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
71. A speaks truth in 75% of the cases and B in 80% of the cases. The
percentage of cases they are likely to concur with each other in
making the same statement is
1)25% 2)35% 3)50% 4)65%

Solution
𝟕𝟓 𝟖𝟎
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏 𝐁 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

ഥ∩𝐁
𝐑𝐞𝐪 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × [𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 + 𝐏 𝐀 ഥ ]

ഥ .𝐏 𝐁
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × [𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏(𝐁) + 𝐏 𝐀 ഥ ]
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
72. Three electric lamps are to be fit in a room. Three bulbs are chosen at
random from 10 bulbs having 6 good bulbs and fitted. The chance
that the room is lighted is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟗
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎

Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟑 𝐛𝐚𝐝 𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐛𝐬

𝟒𝑪 𝟑
=𝟏−
𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
73. The results of an examination in two papers A and B for 20
candidates were recorded as follows. 8 passed in paper A, 7 passed in
paper B, 8 failed in both the papers A and B. If one is selected at
random, the probability that the candidate has passed in both the
papers A and B is
𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟓
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎

Solution
𝟖 𝟕
𝐏 𝐀 = ,𝐏 𝐁 =
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝟖 𝟏𝟐
𝟏−𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 = ⇒𝐏 𝐀∪𝐁 =
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =

𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁)

𝟖 𝟕 𝟏𝟐 𝟑
= + − =
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
74. In a group of 25 people everybody is proficient either in Mathematics
or in Statistics or in both. Out of them 19 people are proficient in
Mathematics and 16 are proficient in Statistics. If a person is selected
at random, the probability that he is proficient both in Mathematics
& Statistics is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓

Solution
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟗
𝐏 𝐌∪𝐒 = = 𝟏, 𝐏 𝐌 =
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
𝟏𝟔
𝐏 𝐒 =
𝟐𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐏 𝐌 ∪ 𝐒 = 𝐏 𝐌 + 𝐏 𝐒 − 𝐏(𝐌 ∩ 𝐒)
𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟔
𝟏= + − 𝐏(𝐌 ∩ 𝐒)
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
𝟑𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟐
𝐏 𝐌∩𝐒 = −𝟏= =
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟓

𝐊𝐄𝐘 ∶ 𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
75. If the probabilities of two dogs A and B dying within 10 years are
respectively p and q, then the probability that exactly one of them
will be alive at the end of 10 years is
1) 𝐩 + 𝐪 − 𝟐𝐩𝐪 2) 𝐩 + 𝐪 3) 1-pq 4) 𝐩𝐪
Solution

𝐀, 𝐁 → 𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐝𝐨𝐠 𝐀 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐞

𝐏 𝐀ഥ =𝐩 , ഥ =𝐪
𝐏 𝐁
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝑩
ഥ + 𝑷(𝑨
ഥ ∩ 𝑩)
ഥ +𝑷 𝑨
= 𝐏 𝐀 .𝐏 𝑩 ഥ .𝑷 𝑩
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
76. The probability that the dog of Krishna will be alive 10 years hence is
𝟕 𝟕
and that of Hari will be alive is . The probability that both the
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟎
dogs will be dead within 10 years is
𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟒 𝟒𝟗 𝟓
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟐𝟓

Solution
𝟕 𝟕
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏 𝐁 =
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟎

ഥ∩𝐁
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 ഥ =𝐏 𝐀
ഥ . 𝐏(𝐁
ഥ)
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟑
77. The probability that a man A will be alive for 20 more years is and
𝟓
𝟐
the probability that his wife will be alive for 20 more years is . The
𝟑
probability that only one will be alive at the end of 20 years is
𝟒 𝟐 𝟕 𝟖
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓

Solution
𝟑 𝟐
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏 𝐁 =
𝟓 𝟑
ഥ + 𝐏(𝑨
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ഥ ∩ 𝐁)

ഥ +𝐏 𝐀
= 𝐏 𝐀 .𝐏 𝐁 ഥ . 𝐏(𝐁)
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
78. A husband and wife appear in an interview for two vacancies in the
𝟏
same post. The probability of husbands selection is and that of wife
𝟕
𝟏
is . The probability that none of them will be selected is
𝟓
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝟒 𝟐
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟑𝟓 𝟕 𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓

Solution
𝟏 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏 𝐁 =
𝟕 𝟓
ഥ∩𝐁
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 ഥ =𝐏 𝐀
ഥ .𝐏 𝐁
ഥ
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
79. From each of the three married couples one partner is selected at
random. The probability that 2 are males and one is a female is
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝟏 3)
1) 2) 𝟖 4)
𝟖 𝟒 𝟐

Solution
𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐌𝐌𝐅, 𝐌𝐅𝐌, 𝐅𝐌𝐌 𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝟏. 𝟏. 𝟏 𝟏. 𝟏. 𝟏 𝟏. 𝟏. 𝟏
= + +
𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟐 𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟐 𝟐. 𝟐. 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + +
𝟖 𝟖 𝟖
𝟑
=
𝟖
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
80. A, B and C can solve a problem independently with respective
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
probabilities , and . If all of them try independently the
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
probability that the problem will be solved is
𝟏 𝟑 𝟒𝟖 𝟓𝟕
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟔𝟎 𝟓 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎

Solution
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐂 =
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
ഥ ∩ 𝐂ഥ )
ഥ ∩𝐁
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
81. Counters numbered 1, 2, 3 are placed in a bag and one is drawn at
random and replaced. The operation is being repeated three times.
The probability of obtaining a total of 6 is
𝟕 𝟔 𝟕 𝟓
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟗 𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟕

Solution
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 → 𝟔
𝟐, 𝟐, 𝟐 → 𝟏 = 𝟕
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟕 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟑𝟑
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟕
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟐𝟕
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
82. From a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards 4 cards are drawn,
one at a time without replacement at random. The probability that
they are aces is
𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏𝟐
1) 2) 3) × × × 4)
𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟏 𝟓𝟎 𝟒𝟗 𝟏𝟑𝟑

Solution

𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = × × ×
𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟏 𝟓𝟎 𝟒𝟗
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
83. A card is drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards. It is
replaced in the pack after noting its colour. Again a card is drawn at
random. The probability that both the cards drawn may be hearts is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟐

Solution
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = ×
𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= ×
𝟒 𝟒

𝟏
=
𝟏𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
84. There are 6 red and 5 black balls in a bag. Two balls are drawn at
random one after another with replacement. The probability that one
is red and one is black is
𝟑𝟎 𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟏

Solution
Required Probability = Probability of drawing red first black second +
probability of drawing black first red second

𝟔 𝟓 𝟓 𝟔 𝟔𝟎
= . + . =
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝟏
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
85. The probability of drawing 4 white and 2 black balls in two drawings
in succession from a bag containing 1 red, 4 black and 6 white balls,
if the drawing is with replacement is
𝟔𝑪 𝟒 𝟒𝒄𝟐 𝟔𝑪𝟒 𝟒𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐
1) . 2) × 3) 4)
𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝒄𝟐 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟒 𝟕𝑪 𝟐 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟔 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟐

Solution
𝟔𝐂 𝟒 𝟒𝐂 𝟐
Required Probability = .
𝟏𝟏𝐂𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝐂𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
86. A bag contains 10 white and 8 black balls. Two successive drawings of
2 balls are made. The probability that the 1st draw will give 2 white
and the 2nd draw will give 2 black if the drawing is with replacement
is
𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐 +𝟖𝒄𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐 𝟖𝑪 𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐 𝟖𝑪 𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟐 𝟔𝒄𝟐
1) 2) × 3) × 4) ×
𝟏𝟖𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝒄𝟐

Solution
𝟏𝟎𝐂𝟐 𝟖𝐂 𝟐
Required Probability = ×
𝟏𝟖𝐂𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝐂𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
87. A bag contains 8 red and 5 white balls. Two successive drawings of 3
balls are made. The probability that the 1st draw will give 3 white
and the 2nd draw will give 3 red balls, if the drawing is with
replacement is

𝟓𝑪 𝟑 𝟓𝑪 𝟑 𝟖𝑪 𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐
1) 2) × 3) 4)
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟔 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟐

Solution
𝟓𝐂 𝟑 𝟖𝐂 𝟑
Required Probability = ×
𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟑 𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
88. A bag contains 8 red and 5 white balls. Two successive drawings of 3
balls are made. The probability that the 1st draw will give 3 white
and the 2nd draw will give 3 red balls, if the drawing is without
replacement is
𝟖𝑪 𝟑 𝟓𝑪 𝟑 𝟓𝑪 𝟑 𝟖𝑪 𝟑
1) × 2) ×
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟑 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑
𝟓𝑪𝟑 +𝟖𝑪𝟑 𝟓𝑪𝟑 ×𝟖𝑪𝟑
3) 4)
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑

Solution

𝟓𝐂 𝟑 𝟖𝐂 𝟑
Required Probability = ×
𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝐂𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
89. A bag contains 3 white, 3 black and 2 red balls. One by one 3 balls are
drawn without replacing them. For only the 3rd ball to be red the
probability is
𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟕
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟖

Solution

𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐖 𝐨𝐫 𝐁 𝐖 𝐨𝐫 𝐁 𝐑

𝟔 𝟓 𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = × ×
𝟖 𝟕 𝟔
𝟏𝟎 𝟓
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = =
𝟓𝟔 𝟐𝟖
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
90. One bag contains 7 red marbles and three white marbles. Three
marbles are drawn from the bag in succession without replacement.
The probability that the 1st two are red and third is white is
𝟕 𝟖 𝟏 𝟕
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟑𝟗 𝟏𝟕 𝟑 𝟒𝟎

Solution
𝟕 𝟔 𝟑
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = × ×
𝟏𝟎 𝟗 𝟖
𝟕
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟒𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
91. In a shooting test, the probabilities for 3 persons A, B, C to hit the
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
target are , and . If all of them simultaneously aim at the target,
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
the probability for exactly two persons hitting the target is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟑
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟑𝟖𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒

Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =

𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂ത + 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁
ഥ ∩ 𝐂 + 𝐏(𝐀
ഥ ∩ 𝐁 ∩C)

= 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏 𝐁 . 𝐏 𝐂ത + 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏 𝐁
ഥ .𝐏 𝐂 + 𝐏 𝐀
ഥ . 𝐏 𝐁 . 𝐏(𝐂)
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
92. India plays two matches each with West Indies and Australia. In any
match, the probabilities of India getting points 0, 1 and 2 are 0.45,
0.05 and 0.50 respectively. Assuming that the outcomes are
independent, the probability of India getting atleast 7 points is
1) 0.875 2) 0.0875 3) 0.0625 4) 0.0250

Solution
𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞
𝟒!
(𝟐𝟐𝟐) → = 𝟒 (𝟐𝟐𝟐) → 𝟏
𝟑!
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟒 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
93. A bag contains 3 white, 3 black and 2 red balls. 3 balls are drawn one
after another without replacement. The probability that the third
ball drawn is red is
𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟖 𝟒

Solution
𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 (𝐖 𝐨𝐫 𝐁) 𝐑𝐑; 𝐑 (𝐖 𝐨𝐫 𝐁) 𝐑; 𝐖 𝐨𝐫 𝐁) (𝐖 𝐨𝐫 𝐁)𝐑

𝟔 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟔 𝟏 𝟔 𝟓 𝟐 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = . . + . . + . . =
𝟖 𝟕 𝟔 𝟖 𝟕 𝟔 𝟖 𝟕 𝟔 𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
94. Two persons A and B alternately throw a die. The person who 1st
throw 4 or 5 wins. If A starts the game, the probability of his winning
is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓

Solution
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝐏= = ⇒𝐪=
𝟔 𝟑 𝟑
𝐩
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐩 + 𝐪𝐪𝐩 + 𝐪𝐪𝐪𝐪𝐩 + ⋯ ∞ =
𝟏 − 𝐪𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏
𝟑
=
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏−
𝟑
𝟏
𝟑
=
𝟒
𝟏−
𝟗
𝟏
𝟑
=
𝟓
𝟗
𝟏 𝟗 𝟑
= × = KEY : 3
𝟑 𝟓 𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
95. A pair of dice is rolled till a sum of either 8 or 9 is obtained. Then the
probability that 8 comes before 9 is
𝟒 𝟓 𝟕 𝟔
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗

Solution
𝐏 = 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠
𝟓
=
𝟑𝟔𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐧𝐞𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐧𝐨𝐫
𝐪 =
𝟑
=
𝟒
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐩 + 𝐪𝐩 +
𝐩
𝐪𝟐 =
𝟏−𝐪
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝐩
=
𝟏−𝐪
𝟓
𝟑𝟔
=
𝟑
𝟏−
𝟒
𝟓
𝟑𝟔
=
𝟏
𝟒
𝟓 𝟒 𝟓
= × =
𝟑𝟔 𝟏 𝟗
KEY : 2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
96. A and B alternately cut a card each from a pack of cards with
replacement and pack is shuffled after each cut. If A starts the game
and the game is continued till one cuts a spade, the respective
probabilities of A and B cutting a spade are
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒 𝟑 𝟑 𝟒
1) , 2) , 3) , 4) ,
𝟑 𝟑 𝟒 𝟒 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕

Solution 𝟏𝟑
𝐏 = 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐝𝐞 =
𝟓𝟐
𝟏
= 𝟏
𝟒 𝐪 = 𝟏−𝐩=𝟏−
𝟒
𝟑
=
𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟏
𝐩 𝟒
𝐏(𝐀) = =
𝟏−𝐪𝟐
𝟑 𝟐
𝟏−
𝟒
𝟏𝟔 𝟏 𝟒
= × =
𝟕 𝟒 𝟕

KEY : 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
97. 3 mangoes and 3 apples are in a box. If two fruits are chosen at
random, the probability that one is a mango and the other is an
apple is
𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 𝟕
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓 𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔

Solution

𝟑𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟑 𝑪 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟔𝑪 𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
98. From a group of 3 mathematicians, 4 statisticians and 5 economists,
a committee of 4 is selected by lottery. The probability that the
committee consists of 4 economists is
𝟕𝐂 𝟒 𝟒𝐂 𝟒 𝟓𝐂𝟒 𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟐
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟒

Solution

𝟓𝑪 𝟒
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
99. Four persons are chosen at random from a group containing 3 men,
2 women and 4 children. The probability that exactly two of them
will be children is
𝟓 𝟔 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏

Solution

𝟒𝑪 𝟐 × 𝟓𝑪 𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟗𝑪 𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
100. From 7 gentlemen and 4 ladies, a committee of 5 is to be formed.
The probability that this can be done so as to include at least one
lady is
𝟕𝑪 𝟓 𝟒𝑪 𝟏 𝟕𝑪 𝟓 𝟒𝑪 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 𝟏 − 4) 𝟏 −
𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟓 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟓 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟓 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟓

Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐞
𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐧𝐨 𝐥𝐚𝐝𝐲
𝟕𝐂 𝟓
=𝟏−
𝟏𝟏𝐂𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
101. Six boys and six girls are to sit in a row at random. The probability
that all the six girls and all the six boys sit together is

𝟔!𝟔! 𝟔!𝟕! 𝟐!𝟔!𝟔! 𝟐!𝟔!𝟕!

1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟐! 𝟏𝟐! 𝟏𝟐! 𝟏𝟐!

Solution

𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟐!, 𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟐 × 𝟔! × 𝟔!
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
102. The probability that all the vowels of the word EAMCET come
together, when the letters are arranged at random is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖

Solution
𝟔! 𝟑!
𝐧 𝐒 = , 𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟒! ×
𝟐! 𝟐!
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
103. 4 boys and 7 girls are to sit in a row at random. The probability that
no two boys will sit together is
𝟕!×𝟒! 𝟕!×𝟖𝑷𝟒 𝟕!×𝟖𝑪𝟒 𝟕!×𝟖!
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟏! 𝟏𝟏! 𝟏𝟏! 𝟏𝟏!

Solution

𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟏! , 𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟕! × 𝟖𝑷𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
104. Six boys and six girls are to sit around a round table. The
probability that boys and girls sit alternately is

𝟓!×𝟓! 𝟓!𝟔! 𝟔!𝟔! 𝟓!𝟔!

1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟏! 𝟏𝟏! 𝟏𝟐! 𝟏𝟐!

Solution

𝟓! 𝟔!
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟏𝟏!
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
105. 100 tickets are numbered as 00, 01, 02 ..... 09, 10, 11, 12, ..... 99 out of
them one ticket is drawn at random. The probability that the sum
of the digits of the number on the ticket is 9 is
𝟕 𝟗 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Solution
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 = ሼ𝟗, 𝟖, 𝟕, 𝟔, 𝟓, 𝟒, 𝟑, 𝟐, 𝟏, 𝟎ሽ

𝐧(𝐄) = 𝟎 𝐧(𝐒)
= 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝐏(𝐄) =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏
=
𝟏𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
106. From a set of 17 cards numbered 1 to 17, one card is drawn at
random. The probability that the number on the card is divisible by
2 or 3 is
𝟓 𝟔 𝟏𝟏 𝟖
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕

Solution
𝐧(𝐒) = 𝟕 𝐧(𝐄)
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕
= + −
𝟐 𝟑 𝟔
= 𝟖 + 𝟓 − 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏

𝐧(𝐄)
𝐏(𝐄) =
𝐧(𝐒)
𝟏𝟏
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
107. Assuming that a year consits of 365 days, the probability that a
group of n people (𝐧 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟓) have all different birthdays is
𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝐧 𝟑𝟔𝟓𝐏𝐧 𝐧𝐏𝐧
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟑𝟔𝟓𝒏 𝟑𝟔𝟓𝐧 𝟑𝟔𝟓𝐧 𝟑𝟔𝟓𝐧

Solution 𝐧(𝐄)
= 𝟑𝟔𝟓𝐏𝐧
𝐧(𝐒) =
𝟑𝟔𝟓𝐧
𝐏(𝐄)
𝐧(𝐄)
=
𝐧(𝐒)
𝟑𝟔𝟓𝐏𝐧
𝐏(𝐄) =
𝟑𝟔𝟓𝐧
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
108. Three integers are chosen at random without replacement from the
1st 20 integers. The probability that their product is odd is
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟒
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟗

Solution
𝐧(𝐒)
= 𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟑
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝟑 𝐧𝐨′ 𝐬 𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐝𝐝 𝐢𝐟 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝟑 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐝𝐝
𝐧(𝐄)
= 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟑
𝐏(𝐄) 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟑
=
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟑
=
𝐧(𝐒)
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
109. The probability that a selected two digited number from two digited
numbers formed with the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; without repetition is
𝟏 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓

Solution

𝐧(𝐒) = 𝐍𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐧𝐨′ 𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝟓 × 𝟓

𝐧(𝐄) = 𝐍𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐧𝐨′ 𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝟓 × 𝟒

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟐𝟎
𝐏(𝐄) = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟐𝟓
𝟒
=
𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
110. 5 letters A, B, E, L, T are written on 5 tickets and then the tickets
are arranged at random. The probability that the letters on the
tickets arranged at random is the word TABLE is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) 𝟏 2) 3) 4)
𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟑𝟎

Solution

𝟏
Required Probability =
𝟓!
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
111. There are m persons sitting in a row. Two of them are selected at
random. The probability that the two selected persons are together
𝐦−𝟏𝐂𝟐 𝐦−𝟏 𝐦−𝟑 𝐦−𝟏𝐂𝟐
1)
𝐦𝐂𝟐
2)
𝐦 𝐂𝟐
3)
𝐦 𝐂𝟐
4) 𝟏 −
𝐦𝐂𝟐

Solution

𝐧 𝐒 = 𝐦𝐂𝟐 the seating arrangement of m persons may be

𝐚 𝟏 𝐚𝟐 𝐚𝟑 𝐚𝟒 … 𝐚𝐦
pairs of persons sitting together are 𝐚𝟏 𝐚𝟐 𝐚𝟑 𝐚𝟒 … 𝐚𝐦−𝟏 𝐚𝐦
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐲 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐦 − 𝟏 𝐢𝐧 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫
𝐧(𝐄) 𝐦 − 𝟏
𝐧 𝐄 =𝐦−𝟏 𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝐦𝐂𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
112. An elevator starts with m passengers and stops at n floors (m≤ 𝐧) .
The probability that no two persons alight at the same floor is
𝐦 𝐦 𝐧𝐏𝐦 𝐧𝐏𝐦
1) 2) 𝟏 − 3) 4) 𝟏 −
𝐧 𝐧 𝐧𝐦 𝐧𝐦

Solution
𝐧 𝐒
= 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐦 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐧 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
= 𝐧𝐦
𝒏 𝑬 = 𝒏𝒑𝒎
𝒏𝒑𝒎
p 𝑬 =
𝒏𝒎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
113. An elevator contains 5 passengers and stops at 10 floors. The
probability that no two passengers get down at the same floor is
𝟓 𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝐏𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝐏𝟓
1) 2) 𝟏 − 3) 4) 𝟏 −
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟓

Solution

𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟏𝟎𝐏𝟓 (𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧)
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏𝟎𝐏𝟓
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟎𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
114. M telegrams are to be distributed at random over N communication
channels (𝐍 > 𝐌). The probability that not more than one telegram
will be sent over each channel
𝐍 𝐂𝐌 𝑴 𝑪𝑵 𝑵𝑷𝑴 𝐌𝐏𝐍
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝐍𝐌 𝑵𝑵 𝑵𝑴 𝐍𝐧

Solution
𝐧(𝐒)
= 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐌 𝐭𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐬 𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝐍 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐥𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡
𝐧(𝐄) 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 =
𝐍 𝐌
= 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐌 𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐬 𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝐍 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐥𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐧(𝐄) 𝐍𝐏𝐌 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝐍𝐏𝐌
𝐏(𝐄) = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝐍 𝐌
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
115. The letters forming the word CLIFTON are placed at random in a
row. The probability that the two vowels come together is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕

Solution

𝟔! 𝟐!
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = = 𝟐/𝟕
𝟕!
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
116. 5 boys and 3 girls sit in a row at random. The probability that no
two girls sit together is
𝟑 𝟓 𝟗 𝟕
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒

Solution

𝟓! 𝟔𝐩𝟑
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟖!
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
117. Dialling a telephone number to his daughter an old man forgets the
last two digits and dialled at random remembering only that they
are different. The probability that the number dialled is correct is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟎 𝟒𝟓 𝟗𝟎 𝟏𝟑𝟓

Solution

𝐧(𝐒) = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐧𝐨′𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐬

= 𝟎 ×𝟗
𝐧(𝐄)
= 𝟏
𝐏(𝐄) 𝟏
𝐏(𝐄) =
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟗
= 𝟏
𝐧(𝐒) =
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
118. The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ..... n are arranged in a random order. The
probability that the digits 1and 2 appear as neighbors in the order
named is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝐧−𝟐 𝐧−𝟏 𝐧 𝐧(𝐧−𝟏)

Solution
𝐧(𝐒)
= 𝐧!
𝐧(𝐄) = (𝐧−)!
𝐧(𝐄) (𝐧−𝟏)! 𝟏
𝐏(𝐄) = = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝐧! 𝒏
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
119. The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ..... n are arranged in a random order. The
probability that the digits 1, 2 and 3 appear as neighbors in the
order named is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝐧 𝐧−𝟏 𝐧(𝐧−𝟏) 𝐧−𝟐

Solution

𝐧−𝟐 !
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐧!
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
120. Using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 9 a five digit number is formed. The
probability of having 2 in the units place is
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓

Solution

𝐧 𝐒 = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐧𝐨′ 𝐬 = 𝟓!

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐧𝐨′ 𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝟐 𝐢𝐧 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞 = 𝟒!

PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
121. Fifty tickets are serially numbered 1 to 50 one ticket is drawn from
these at random. The probability that the number on it is a multiple
of 3 or 4 is
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟒 𝟐 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟓 𝟐

Solution
𝟓𝟎
𝐀 → 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝟑 𝐧 𝐀 = = 𝟏𝟔
𝟑
𝟓𝟎
𝐁 → 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝟒 𝐧 𝐁 = = 𝟏𝟐
𝟒
𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 → 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
𝟓𝟎
𝐧 𝐀∩𝐁 = =𝟒
𝟏𝟐
𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
𝟏𝟔 + 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟒
=
𝟓𝟎
𝟏𝟔 + 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟒
=
𝟓𝟎
𝟐𝟒
=
𝟓𝟎
𝟏𝟐
=
𝟐𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
123. From a set of 𝟐 × 𝟐 matrices having 0 or 1 in each place, a matrix is
chosen. The probability that it is a unit matrix is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟒

Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝟐 × 𝟐 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟎 𝐨𝐫 𝟏 𝐚𝐬 𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 = 𝟐𝟒

𝐧 𝐄 =𝟏

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
124. If 8 squares are selected at random on a chess board having squares
the probability that they will be in a diagonal line is
𝟖𝐂 𝟖 𝟐×𝟖𝐂𝟖 𝟒×𝟖𝐂𝟖 𝟔×𝟖𝐂𝟖
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟔𝟒𝐂𝟖 𝟔𝟒𝐂𝟖 𝟔𝟒𝐂𝟖 𝟔𝟒𝐂𝟖

Solution
𝐍𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐚𝐱. 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝟐

𝟐. 𝟖𝐂𝟖
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟔𝟒𝐂𝟖
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
125. Two squares of a chess board having squares are selected at
random. The probability that they have exactly one corner in
common is
ሼ𝟕+𝟐 𝟔+𝟓+𝟒+𝟑+𝟐+𝟏 ሽ 𝟐ሼ𝟕+ 𝟔+𝟓+𝟒+𝟑+𝟐+𝟏 ሽ
1) 2)
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟐 𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟐
𝟐ሼ𝟕+ 𝟔+𝟓+𝟒+𝟑+𝟐+𝟏 ሽ 𝟐ሼ𝟕+ 𝟔+𝟓+𝟒+𝟑+𝟐+𝟏 ሽ
3) 4)
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟐 𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟐

Solution
In a diagonal having 8 squares, there are 7 pairs of squares having
common corner similarly in a diagonal having 7 squares, there are 6
pairs and so on .
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I

𝟐ሼ𝟕+𝟐 𝟔+𝟓+𝟒+𝟑+𝟐+𝟏 ሽ
R𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟐

KEY : 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I
126. Two squares of a chess board having 8×8 squares are selected at
random the probability that they have a side in common is
𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝟖 𝟐𝟔𝟖
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟐 𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟐 𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟐 𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟐

Solution
If we consider horizontal formation of squares there are pairs of
squares having side common similarly if we consider vertical
formation of squares there are pairs of square having side common

𝐧 𝐄 =𝟐×𝟕×𝟖 𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏𝟏𝟐

𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟐 𝐧(𝐒) 𝟔𝟒𝐂𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-I

Thank you…
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II

PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟏. An unbaised coin is tossed n times . The probability that head
will present itself, odd number of times is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟓
Solution
𝐧𝐂𝟏 +𝐧𝐂𝟑 +𝐧𝐂𝟓 +⋯
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲=
𝟐𝐧

𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒏 =
𝟐 𝟐

Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟐. An unbiased coin is tossed n times. The probability that head
will present itself, even number of times is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟓
Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲

𝐧𝐂𝟎 + 𝐧𝐂𝟐 + 𝐧𝐂𝟒 + ⋯ 𝟐𝐧−𝟏

= = 𝐧 = 𝟏/𝟐
𝟐𝐧 𝟐

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟑. If a coin is tossed 6 times. The probability of getting heads as
many times in the 1st 4 tosses as in the last 2 tosses is
𝟓 𝟕 𝟏𝟓 𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟑𝟐
Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲

𝟒𝑪 𝟎 . 𝟐 𝑪 𝟎 𝟒𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟐𝑪 𝟏 𝟒𝑪 𝟐 . 𝟐𝑪 𝟐
= + +
𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟔

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟒. The coefficients b and c of the equation 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐛𝐱 + 𝐜 = 𝟎 are
determined by throwing an ordinary die. The probability that
the equation has equal roots is
𝟏 𝟏𝟑 𝟓 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟖 𝟗
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟔 × 𝟔 = 𝟑𝟔 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐛 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜
From 𝐄 = 𝟐, 𝟏 𝟒, 𝟒
∴𝐧 𝐄 =𝟐
𝒏(𝑬) 𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟑𝟔 Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟓. A die loaded such that 6 turning upwards is twice as often as
1 and three times as any other face. The chance that we get a
face with one point when we throw such a die is
𝟔 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟖 𝟗
Solution
𝐏(𝟔) = 𝟐𝐏(𝟏)
= 𝟑𝐏 𝟐 = 𝟑𝐏 𝟑 = 𝟑𝐏 𝟒 = 𝟑𝐏(𝟓)
𝐏 𝟏 + 𝐏 𝟐 + ⋯+ 𝐏 𝟔 = 𝟏
𝟑
𝐏 𝟏 =
𝟏𝟕 Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟔. A man throws a die untill he gets a number bigger than 3. the
probability that he gets a 5 in the last throw is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟖
Solution

𝐒 = 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔 𝐄 = ሼ𝟓ሽ

𝐧(𝐄)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐧(𝐒)

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟕. A and B are to throw 2 dice. If A throws a sum of 9 points,
then B’s chance of throwing a higher sum is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟔 𝟗
Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝟏𝟎 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟐
𝟑+𝟐+𝟏 =𝟏
= 𝟔
𝟑𝟔

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟖. A six faced die is so biased that it is twice as likely to show
an even number as an odd number when thrown. It is thrown
twice. The probability that the sum of the numbers thrown is
odd is
𝟏 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗
Solution
𝐀 → 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐁 → 𝐨𝐝𝐝 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝟐𝐏 𝐁
𝐏 𝐀 +𝐏 𝐁 =𝟏
𝟐 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀 = ,𝐏 𝐁 =
𝟑 𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏 𝐁 + 𝐏 𝐁 . 𝐏 𝐀
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
= . + . =
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟗

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟗. Two dice are thrown. The probability that a multiple of 2
occurs on one die and a multiple of 3 on the other die
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟓
𝟑 𝟔 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔
Solution
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 = ሼ 𝟐, 𝟑 𝟐, 𝟔 𝟒, 𝟑 𝟒, 𝟔 𝟔, 𝟑 𝟔, 𝟔 𝟑, 𝟐
𝟔, 𝟐 𝟑, 𝟒 𝟔, 𝟒 𝟑, 𝟔 ሽ
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟑𝟔
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = = Key -3
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟑𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟏𝟎. 3 six faced dice are rolled together. The probability that exactly
two of the three numbers are equal is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟏
𝟏𝟐 𝟒 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟐 𝟔
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟔 × 𝟔 × 𝟔 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟑𝒄𝟐 × 𝟔𝒄𝟏 × 𝟓𝒄𝟏 = 𝟗𝟎

𝟗𝟎
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝟐𝟏𝟔
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟏𝟏. Two persons each make a single throw with a die. The
probability that they get a equal value is 𝐩𝟏 . Four persons
each make a single throw with a die and the probability of
three being equal is 𝐩𝟐 , then
𝟏) 𝐏𝟏 = 𝐏𝟐 𝟐) 𝐏𝟏 < 𝐏𝟐
𝟑) 𝐏𝟏 > 𝐏𝟐 𝟒) 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟐𝐏𝟐

Solution
𝟔 𝟏 𝟒𝒄𝟑 (𝟔𝒄𝟏 ×𝟓𝒄𝟏 ) 𝟓
𝐏𝟏 = = , 𝐏𝟐 = =
𝟔×𝟔 𝟔 𝟔×𝟔×𝟔×𝟔 𝟓𝟒
𝐏𝟏 > 𝐏𝟐
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟏𝟐. An ordinary die has four blank faces. One face marked 2, an
other marked 3. then the probability of obtaining a total of
exactly 12 in 5 throws is
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝟔
𝟏) 𝟒 𝟐) 𝟒 𝟑) 𝟒 𝟒)
𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔𝟒
Solution
𝟓!
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟑 → = 𝟏𝟎
𝟑!𝟐!
𝟓!
𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 → =𝟓
𝟒!

𝟏 𝟓 𝟒 𝟏 𝟒
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝟏𝟎 +𝟓× Key -3
𝟔 𝟔 𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟏𝟑. A and B throw a symmetrical die each. The odds in favour of
A not throwing a number greater than B is
𝟏) 𝟏 𝐭𝐨 𝟓 𝟐) 𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟏 𝟑) 𝟕 𝐭𝐨 𝟓 𝟒) 𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟕
Solution

𝐎𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝟑𝟔 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐬 , 𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐀 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥

𝟏𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐀 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝐁
𝟏𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐁 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝐀
𝟏𝟓+𝟔 𝟐𝟏 𝟕 𝟓
𝐏 𝐄 = = = ഥ =
⇒𝑷 𝑬
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟕 𝟓
ഥ =
𝐨𝐝𝐝𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐄 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐏 𝐄 : 𝐏 𝑬 :
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟏𝟒. If two dice are thrown simultaneously, the odds in favour of
the event of getting a prime number on one of them and an
even number on the other is
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟕 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟗 𝟐

Solution
𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐧𝐨′ 𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟓
𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐧𝐨′ 𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔
𝟑×𝟑 + 𝟑×𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏𝟕
𝑷 𝑬 = =
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔
𝟏𝟕
𝐎𝐝𝐝𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐄 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐏 𝐄 : 𝐏 𝐄ത = Key -3
𝟏𝟗
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟏𝟓. Two symmetrical dice are rolled once. The probability that
both the dice will show 4 is p. The probability for the sum is
8 is q. Then p:q is
𝟏) 𝟒: 𝟓 𝟐) 𝟏: 𝟓 𝟑) 𝟓: 𝟏 𝟒) 𝟓: 𝟒

Solution

𝟏 𝟓
𝐏= 𝐪=
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟏𝟔. Five cards are drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of
52 playing cards. The probability that four of them may have
the same face value is
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟓 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟒 ×𝟒𝑪𝟏
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟏 ×𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏 𝟑)
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟏 ×𝟒𝑪𝟏 ×𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏
𝟐) 𝟒)
𝟏) 𝟓𝟐𝑪
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟓 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟓
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟓 𝟓

Solution
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝟏𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝟒 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟏 × 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟓

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟏𝟕. A person draws a card from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing
cards. Replaces it and shuffles the pack. He continues doing so
until he draws a spade. The chance that he fails first two
times is
𝟏 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟔𝟒 𝟑𝟐

Solution
𝟏𝟑
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐝𝐞 =
𝟓𝟐
𝟑 𝟑 𝟗
ഥ .𝐏 𝑨
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝑨 ഥ = . =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟏𝟔
Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟏𝟖. The probability of getting 13 cards of the same suit by a
particular hand at a game of bridge is
𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟑 𝟒𝐂 𝟏 𝟒𝐂𝟏 × 𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟑 𝟒𝐂𝟏 × 𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟏𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓𝟐𝐂 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑

Solution
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝟒 𝒔𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝟏𝟑 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔

𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝟏𝟑 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒆 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒊𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟒 𝒊𝒆 𝟒𝑪𝟏

𝟒𝑪𝟏
𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑
Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟏𝟗. In a game of bridge, the probability of a particular player
having all the 13 cards with different face values is
𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝟒𝟏𝟑 ∠𝟏𝟑 ∠𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐𝐂 𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑
𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝐂𝟏𝟑

Solution

𝟒𝐂𝟏 . 𝟒𝐂𝟏 … . (𝟏𝟑𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬) 𝟒𝟏𝟑

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = =
𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟐𝟎. The probability that a particular hand of thirteen bridge cards
selected at random contains exactly 2 red card is
𝟐𝟔𝑪𝟐 𝟐𝟔𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟔𝑪𝟐 × 𝟐𝟔𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓𝟐𝐂 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑
𝟏𝟑

Solution

𝟐𝟔𝐂𝟐 × 𝟐𝟔𝐂𝟏𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟐𝟏. In a hand at whist, the probability that 4 kings are held by a
specified player is
𝟒 × 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟗 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟗 𝟒 × 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟑 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑

Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝟒𝐂𝟒 × 𝟒𝟖𝐂𝟗
=
𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟐𝟐. In a game of bridge, the player A has received two aces. The
probability that his partner has been dealt with the other two
aces is
𝟐𝑪𝟐 × 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝑪𝟐 × 𝟑𝟕𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝑪𝟐 × 𝟑𝟕𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝑪𝟐 × 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟑𝟗 𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟑𝟗𝐂𝟏𝟑

Solution
𝟐𝐂𝟐 ×𝟑𝟕𝐂𝟏𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲=
𝟑𝟗𝐂𝟏𝟑

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟐𝟑. Two cards drawn one after another at random without
replacement. The probability that both of them may have the
same face value is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟗
Solution

𝟒𝐂 𝟏 . 𝟑𝐂 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟏𝟑𝑪 .
𝟏
𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏 . 𝟓𝟏𝐂𝟏

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟐𝟒. Two events A and B have probabilities 0.25 and 0.50
respectively. The probability that both A and B occur
simultaneously is 0.14. then the probability that neither A nor
B occurs is
𝟏) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗 𝟐) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝟑) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗 𝟒) 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎
Solution
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓, 𝐏 𝐁 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎, 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒
ഥ∩𝐁
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 ഥ = 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁)
Key -1
𝟏 − 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟑 𝟏
𝟐𝟓. If A and B are two events such that P(A∪B)= , P(A∩B) = &
𝟒 𝟒
𝟐
ഥ) =
P(𝐀 ഥ ∩ 𝐁) =
, then P(𝐀
𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟕 𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
Solution
ഥ ∩ 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 − 𝐏(𝐀)
𝐏 𝐀 ഥ = 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀)
𝐏 𝐀
𝟐 𝟏
− 𝟏 = 𝐏(𝐀), 𝐏 𝐀 =
𝟑 𝟑

𝟑 𝟏 𝟗−𝟒 𝟓
ഥ∩𝐁 =
𝐏 𝐀 − = =
𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 Key -4
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟐𝟔. In a class there are 10 men & 20 women. Out of them half of
the number of men & half of the number of women have
brown eyes. Out of them if a person is chosen at random, the
chance that for the person chosen to be a man or brown eyed
person is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟒 𝟒
Solution
𝐀 → 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐧 𝐀 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟑𝟎
𝐁 → 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐞𝐲𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧
𝐧 𝐁 = 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓, 𝐧 𝐀∩𝑩 =𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏 𝐁 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)

𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟓
=
𝟑𝟎
𝟐
=
𝟑

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟐𝟕. In a simultaneous throw of two dice, the probability of A or B,
if A = a sum of 11 points; B= an odd number of points on
each die
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟔 𝟒 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔
Solution
𝟐 𝟏 𝟑×𝟑 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀 = = 𝐏 𝐁 = =
𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟖 𝟑𝟔 𝟒
𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 =𝟎
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝑩 = 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐏(𝐁)
𝟏 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀∪𝑩 = +
𝟏𝟖 𝟒
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 ഥ
𝐀
𝟐𝟖. If P(A) = P(B)= & P(A∩B)= , then 𝐏 =
𝟖 𝟖 𝟒 𝐁
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
Solution
ഥ
𝐀 ഥ ∩ 𝐁) 𝐏 𝐁 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
𝐏(𝐀
𝐏 = =
𝐁 𝐏(𝐁) 𝐏(𝐁)
𝟓 𝟏 𝟑
ഥ
𝐀 −
𝟖 𝟒
ഥ
𝐀 𝟖
𝐏 = 𝟓 ⇒𝐏 = 𝟓
𝐁 𝐁
𝟖 𝟖
ഥ
𝐀 𝟑
⇒𝐏 =
𝐁 𝟓 Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟐𝟗. A student is to appear for two tests in which his respective
probabilities of succeeding are 0.5 & 0.7 and losing both the
tests is 0.2. The probability that the student will succeed in
the 2nd test when he has already succeed in the 1st test is
𝟏) 𝟎. 𝟐 𝟐) 𝟎. 𝟒
𝟑) 𝟎. 𝟔 𝟒) 𝟎. 𝟖
Solution
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐏 𝐁 = 𝟎. 𝟕

ഥ∩𝑩
𝐏 𝑨 ഥ = 𝟎. 𝟐 → 𝟏 − 𝐏 𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 = 𝟎. 𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝐁 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝑩)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 =
𝐀 𝑷(𝑨)
𝐏 𝐀 + 𝑷 𝑩 − 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)
=
𝑷(𝑨)
𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟕 − 𝟎. 𝟖
=
𝟎. 𝟓
𝟎. 𝟒
=
𝟎. 𝟓

Key -4
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟑𝟎. A couple has 2 children. The probability that both are boys, if
it is known that at least one of the children is a boy is
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟒 𝟒
Solution
𝐀 → 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐲𝐬 = ሼ𝐁 𝐁ሽ
𝐁 → 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐛𝐨𝐲
𝐁 → ሼ𝐁𝐆, 𝐆𝐁, 𝐁𝐁ሽ
𝐀 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 = =
𝐁 𝐏(𝐁) 𝟑

Key -2
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟑𝟏. A couple has 2 children. The probability that both are boys, if
it is known that elder child is a boy is
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟒 𝟒
Solution
𝐀 → 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐲𝐬 = ሼ𝐁 𝐁ሽ
𝐁 → 𝐞𝐥𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐝 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐛𝐨𝐲
𝐁 → ሼ𝐁𝐆, 𝐁𝐁ሽ
𝐀 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 =
𝐁 𝐏(𝐁)
𝟏
= Key -3
𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟑𝟐. Two coins are tossed. The probability that two heads result,
given that there is at least one head is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟑
Solution
𝐀 → 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐬 = ሼ𝐇𝐇ሽ
𝐁 → 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝
𝐁 → ሼ𝐇𝐓, 𝐓𝐇, 𝐇𝐇ሽ
𝐀 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 =
𝐁 𝐏(𝐁)
𝟏
=
𝟑 Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟑𝟑. Three unbiased coins are tossed , the probability that 3 heads
will result, if it is known that there will be at least one head
is
𝟓 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
Solution
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟑 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐬
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝

𝟑𝑪 𝟑 𝟑𝑪 𝟎 𝟏
= /𝟏 − =
𝟐𝟑 𝟐𝟑 𝟕
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟑𝟒. For a biased die, the probability for different faces to turn up
are given below:
Face: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Probability 0.10 0.32 0.21 0.15 0.05 0.17

Such a die is tossed once and you are told that face 1 or 2 has
turned up. The probability that it is face 1 is

𝟏𝟔 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏 𝟕 𝟕
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II

Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =

𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟓
= =
𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 𝟒𝟐 𝟐𝟏

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟑𝟓. Two symmetrical dice are thrown. The probability that the
sum of the numbers appearing is 11, if 5 appears on the 1st
die
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟖 𝟔 𝟑 𝟗
Solution

𝐒 = ሼ 𝟓, 𝟏 𝟓, 𝟐 𝟓, 𝟑 𝟓, 𝟒 𝟓, 𝟓 𝟓, 𝟔 ሽ

𝐄 = ሼ 𝟓, 𝟔 ሽ

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟑𝟔. Two dice are thrown. The probability of getting a sum of 7
points, if it is known that the two dice are showing different
numbers is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟔 𝟓 𝟒 𝟖
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐧𝐨′ 𝐬 = 𝟔 × 𝟓 = 𝟑𝟎
𝐄 = ሼ 𝟐, 𝟓 𝟑, 𝟒 𝟒, 𝟑 𝟓, 𝟐 𝟏, 𝟔 𝟔, 𝟏 ሽ
𝐧(𝐄) = 𝟔
𝐧 𝐄 𝟔 𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = = =
𝐧 𝐒 𝟑𝟎 𝟓 Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟑𝟕. A symmetrical die is thrown 3 times and the sum of points,
thrown is found to be 15. the chance that the 1st throw as a
four is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔
Solution
𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔 + 𝟓, 𝟓, 𝟓 + (𝟔, 𝟔, 𝟑)
𝟑! 𝟑!
= 𝟑! + + = 𝟏𝟎 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔
𝟑! 𝟐!
𝟒 𝒐𝒏 𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔 , 𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟓 = 𝟐 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔
𝟐 𝟏 Key -3
𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 = =
𝟏𝟎 𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟑𝟖. A bag contain 6 white and 4 black balls. Two balls are drawn
at random and one is found to be white. The probability that
the other ball is also white is
𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟗
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑
Solution
𝐀 → 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞
𝐁 → 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐠𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐧
𝐁 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝟔𝑪 𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 = 𝟔𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟒𝑪 𝟏 + 𝟔𝑪 𝟐
𝐀 𝑷(𝑨)
Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟑𝟗. A box contains 10 mangoes out of which 4 are rotten. Two
mangoes are taken together. If one of them is found to be
good, the probability that the other is rotten is
𝟓 𝟕 𝟖 𝟗
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑
Solution
𝐀 → 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞
𝐁 → 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐠𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐧
𝐁 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 =
𝟔𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟒𝑪 𝟏 𝐀 𝐏(𝐀)
𝟖
= =
𝟔𝑪𝟏 . 𝟒𝑪𝟏 + 𝟔𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟑 Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟒𝟎. It is given that there are 53 Fridays in a leap year. Then the
probability that it will have 53 Thursday is
𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟐 𝟕
Solution
𝐀 → 𝟓𝟑 𝐅𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐁 → 𝟓𝟑 𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐫𝐬𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬
𝐀 = ሼ 𝐅, 𝐒 , (𝐓𝐇, 𝐅)ሽ 𝐁 = ሼ 𝐓𝐡, 𝐅 𝐖, 𝐓𝐡 ሽ
𝐁 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝑩)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 =
𝐀 𝑷(𝑨)
𝟏
=
𝟐 Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟒𝟏. It is given that there are 53 Thursdays in a leap year. Then
the probability that it will have 52 Wednesdays is
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟐 𝟓
Solution
𝐀 → 𝟓𝟑 𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐫𝐬𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐁 → 𝟓𝟐 𝐖𝐞𝐝𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬
𝐀 = ሼ 𝐓𝐡, 𝐅 𝐖, 𝐓𝐡 ሽ
𝐁 = ሼ 𝐒, 𝐌 𝐌, 𝐓 (𝐓𝐡, 𝐅)(𝐅, 𝐒𝐚)(𝐒𝐚, 𝐒)ሽ

𝐁 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝑩) 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 = =
𝐀 𝑷(𝑨) 𝟐 Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟒𝟐. It is given that there are 52 Thursdays in a leap year. Then
the probability that it will have 52 Fridays is
𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
Solution
𝐀 → 𝟓𝟐 𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐫𝐬𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐁 → 𝟓𝟐 𝐅𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬
𝐀 = ሼ 𝐒, 𝐌 , 𝐌, 𝐓 , 𝐓, 𝐖 , 𝐅, 𝐒𝐚 , (𝐒𝐚, 𝐒)ሽ
𝐁 = ሼ 𝐒, 𝐌 , 𝐌, 𝐓𝐔 , 𝐓𝐔, 𝐖𝐞𝐝 , 𝐖𝐞𝐝, 𝐓𝐡 , (𝐒𝐚𝐭, 𝐒)ሽ
(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) = ሼ 𝐒, 𝐌 , 𝐌, 𝐓 , 𝐓, 𝐖 , 𝐒𝐚𝐭, 𝑺 ሽ
𝐁 𝐏(𝐀∩𝑩) 𝟒
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 = = Key -2
𝐀 𝑷(𝑨) 𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟏
𝟒𝟑. If A and B are two independent events such that P(A)= and
𝟑
𝟑 𝑩
P(B) = , then 𝑷 =
𝟒 (𝑨∪𝑩)
𝟕 𝟖 𝟗 𝟔
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎

Solution

𝐁 𝐏 𝐁 ∩ (𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) 𝐏(𝐁)
𝐏 = =
𝐀∪𝐁 𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) 𝐏 𝐀 + 𝐩 𝐁 − 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏(𝐁)

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟒𝟒. A class consists of 80 students, 25 of them are girls and 55
boys. 10 of them are rich and remaining poor, 20 of them are
fair complexioned. The probability of selecting a fair
complexioned rich girl from that class is
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓𝟏𝟐 𝟓𝟏𝟐 𝟓𝟏𝟐 𝟓𝟏𝟐
Solution 𝐀 → 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐠𝐢𝐫𝐥
𝐁 → 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧
𝐂 → 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐚𝐢𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐝
𝟐𝟓
𝐏 𝐀 =
𝟖𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟏𝟎
𝐏 𝐁 =
𝟖𝟎
𝟐𝟎
𝐏 𝐂 =
𝟖𝟎
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂 = 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏 𝐁 . 𝐏(𝐂)
𝟐𝟓 𝟏 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁∩𝐂 = . .
𝟖𝟎 𝟖 𝟒
𝟓
𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁∩𝐂 =
𝟓𝟏𝟐

Key -4
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟒𝟓. If the probability of n independent events 𝐀𝟏 , 𝐀𝟐 , 𝐀𝟑 , … 𝐀𝐧
𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐏𝟏 , 𝐏𝟐 , 𝐏𝟑 … 𝐏𝐧 . The probability that at least one of the
events will happen is
𝟏) 𝐏𝟏 𝐏𝟐 𝐏𝟑 … 𝐏𝐧
𝟐) 𝟏 − 𝐏𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐏𝟐 𝟏 − 𝐏𝟑 … . (𝟏 − 𝐏𝐧 )
𝟑) 𝟏 − 𝟏 − 𝐏𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐏𝟐 𝟏 − 𝐏𝟑 … . (𝟏 − 𝐏𝐧 )
𝟒) 𝟏 − 𝐏𝟏 𝐏𝟐 𝐏𝟑 … 𝐏𝐧

Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏(𝑨𝟏 ∪ 𝑨𝟐 ∪ … … 𝑨𝒏 )

PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
= 𝟏 − 𝐏 𝐀𝟏 ∩ 𝐀𝟐 ∩ ⋯ 𝐀𝒏
= 𝟏 − 𝐏 𝐀𝟏 ). 𝐏 𝐀𝟐 . 𝐏(𝐀𝟑 … 𝐏 𝐀𝐧

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟒𝟔. The odds that a book will be reviewed favourably by three
independent critics are 5 to 2, 4 to 3 and 3 to 4 respectively.
The probability that of three reviewers a majority will be
favourable
𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟐𝟎𝟗 𝟑𝟎𝟗
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝟑𝟒𝟑
Solution
𝟓 𝟒 𝟑
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐂 =
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐟𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞
=𝐏 𝐀∩𝑩∩𝑪 ഥ +𝑷 𝑨∩𝑩 ഥ ∩𝑪 +
ഥ∩𝑩∩𝑪 +𝑷 𝑨∩𝑩∩𝑪 Key -3
𝐏 𝑨
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟒𝟕. In the game A and B had to play, the probability of A’s
𝟐 𝟑
winning is , if he had lost the previous game and if he
𝟓 𝟓
had won the previous game. In the middle of series of games,
the probability of A’s winning two games in succession is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
Solution
𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐖𝐖𝐖, 𝐋𝐖𝐖
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏𝟓
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = × + × =
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟐𝟓
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟒𝟖. A symmetrical die is thrown 1st and then two symmetrical dice
are thrown together. The probability that 1st throw was a face
with 6 points upward & the second throw was a sum of 6
points
𝟏 𝟓 𝟓 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟏𝟔
Solution

𝟏 (𝟔 − 𝟏) 𝟓
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = × =
𝟔 𝟑𝟔 𝟐𝟏𝟔

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟒𝟗. Three faces of a fair die are yellow, two faces red and one
blue. The die is thrown twice. The probability that 1st throw
will give an yellow face and the second a blue face is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟔 𝟗 𝟏𝟐 𝟑

Solution
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = × =
𝟔 𝟔 𝟏𝟐

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟓𝟎. H is one of the 6 horses entered for a race and is to be
ridden by one of the two jokeys A and B. It is 2 to 1 that A
rides H in which case all the horses are likely to win. If B
rides H, his chance is trebled. Then the odds against H
winning is
𝟏) 𝟒 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟑 𝟐) 𝟏𝟑 𝐭𝐨 𝟒
𝟑) 𝟏𝟑 𝐭𝐨 𝟓 4) 𝟏𝟑 𝐭𝐨 7
Solution 𝟐 𝟏
𝐩 𝐀 = ,𝐏 𝐁 =
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝐩 𝐇/𝐀 = , 𝐏 𝐇/𝐁 = =
𝟔 𝟔 𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =

𝐇 𝐇
𝐏 𝐇 = 𝐏 𝐀 .𝐏 + 𝐏 𝐁 .𝐏
𝐀 𝐁

ഥ : 𝐏(𝐇)
𝐨𝐝𝐝𝐬 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐭 𝐇 𝐚𝐫𝐞 = 𝐏 𝐇

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟓𝟏. There are 12 unbiased coins in a bag . Out of them 4 coins
have head on both the sides. One coin is selected from the
bag at random and tossed. The probability of getting a head
is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟒
Solution

𝐀 → 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐬

𝟒 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀 = =
𝟏𝟐 𝟑
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟖 𝟐
𝐁 → 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐮𝐧𝐛𝐢𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐏 𝐁 = =
𝟏𝟐 𝟑
𝐇 → 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝

𝐇 𝐇 𝟏
𝐏 = 𝟏, 𝐏 =
𝐀 𝐁 𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝐇 𝐇
𝐏 𝐇 = 𝐏 𝐀 .𝐏 + 𝐏 𝐁 .𝐏
𝐀 𝐁

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟓𝟐. An urn A contains 8 black and 5 white balls. A second urn B
contains 6 black and 7 white balls. A blind folded person is
asked to draw a ball selecting one of the urns, the probability
that the ball drawn is black is….
𝟓 𝟐 𝟕 𝟔
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟔𝟒 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑
Solution
𝟏
𝐏 𝐀 =𝐏 𝐁 =
𝟐

𝑬 𝟖 𝑬 𝟔
𝑬 → 𝒈𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒃𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒌 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑷 = ,𝑷 =
𝑨 𝟏𝟑 𝑩 𝟏𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐢𝐬 𝐏(𝐄)
𝑬 𝑬
𝐏 𝐄 =𝐏 𝐀 𝐏 +𝑷 𝑩 𝑷
𝑨 𝑩

𝟏 𝟖 𝟏 𝟔 𝟕
= × + × =
𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟓𝟑. A purse contains 4 copper and 3 silver coins. The second
purse contain 6 copper and 2 silver coins. A coin is taken out
at random from one of the purses choosing at random. The
probability that it is a copper coin is
𝟐𝟗 𝟏𝟗 𝟑𝟕 𝟗
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓𝟔 𝟓𝟔 𝟓𝟔 𝟓𝟔

Solution
𝟏
𝐏 𝐈 = 𝐏 𝐈𝐈 =
𝟐
𝑪 𝒊𝒔 𝒈𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒏 .
𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝑷(𝑬)
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝑪 𝑪
𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝑷 𝑪 = 𝑷 𝑰 . 𝑷 + 𝑷 𝑰𝑰 . 𝑷
𝑰 𝑰𝑰
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟔 𝟑𝟕
= + =
𝟐 𝟕 𝟐 𝟖 𝟓𝟔

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟓𝟒. There are 2 bags one of which contains 3 black and 4 white
balls, while the other contains 4 black and 3 white balls. A
die is cast, if face 1 or 3 turns up a ball in taken from the
1st bag and if any other face turns up a ball is taken from the
second bag. The probability of choosing a black ball is
𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟔
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏
Solution
𝐀, 𝐁 → 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟐𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐠
𝐄 → 𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥
𝟐 𝟒 𝐄 𝟑 𝑬 𝟒
𝐏 𝐀 = ,𝐩 𝐁 = ,𝐏 = ,P =
𝟔 𝟔 𝐀 𝟕 𝑩 𝟕
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐄 𝐄
𝐏 𝐄 = 𝐏 𝐀 .𝐏 + 𝐏 𝐁 .𝐏
𝐀 𝐁
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒𝟒
𝐏 𝐄 = . + .
𝟔 𝟕 𝟔𝟕

𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = + =
𝟒𝟐 𝟒𝟐 𝟐𝟏

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟓𝟓. There are 2 white and 4 black balls in an urn A and 4 white
and 7 black balls in another urn B. One ball is transferred
from urn A to B. Now one ball is drawn at random from B.
The probability that it is white is
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟗 𝟑𝟗 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟗
Solution 𝐖𝟏 = 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐀
𝐖𝟐 = 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐁
𝐁𝟏 = 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐀
𝟐 𝟒 𝐖𝟐 𝟓
𝐏(𝐖𝟏 ) = 𝑷 𝑩𝟏 = 𝑷 =
𝟔 𝟔 𝐖𝟏 𝟏𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝐖𝟐 𝟒
𝐏 =
𝐁𝟏 𝟏𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐖𝟐 𝐖𝟐
𝐏 𝐖𝟐 = 𝐏 𝐖𝟏 . 𝐏 + 𝐏 𝐁𝟏 . 𝐏
𝐖𝟏 𝐁𝟏
𝟐 𝟓 𝟒 𝟒
𝐏 𝐖𝟐 = . + .
𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟐

𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟑
𝐏 𝐖𝟐 = =
𝟕𝟐 𝟑𝟔
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟓𝟔. A bag contains 6 white and 4 black balls. Another bag
contains 4 white and 6 black balls. A die is rolled and if it
shows a prime number a ball is taken from the 1st bag
otherwise a ball is taken from the second bag. The probability
that the ball drawn is white is
𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟓 𝟓 𝟒
Solution
𝑬𝟏 , 𝑬𝟐 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒈 𝟏, 𝒃𝒂𝒈 𝟐
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝑷 𝑬𝟏 = = , 𝑷 𝑬𝟐 =
𝟔 𝟐 𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝑾 𝟔 𝟑 𝑾 𝟒 𝟐
𝑷 = = ,𝑷 = =
𝑬𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝑬𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟓

𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝑷(𝑾)

𝑾 𝑾
𝑷 𝑾 = 𝑷 𝑬𝟏 𝑷 + 𝑷 𝑬𝟐 𝑷
𝑬𝟏 𝑬𝟐

𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟓 𝟏
= + = =
𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟐

Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟓𝟕. A bag contain apples and oranges , five in all and atleast one
of each, all combinations being equally likely. If one fruit is
selected at random from the bag, assuming all fruits are
distinguishable , the probability that it is an orange is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝟐
Solution
𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐫𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐚𝐠 𝐚𝐫𝐞
𝐄𝟏 → 𝟏 𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐬, 𝟒 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬
𝐄𝟐 → 𝟐 𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐬, 𝟑 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬
𝐄𝟑 → 𝟑 𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐬, 𝟐 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐬
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II

𝐄𝟒 → 𝟒 𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐬, 𝟏 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐞
𝑨 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒖𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆
𝟏
𝐏(𝐄𝟏 ) = 𝐏 𝐄𝟐 = 𝐏 𝐄𝟑 = 𝐏 𝐄𝟒 =
𝟒
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝐏(𝐀/𝐄𝟏 ) = , 𝐏(𝐀/𝐄𝟐 ) = , 𝐏(𝐀/𝐄𝟑 ) = , 𝐏(𝐀/𝐄𝟒 ) =
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟒
𝐀
𝐏(𝐀) = ෍ 𝐏 𝐄𝐢 . 𝐏 = 𝟏/𝟐
𝐄𝐢
𝐢=𝟏
Key -4
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟓𝟖. An unbiased die is tossed until a number greater than 4
appears. The probability that an even number of tosses is
needed is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟓 𝟓 𝟑
Solution
𝐏 = 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 > 𝟒 = 𝟏/𝟑
𝟐
𝐪=𝟏−𝐏=
𝟑
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐪𝐩 + 𝐪𝐪𝐪𝐩 + 𝐪𝟓 𝐏 + ⋯

𝟐 𝟒
𝐩𝐪
= 𝐪𝐩 𝟏 + 𝐪 + 𝐪 + ⋯ = Key -2
𝟏 − 𝐪𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟓𝟗. A and B play a game taking alternative chances, the probability
for a success is p and failure is q. If A takes the first chance,
probability for his success is
𝐪 𝟏
𝐩 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝐩(𝟏 − 𝐩𝟐) 𝟒) 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐 𝟐
(𝟏 − 𝐩 ) 𝟏 − 𝐪
(𝟏 − 𝐪 )
Solution
𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝒑 + 𝒒𝒒𝒑 + 𝒒𝒒𝒒𝒒𝒑 + ⋯
= 𝒑(𝟏 + 𝒒𝟐 + 𝒒𝟒 + ⋯ )
𝒑
=
𝟏 − 𝒒𝟐
Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟔𝟎. A bag contains 50 tickets numbered 1, 2,3….50 of which five
are drawn at random and arranged in ascending order of
magnitude 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐 < 𝒙𝟑 < 𝒙𝟒 < 𝒙𝟓 . The probability that
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟑𝟎 is
𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟐 𝟐𝟗𝑪𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐)
𝟓𝟎𝑪 𝟓𝟎𝑪𝟓
𝟓
𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟐
𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟐 × 𝟐𝟗𝑪𝟐 𝟒)
𝟑) 𝟒𝟓𝑪𝟐
𝟓𝟎𝑪𝟓
Solution
𝐱 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 𝟐 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟏 𝐭𝐨 𝟐𝟗
𝐱 𝟒 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 𝟓 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟑𝟏 𝐭𝐨 𝟓𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II

𝒏 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟗𝑪𝟐 × 𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟐

𝐧 𝐒 = (𝐧𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟓 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟏 𝐭𝐨 𝟓𝟎) = 𝟓𝟎𝑪𝟓

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟔𝟏. Three group of children contain respectively 3 girls & 1 boy; 2
girls & 2 boys; 1 girl & 3 boys. One child is selected at
random from each group. The chance that the three selected
children consists of one girl and 2 boys is
𝟗 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟑 𝟕
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐
Solution
𝐈 → 𝟑 𝐠𝐢𝐫𝐥𝐬, 𝟏 𝐛𝐨𝐲
𝐈𝐈 → 𝟐 𝐠𝐢𝐫𝐥𝐬, 𝟐 𝐛𝐨𝐲𝐬

𝐈𝐈𝐈 → 𝟏 𝐠𝐢𝐫𝐥, 𝟑 𝐛𝐨𝐲𝐬

𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐆𝐁𝐁, 𝐁𝐆𝐁, 𝐁𝐁𝐆
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟑𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟐𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟑𝑪 𝟏 + 𝟏𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟐𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟑𝑪 𝟏 + 𝟏𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟐𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟏𝑪 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟒𝑪𝟏 . 𝟒𝑪𝟏 . 𝟒𝑪𝟏
𝟏𝟖 + 𝟔 + 𝟐 𝟐𝟔 𝟏𝟑
= = =
𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟑𝟐

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟔𝟐. A die is rolled three times. Find the probability of getting a
large number than the previous number is
𝟏𝟓 𝟏 𝟏𝟑 𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟖 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝟓𝟒
Solution
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟔𝑪 𝟑
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟔𝟑
𝐧(𝐄)
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝐧(𝐒)
𝟔𝑪 𝟑
𝐏 𝐄 = 𝟑 Key -4
𝟔
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟔𝟑. S is sample space. 𝐒 = 𝐗 ∈ 𝐍/𝟏 ≤ 𝐗 ≤ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝
𝐄 = 𝒙/(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟏) ∈ 𝐬 ,then P(E)=

𝟑 𝟕 𝟗 𝟔
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐄 = 𝟐, 𝟑, , 𝟒, 𝟓 … 𝟏𝟎 , 𝐧 𝐄 =𝟗
𝐧(𝐄)
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝐧(𝐒)
𝟗
𝐏 𝐄 = Key -3
𝟏𝟎𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟔𝟒. A letter is taken out at random from the word ASSISTANT and
an other from STATISTICS. The probability that they are the
same letter is
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟗𝟎 𝟗𝟎 𝟗𝟎 𝟗𝟎
Solution
𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐓 → 𝟏

𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐒 → 𝟐
𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐀𝟏 𝐀𝟐; 𝐒𝟏 𝐒𝟐; 𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟐; 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =

𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟗
× + × + × + × =
𝟗 𝟏𝟎 𝟗 𝟏𝟎 𝟗 𝟏𝟎 𝟗 𝟏𝟎 𝟗𝟎

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟔𝟓. If a number x is selected from the 1st 100 natural numbers at
𝟏𝟎𝟎
random, then the probability that 𝒙 + > 𝟓𝟎 is
𝒙
𝟗 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟎 𝟐 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
Solution 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐄: 𝒙 + > 𝟓𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝟎𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 > 𝟎
𝒙
⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝟒𝟖, 𝟒𝟗, … , 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒏 𝑬 = 𝟐 + 𝟓𝟑 = 𝟓𝟓
𝒏(𝑬) 𝟓𝟓 𝟏𝟏
𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝑷 𝑬 = = = Key -3
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟔𝟔. Two numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’ are chosen at random from the
numbers 1, 2,3,….30. the chance that 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 is divisible by ‘3’
is
𝟗 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟓 𝟒𝟕
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟖𝟕 𝟖𝟕 𝟖𝟕 𝟖𝟕

Solution 𝑾𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒏 𝑺 = 𝟑𝟎𝑪𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓 × 𝟐𝟗

𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝟑𝟎 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝟑 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑𝒔𝑮𝟏 , 𝑮𝟐 , 𝑮𝟑
𝑮𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟕, … , 𝟐𝟖
𝑮𝟐 = 𝟐, 𝟓, 𝟖, … , 𝟐𝟗
𝑮𝟑 = 𝟑, 𝟔, 𝟗, … , 𝟑𝟎
𝑬: 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒂 − 𝒃 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝑺𝟏 𝑺𝟐 𝑺𝟑 𝑺𝟏 &𝑺𝟐
𝐄 𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐬: + + +
𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟏

𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔 𝒏 𝑬 = 𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟏 = 𝟐𝟑𝟓

𝒏(𝑬) 𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟒𝟕
𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝑷 𝑬 = = =
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟏𝟓 × 𝟐𝟗𝟗 𝟖𝟕

Key -4
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟔𝟕. If the letters of the word RANDOM be arranged at random ,
the probability that there are exactly 2 letters in between A
and O is
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
Solution

𝑨 … . . 𝑶 +…..A
𝟒𝑷𝟐 𝟑! + 𝟒𝑷𝟐 𝟑! = 𝟐 𝟒𝑷𝟐 (𝟑!)
𝒏(𝑬) 𝟐 𝟒𝑷𝟐 × 𝟑! 𝟏
𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝑷 𝑬 = = =
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟔! 𝟓 Key -4
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟔𝟖. If the letters of the word QUESTION are arranged at random ,
the probability that there are exactly 2 letters in between Q
and O is
𝟔𝒑 𝟐 𝟔𝒑𝟐 × 𝟓! 𝟔𝒑𝟐 × 𝟓! × 𝟐 𝟔𝒑 𝟐 × 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟖! 𝟖! 𝟖! 𝟖!
Solution
𝑸 − −𝑶 𝒐𝒓 𝑶 − −𝑸
𝟔𝑷𝟐 × 𝟓! + 𝟔𝑷𝟐 × 𝟓! = 𝟐 𝟓! × 𝟔𝑷𝟐

𝒏(𝑬) 𝟐(𝟓! × 𝟔𝑷𝟐 )

𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝑷 𝑬 = =
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟖!
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟔𝟗. If four letters are placed into 4 addressed envelopes at
random, the probability that at least one letter will go wrong
is
𝟏 𝟑 𝟐𝟑 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒
Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐠𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭
𝟏
=𝟏−
𝟒!

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟕𝟎. If four letters are placed into 4 addressed envelopes at
random, the probability that exactly two letters will go wrong
is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒) 𝟎
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒

Solution
𝟒𝑷 𝟐 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟒! 𝟐!

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟕𝟏. If four letters are placed into 4 addressed envelopes at
random, the probability that exactly three letters will go
wrong is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒) 𝟎
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒

Solution

𝟒𝑷 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = −
𝟒! 𝟐! 𝟑!

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟕𝟐. 4 newely wedded couples are dancing at a function, if the
partner is selected at random then the chance that no
husband is dancing with his own wife is
𝟗 𝟏𝟓 𝟐𝟑 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒
Solution
𝟒𝑷 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = − +
𝟒! 𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒!

Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟕𝟑. Three newly wedded couples are dancing at a function, if the
partner is selected at random the chance that at least one
husband is not dancing with his own wife is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑 𝟔 𝟔 𝟑
Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐮𝐬𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡
𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐰𝐢𝐟𝐞
𝟏
=𝟏− =𝟓
𝟑! 𝟔
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟕𝟒. 5 letters are to be placed in 5 addressed envelopes at random.
The probability that all the 5 letters will go wrong is
𝟓 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎

Solution
𝟓𝑷 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟓! 𝟐! − 𝟑! + 𝟒! − 𝟓!

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟕𝟓. The probability that the birthdays of 6 boys will fall in two
calender months is
𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟐 × 𝟐𝟔 𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟐 × 𝟐𝟔 − 𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟐 × 𝟐𝟔 − 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟔 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟐𝟔
Solution

𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐡𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟏𝟐 𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟐 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐞

𝟔 𝐛𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐡𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝟐 𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐡𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐧𝐨 𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐲
𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟔 − 𝟐 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬
𝐧(𝐄) = 𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟐 𝟐𝟔 − 𝟐
𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟐 𝟐𝟔 − 𝟐
𝐏(𝐄) =
𝟏𝟐𝟔 Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟕𝟔. The probability that the birthdays of 6 boys will fall exactly in
3 calender months is
𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟑 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟑 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟑 (𝟏𝟗𝟐) 𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟑 𝟓𝟒𝟎
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟐𝟔

Solution
𝐧(𝐒) = 𝟏𝟐𝟔

𝐧(𝐄) = 𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟑 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟑𝑪𝟏 𝟐 𝟔 + 𝟑𝑪 𝟐 𝟏 𝟔

Key -4
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟕𝟕. 2n boys are randomly divided into two subgroups containing n
boys each. The probability that the two tallest boys are in
different groups is
𝟏 𝐧 (𝐧 − 𝟏) 𝟐𝐧
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟐𝐧 − 𝟏 (𝟐𝐧 − 𝟏) 𝟐𝐧 − 𝟏

Solution

𝟐𝐧 ! 𝟐𝐧 − 𝟐 !
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟐
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟐
× 𝟐!
𝐧! 𝟐! (𝐧 − 𝟏) ! 𝟐!

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟕𝟖. Out of 1st 30 natural numbers (i.e., 1 to 30) three are selected
at random. The probability that they are consecutive numbers
𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝟏 𝟐𝟖 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟓
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟑𝟎𝑪𝟑

𝐄 = ሼ 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒 … . 𝟐𝟖, 𝟐𝟗, 𝟑𝟎 ሽ
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟐𝟖
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟐𝟖
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟑𝟎𝐂𝟑
Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟕𝟗. Out of 1st 30 natural numbers (i.e., 1 to 30) three are selected
at random. The probability that they are not consecutive
numbers
𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝟏 𝟐𝟖 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟓
Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐲 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
𝟏
=𝟏−
𝟏𝟒𝟓
𝟏𝟒𝟒 Key -1
=
𝟏𝟒𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟖𝟎. The numbers 1, 2,3,4……n are arranged in a row at random.
The probability that the digits 1,2 ,3…..k(k < n) appear as
neighbours is
𝐧−𝐤+𝟏 !
𝐧−𝐤+𝟏 ! 𝟐)
𝟏) 𝐧−𝐤 !
𝐧!
𝐧 − 𝐤 + 𝟏 ! 𝒌! 𝐧 − 𝐤 + 𝟏 ! 𝒌!
𝟑) 𝟒)
𝐧! 𝐧−𝐤 !
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝐧! 𝐧 𝐄 = 𝐧 − 𝐤 + 𝟏 !. 𝐤!
𝐧(𝐄) 𝐧 − 𝐤 + 𝟏 !. 𝐤!
𝐏 𝐄 = 𝐏 𝐄 =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝐧!
Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟖𝟏. The numbers 1,2,3,4…..n are arranged in a row at random.
The probability that the digits 1, 2, 3….k (k<n) appear as
neighbours in that order is
∠(𝐧 − 𝐤 + 𝟏) ∠(𝐧 − 𝐤 + 𝟏)
𝟏) 𝟐)
∠𝐧 ∠(𝐧 − 𝐤)
∠(𝐧 − 𝐤 + 𝟏)∠𝐤 ∠(𝐧 − 𝐤 + 𝟏)∠𝐤
𝟑) 𝟒)
∠𝐧 ∠(𝐧 − 𝐤)

Solution
𝐧−𝐤+𝟏 !
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐧!
Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟖𝟐. Cards are drawn from a pack one by one. The probability
that exactly 10 cards will be drawn before the first ace is
𝟐𝟒𝟏 𝟏𝟔𝟒 𝟒𝟓𝟏 𝟐𝟒𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟔 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝟖𝟖𝟒 𝟐𝟎𝟔𝟓

Solution

𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟎 𝟒𝑪 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = ×
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟎 𝟒𝟐𝑪𝟏

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟖𝟑. A person draws a card from a pack replaces it shuffles the
pack, again draws a card replaces it and draws again. This he
does until he draws a heart. The probability that he will have
to make atleast four draws is
𝟐𝟕 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝟐𝟕 𝟑𝟕
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒

Solution
𝟑𝟗 𝟑𝟗 𝟑𝟗
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = × × ×𝟏 ×𝟏… =
𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟖𝟒. 5 digited numbers are form by using {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. The
probability that the selected number is divisible by 6 is
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟓 𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟎
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟓 × 𝟓!
𝑨 five digit number is divisible by 6 if number is formed with
(1 2 3 4 5)or (0 1 2 4 5) having even digit at the end
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟐 × 𝟒! + 𝟒! + 𝟐 𝟒! − 𝟑! = 𝟏𝟎𝟖

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟖𝟓. One ticket is selected at random from 100 tickets numbered
00, 01, 02,…..99. If S and T are the sum and product of the
digits formed on the ticket then the probability for S=7 and
T=6 is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒𝟗
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓𝟎 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟓𝟎
Solution
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐒 = ሼ𝟎𝟕, 𝟏𝟔, 𝟐𝟓, 𝟑𝟒, 𝟒𝟑, 𝟓𝟐, 𝟔𝟏, 𝟕𝟎ሽ

𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐓 = 𝟔ሽ = ሼ𝟏 𝟔, 𝟐 𝟑, 𝟑 𝟐, 𝟔 𝟏ሽ
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐒 = 𝟕 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐓 = 𝟔 = ሼ𝟏𝟔, 𝟔𝟏ሽ

𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏
=
𝟓𝟎

Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟖𝟔. In the quadratic equation 𝐚𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, the coefficients a,
b, c take distinct values from the set {1, 2, 3}. The probability
that the roots of the equation are real is
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟑×𝟐×𝟏 =𝟔
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚, 𝐛, 𝐜 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 ≥ 𝟎
= ሼ(𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟐)(𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟏)ሽ
𝐧 𝐄 =𝟐
Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟖𝟕. Given two events A and B, if the odds against A are 2 to 1,
and those in favour of A⋃B are 3 to 1, then
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏) ≤ 𝑷(𝑩) ≤ 𝟐) ≤ 𝑷(𝑩) ≤
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
𝟓 𝟑 𝟒) 𝟎 ≤ 𝑷(𝑩) ≤1
𝟑) ≤ 𝑷(𝑩) ≤
𝟏𝟐 𝟒
Solution
𝟏 𝟑
𝐏 𝐀 = ,𝐩 𝐀∪𝐁 = , 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) ≥ 𝟎
𝟑 𝟒
𝐏 𝐀 + 𝑷 𝑩 − 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) ≥ 𝟎
𝟓
𝐏 𝐁 ≥
𝟏𝟐
𝐏 𝐁 ≤ 𝑷 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 ⇒ 𝑷(𝑩) ≤ 𝟑/𝟒 Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟖𝟖. A student appears for test I, II and III. The student is
successful if he passes either in tests I and II or test I and
III . The probabilities of the student passing in test I, II and III
𝟏
are p , q and respectively. If the probability that the student
𝟐
𝟏
is successful is then
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝐩 = 𝐪 = 𝟏 𝟐) 𝐩 = 𝐪 = 𝟑) 𝐩 = 𝟏, 𝐪 = 𝟎 𝟒) 𝐩 = 𝟏, 𝐪 =
𝟐 𝟐
Solution

𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏, 𝐏 𝐁 =q
𝟏
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑷 𝑪 =
𝟐
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟏
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬 = 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂ത + 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁
ഥ∩𝐂 +𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁∩𝐂 =
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
⇒ 𝒑𝒒 +𝒑 𝟏−𝒒 + 𝒑𝒒 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
⇒ 𝒑𝒒 + 𝒑 𝟏 − 𝒒 + 𝒑𝒒=1

⇒ 𝒑𝒒 + 𝒑=1
(𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟑 )

Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟖𝟗. If the papers of 4 students can be checked by any one of the
seven teachers, then the probability that all the papers are
checked by exactly two teachers is
𝟔 𝟑𝟐 𝟗 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒𝟗 𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝟐𝟓 𝟑𝟒𝟑
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟕𝟒
𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟕 𝐢𝐧 𝟕𝐂𝟐 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟒 𝐩𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐛𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐝
𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟒 − 𝟐 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟕𝑪𝟐 (𝟐𝟒 − 𝟐) Key -1

PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟗𝟎. The chance of an event happening is the square of the chance
of a second event but the odds against the first are the cube
of the odds against the second. The chance of each event is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) , 𝟐) , 𝟑) , 𝟒) ,
𝟗 𝟑 𝟖 𝟒 𝟗 𝟕 𝟐 𝟒
Solution
𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐩 = 𝐪𝟐
𝟑
(𝟏 − 𝐏) 𝟏−𝐪
=
𝐏 𝐪
𝟏 − 𝐪𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝐪) 𝟏 − 𝐪 𝟐

𝟐
=
𝐪 𝐪𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
⇒ 𝟏 + 𝐪 𝐪 = 𝟏 + 𝐪𝟐 − 𝟐𝐪

𝟏 𝟏
⇒𝐪= 𝐩=
𝟑 𝟗

Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟗𝟏. S = {1, 2, 3,…….20} if 3 numbers are chosen at random from S,
the probability for they are in A.P. is
𝟑 𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟑 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟖 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟖

Solution
𝟑
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝟐𝐧 = 𝟐𝟎
𝟐(𝟐𝐧 − 𝟏)

Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟗𝟐. A box contains 100 tickets numbered 1,2, …..100. two tickets
are chosen at random. It is given that the maximum number
on the two chosen tickets is not more than 10. the probability
that the minimum number on them is 5 is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟐 𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟏 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐚𝐫𝐞
≤ 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟐 𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭𝐬𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟏 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐢𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐧𝐞
𝐢𝐬 𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐬 > 𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ≤ 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝑪𝟏
Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟗𝟑. A positive integer is selected at random. If A be the event that
it is divisible by 5 and B be the event that it has zero at the
units place, then 𝐀 ∪ 𝑩ഥ is
𝟏) 𝐀𝐧 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝟐) 𝐀 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 ഥ∩𝑩
𝟑) 𝑨

𝟒) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐚 𝐧𝐨 − 𝐳𝐞𝐫𝐨 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞

Solution 𝑩⊆𝑨
ഥ=𝑺
𝑨∪𝑩

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟗𝟒. The probability that a certain beginner at golf gets a good
𝟏
shot if he uses the correct club is and the probability of a
𝟑
𝟏
good shot with incorrect club is . In his bag there are 5
𝟒
different clubs, only one of which is correct for the shot in
question . If he uses a club at random and takes a stroke the
probability that he gets a good shot is

𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐)
𝟑 𝟏𝟐
𝟒 𝟕
𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
Solution
𝐄𝟏 , 𝐄𝟐 → 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐛, 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐛
𝐀 → 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐠𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐭
𝟏 𝟒
𝐏 𝑬𝟏 = 𝑷 𝑬𝟐 =
𝟓 𝟓𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝐏 𝑨𝟏 /𝑬𝟏 = 𝑷 𝑨𝟐 /𝑬𝟐 =
𝟑 𝟒
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐀𝟏 𝐀𝟐
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏 𝐄𝟏 . 𝐏 + 𝐏 𝐄𝟐 . 𝐏
𝐄𝟏 𝐄𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀 = . + . Key -3
𝟓 𝟑 𝟓 𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟗𝟓. First bag contains 5 red and 4 white balls. Second bag contains
7 red and 5 white balls. One ball is drawn from the first bag
and two balls are drawn from the second bag. The probability
that out of 3 balls drawn, two are white and one is red is
𝟗𝟓 𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝟗𝟓 𝟗𝟎
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓𝟗𝟒 𝟐𝟗𝟕 𝟐𝟗𝟕 𝟓𝟗𝟒

Solution
𝐑 𝟏 , 𝐖𝟏 → 𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐛𝐚𝐠
𝐑 𝟐 , 𝐖𝟐 → 𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐠
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II

𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐑 𝟏 𝐖𝟐 𝐖𝟐 , 𝐖𝟏 𝐑 𝟐 𝐖𝟐

𝟓 𝟓𝑪𝟐 𝟒 𝟕𝑪𝟏 . 𝟓𝑪𝟏

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = . + .
𝟗 𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟐 𝟗 𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟐

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟗𝟔. Five horses are in a race. Mr. A selects two of the horses at
random and best on them. The probability that Mr. A selected
the winning horse is
𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓

Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐀 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐬𝐞

𝟏𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟒𝑪 𝟏
=
𝟓𝑪 𝟐

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟗𝟕. Two integers x and y are chosen with replacement out of the
set {0, 1, 2, 3…..,10}. Then the probability that 𝒙 − 𝒚 > 𝟓 is
𝟖𝟏 𝟑𝟎 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟎
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝟏
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏
𝟎, 𝟔 𝟏, 𝟕 𝟐, 𝟖 (𝟑, 𝟗)(𝟒, 𝟏𝟎)
𝐄=
𝟎, 𝟕 𝟏, 𝟖 𝟐, 𝟗 𝟑, 𝟏𝟎 … (𝟎, 𝟏𝟎)

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟐 × σ𝟓
Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟗𝟖. A contest consists of predicting the result of (win, draw or
loss) 5 foot ball matches. The probability that an entry
contains at least 3 correct answers is
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕 𝟗
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟒𝟑 𝟖𝟏 𝟐𝟕 𝟏𝟕

Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟑𝟓

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟓𝑪 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟓𝑪 𝟒 𝟐 + 𝟓𝑪 𝟓

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟗𝟗. A determinant is chosen at random from the set of all
determinants of order 2 with elements 0 or 1 only. The
probability that the determinant is positive is
𝟑 𝟑 𝟓 𝟕
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖
Solution

𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟐𝟒
𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
𝐄= , ,
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏

Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟏𝟎𝟎. A determinant is chosen at random from the set of all
determinants of order 2 with elements 0 or 1 only. The
probability that the determinant is negative is
𝟑 𝟑 𝟓 𝟕
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟐𝟒 𝐧 𝐄 =𝟑
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 , ,
𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟑
𝐏 𝐄 = = Key -1
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟏𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
1. A magical die is so loaded that the probability of any face appearing is
proportional to the number of points on its face. The probability of an
odd number appearing is

𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕

Solution
P 𝐊 = 𝐂𝐊

P 𝟏 + 𝐏 𝟐 + ⋯+ 𝐏 𝟔 = 𝟏
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
2. A magical die is so loaded that the probability of any face appearing is
proportional to the number of points on its face. The probability of an
even number appearing is
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕

Solution
𝐏 𝑲 =CK
𝑷 𝟏 + 𝑷 𝟐 + ⋯+ 𝑷 𝟔 = 𝟏
𝟏𝟐 𝟒
𝑷 𝟐 +𝑷 𝟒 +𝑷 𝟔 = =
𝟐𝟏 𝟕
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
3. A fair die is thrown untill a face with less than 5 points is obtained.
The probability of obtaining not less than 2 points on the last throw is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟖

Solution

𝐒 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒 𝐄 = ሼ𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒ሽ
𝐧(𝐄)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐧(𝐒)
𝟑
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
4. A six faced die is so biased that it is twice as likely to show an even
number as an odd number when thrown. It is thrown twice. The
probability that the sum of the numbers thrown is even is
𝟏 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟑 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗
Solution
𝑨 → 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 ; 𝑩 → 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓
𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝑷 𝑨 = 𝟐𝑷(𝑩)
𝟏 𝟐
𝑾𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝑷 𝑨 + 𝑷 𝑩 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝑷 𝑩 = , 𝑷 𝑨 =
𝟑 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
𝑷 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 = . + . =
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟗
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
5. Two symmetrical dice are rolled. The probability that at least one of
the two numbers is greater than 4 is
𝟒 𝟓 𝟕 𝟑
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟑

Solution
𝐧(𝐄)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐧(𝐒)
𝒏 𝑺 = 𝟔 × 𝟔 = 𝟑𝟔
𝒏 𝑬 =20
𝟐𝟎 𝟓
𝑷 𝑬 = =
𝟑𝟔 𝟗
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
6. The chance of throwing a sum of 6 points with 4 dice is
𝟔 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟓 𝟓
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒

Solution

𝐅𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 (, , , ) − (𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬) (, , , ) − ( 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬)

𝟏𝟎
Required Probability =
𝟔𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
7. When two dice are thrown one after an other, the chance that the
number of points on the 1st is smaller than the number of points on
the second is
𝟏 𝟕 𝟑 𝟓
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐 𝟏𝟖 𝟒 𝟏𝟐

Solution
𝒏 𝑺 = 𝟔 × 𝟔 = 𝟑𝟔
𝒏 𝑬 =15
𝟏𝟓 𝟓
𝑷 𝑬 = =
𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
8. Six cards are drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of 52
playing cards. The probability that four of them may have the same
face value is
𝟒𝐂𝟏 ×𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟏 ×𝟒𝟖𝐂𝟐 𝟒𝐂𝟏 ×𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟏
𝟒𝐂𝟏 ×𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟏 ×𝟒𝟖𝐂𝟐 𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟏 ×𝟒𝟖𝐂𝟐 4)
1) 2) 3) 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑
𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟔 𝟓𝟐
𝐂𝟔 𝟓𝟐𝐂
𝟏𝟑

Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟔 ; 𝒏 𝑬 = 𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟏 . 𝟒𝑪𝟒 . 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟐
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟏 . 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟐
𝑷 𝑬 =
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
9. The probability of getting 9 cards of the same suit by a particular
hand at a game of bridge is
𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟗 𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟗 ×𝟑𝟗𝐂𝟒 𝟒𝐂𝟏 ×𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟗 ×𝟑𝟗𝐂𝟒 𝟒𝐂𝟏 ×𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟗
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑

Solution
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝟒 𝐬𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐬𝐮𝐢𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟑 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬

𝟒𝐂𝟏 . 𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟗 . 𝟑𝟗𝐂𝟒

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
10. In a hand at whist, the probability that 4 queens are held by a
specified player is
𝟒×𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟗 𝟒𝟖𝐂𝟗 𝟒×𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟑 𝟐×𝟒𝟖𝐂𝟏𝟑
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑

Solution
𝟒𝐂𝟒 . 𝟒𝟖𝐂𝟗
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
11. In a game of bridge the probability of a particular player having
only one ace is
𝟒𝑪 𝟏 𝟒𝐂𝟏 ×𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟐 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟐 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟐
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑

Solution

𝟒𝐂𝟏 . 𝟒𝟖𝐂𝟏𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
12. In a game of bridge, the player A has received two aces. The
probability that his partner has not been dealt even one ace is
𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟑 𝟑𝟕𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟑𝟕𝑪𝟏𝟑 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟑
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟑𝟗𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑

Solution
𝐀𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐀 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝟑 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬, 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 = 𝟗

𝐇𝐢𝐬 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐧𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝟑 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐧𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝟑𝟕𝐂𝟏𝟑
=
𝟑𝟗𝐂𝟏𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
13. In a game of bridge, the player A has received two aces. The
probability that his partner has been dealt, exactly one ace is
𝟒𝑪𝟏 ×𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝑪𝟏 ×𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝑪𝟏 ×𝟑𝟕𝑪𝟏𝟐 𝟒𝑪𝟏 ×𝟑𝟕𝑪𝟏𝟐
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟑 𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟑𝟗𝐂𝟏𝟑 𝟑𝟗𝑪𝟏𝟑

Solution

𝐀𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐀 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟑 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬, 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 = 𝟗

𝐇𝐢𝐬 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐧𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝟑 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐜𝐞

𝟐𝑪𝟏 × 𝟑𝟕𝑪𝟏𝟐
𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝟑𝟗𝑪𝟏𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
14. Two cards are drawn one after another at random without
replacement. The probability that both of them may have the
different face values is
𝟒 𝟏𝟐
1) 2)
𝟔
3)
𝟏𝟔 4)
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟕

Solution

𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟐 𝟒𝐂𝟏 . 𝟒𝐂𝟏 × 𝟐

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟓𝟐𝐂𝟏 . 𝟓𝟏𝐂𝟏
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
ഥ∪𝐁
15. If 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 then 𝐏 𝐀 ഥ is equal to

1) 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐 2) 0.14 3) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒 4) 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐

Solution

ഥ∪𝐁
𝐏 𝐀 ഥ = 𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 = 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
16. In a class of 125 students, 70 passed in mathematics, 55 in statistics
and 30 in both. The probability that a student selected at random
from that class, has passed in only one subject is
𝟏𝟑 𝟑 𝟏𝟕 𝟖
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓

Solution

𝟕𝟎 𝟓𝟓 𝟑𝟎
𝐏 𝐌 = 𝐏 𝐒 = 𝐏 𝐌∩𝐒 =
𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐌 + 𝐏 𝐒 − 𝟐𝐏(𝐌 ∩ 𝐒)

PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟕𝟎 𝟓𝟓 𝟑𝟎
+ −𝟐×
𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝟕𝟎 𝟓𝟓 𝟑𝟎
+ −𝟐×
𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝟕𝟎 + 𝟓𝟓 − 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟓
= = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐
𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓

KEY : 1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
17. 5 unbiased coins are tossed. The probability that 4 heads result, if
it is known that there will be atleast 3 heads is
𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟐
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔

Solution

𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟒 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐬

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝟑 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐬

𝟓𝐂 𝟒 𝟓
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = =
𝟓𝐂𝟑 + 𝟓𝐂𝟒 + 𝟓𝐂𝟓 𝟏𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
18. Two symmetrical dice are thrown at a time. If the sum of the
points on them is 8, the probability that one of them will show a
face with 3 points is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
Solution
𝐒 = ሼ 𝟐, 𝟔 𝟑, 𝟓 𝟒, 𝟒 𝟓, 𝟑 𝟔, 𝟐 ሽ
𝐄 = ሼ 𝟑, 𝟓 𝟓, 𝟑 ሽ
𝐧(𝐄)
𝐏(𝐄) =
𝐧(𝐒)
𝟐
𝐏(𝐄) =
𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
19. Two symmetrical dice are rolled. If the numbers thrown up on
them are different, the probability of getting an even number as
the sum of the numbers is
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓

Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟔 × 𝟓 = 𝟑𝟎
𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐬 𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝟒 𝐨𝐫 𝟔 𝐨𝐫 𝟖 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟎 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟐

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟏 + 𝟑 + 𝟓 + 𝟓 + 𝟑 + 𝟏 − 𝟔 = 𝟏𝟐
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏𝟐 𝟐
𝐏 𝐄 = = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟑𝟎 𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
20. A symmetrical die is thrown 3 times. It was found that the 1st throw
was a 4. The probability that the sum of points on them is 15 is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐 𝟒 𝟏𝟖 𝟗

Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟒 𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐞 = 𝟑𝟔

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝟏𝟓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟒 𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐞 = 𝟐

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟐 𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟖
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
21. Three dice are rolled. If no two dice show the same face, the
probability that one die shows one is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟖

Solution

𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟔 × 𝟓 × 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟏 × 𝟓 × 𝟒 + 𝟓 × 𝟏 × 𝟒 + 𝟓 × 𝟒 × 𝟏 = 𝟔𝟎

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟔𝟎 𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
22. In a bag there are 6 white and 4 black balls. Two balls are drawn one
after an other without replacement. If the 1st ball is known to be
white, the probability that the 2nd ball drawn is also white is
𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟖
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟏𝟑

Solution
𝐁 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 =
𝐀 𝐏(𝐀)
𝟔×𝟓 𝟓
= =
𝟔×𝟒+𝟔×𝟓 𝟗
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
23. It is given that there are 52 Fridays in a leap year. The probability
that it will have 53 Saturdays is
𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
Solution
𝐀 → 𝟓𝟐 𝐅𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐁 → 𝟓𝟑 𝐒𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬
𝐀 → ሼ 𝐒, 𝐌 𝐌, 𝐓 𝐓, 𝐖 𝐖, 𝐓𝐡 𝐒𝐚, 𝐒 ሽ
𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 = ሼ 𝐒𝐚, 𝐒 ሽ
𝐁 𝐏(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 = =
𝐀 𝐏(𝐀) 𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
24. An electric bulb will last for 150 days or more with a probability 0.7
and it will last for at the most 160 days with probability 0.8. The
probability that the bulb will last between 150 and 160 days is
1) 𝟎. 𝟏 2) 𝟎. 𝟑 3) 𝟎. 𝟓 4) 𝟎. 𝟒

Solution
𝐏 𝐄 ≥ 𝟏𝟓𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟕
𝐏 𝐄 ≤ 𝟏𝟔𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟖

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =

𝐏 𝟏𝟓𝟎 ≤ 𝐄 ≤ 𝟏𝟔𝟎 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
25. The Intermediate Board has to select an examiner from a list of 100
persons. 40 of them women and 60 men; 50 of them knowing Telugu
and 50 are not; 75 of them are teachers and the remaining are not.
The probability that the University selects a telugu knowing woman
teacher is
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏𝟕 𝟐
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎

Solution

𝐀 → 𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐧
𝐁 → 𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐮𝐠𝐮 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧
𝐂 → 𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐫.
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟒𝟎
𝐏 𝐀 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟓𝟎
𝐏 𝐁 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟕𝟓
𝐏 𝐂 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐏 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂 = 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏 𝐁 . 𝐏(𝐂)
𝟒𝟎 𝟓𝟎 𝟕𝟓
= . .
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 KEY : 2
𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
=𝟒× . =
𝟐𝟎 𝟒 𝟐𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
26. A and B are two independent events. The probability that both A and
𝟏 𝟏
B occur is and the probability that neither of them occur is . The
𝟔 𝟑
probability of occurrence of A is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) 𝐨𝐫 2) 𝐨𝐫 3) 𝐨𝐫 4) 𝐨𝐫
𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟒 𝟓

Solution
𝟏 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁 = ഥ∩𝐁
𝐏 𝐀 ഥ =
𝟔 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
𝐏 𝑨 .𝐏 𝐁 = ഥ∩𝐁
𝐏 𝐀 ഥ =
𝟔 𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟖
ഥ∩𝐁 =
27. A and B are two independent events such that 𝐩 𝐀 and
𝟐𝟓
ഥ = 𝟑 , then P(A)=
𝐏 𝐀∩𝐁
𝟐𝟓
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
1) 𝐨𝐫 2) 𝐨𝐫 3) 𝐨𝐫 4) 𝐨𝐫
𝟓 𝟓 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟓 𝟒 𝟓

Solution
𝟖
ഥ .𝐏 𝐁 =
𝐏 𝑨 −−− −(𝟏)
𝟐𝟓
𝟑
ഥ
𝐏 𝑨 .𝐏 𝑩 = −−− −(𝟐)
𝟐𝟓
𝟏 𝟑
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝟏 & 𝟐 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕 𝑷 𝑨 = 𝒐𝒓
𝟓 𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟐
28. ofstudents of a class are boys and the rest girls. It is given that the
𝟑
probability of a girl getting 1st class is 0.25 and the same for a boy is
0.28. From that class a student is selected at random. The probability
that the student is a 1st class student
1) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 2) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔 3) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕 4) 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖
Solution 𝟐 𝟏
𝐏 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐆 =
𝟑 𝟑
𝐏 𝐄/𝐆 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓

𝐏 𝐄/𝐁 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐄 𝐄
𝐏 𝐄 = 𝐏 𝐁 .𝐏 + 𝐏 𝐆 .𝐏
𝐁 𝐆
𝟐 𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = × (𝟎. 𝟐𝟖) + × (𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝟑
𝟏
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕
𝟑
𝐏 𝐄 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
29. An urn A contains 8 black and 5 white balls. A second urn B contains
6 black and 7 white balls. A blind folded person is asked to draw a
ball selecting one of the urns, the probability that the ball drawn is
white is
𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟗
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑

Solution
𝐀, 𝐁 → 𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐀, 𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐁
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏 𝐁 = 𝟏/𝟐
𝐖 𝟓
𝐖 → 𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐏 =
𝐀 𝟏𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝐖 𝟕
𝐏 =
𝐁 𝟏𝟑
𝐖 𝐖
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏 + 𝐏 𝐁 .𝐏
𝐀 𝑩
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟕
= . + .
𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝟐 𝟏𝟑

𝟓 + 𝟕 𝟏𝟐 𝟔
= =
𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟔 𝟏𝟑

KEY : 2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
30. There are 3 white and 2 black balls in a bag X and 2 white and 4
black balls in an other bag Y. If a bag is selected at random and then
a ball is drawn at random, the probability that it is white is
𝟐 𝟒 𝟕 𝟖
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓

Solution 𝟏 𝟏
𝐏 𝐗 = ,𝑷 𝒀 =
𝟐 𝟐
𝑬 → 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍

𝑬 𝑬 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟕
𝑷 𝑬 =𝑷 𝑿 𝑷 +𝑷 𝒀 𝑷 = . + . =
𝑿 𝒀 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
31. An urn contains 5 white and 7 black balls. A second urn contains 7
white and 8 black balls. One ball is transferred from the 1st urn to
the 2nd urn without noticing its colour. A ball is now drawn at
random from the 2nd urn. The probability that it is white is
𝟖 𝟖𝟗 𝟗 𝟗𝟖
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟗𝟐 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝟗𝟐 𝟏𝟗𝟐

Solution
𝟓 𝟖 𝟕 𝟕 𝟖𝟗
Required probability= . + . =
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟗𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
32. One bag contains 5 white and 3 black balls and an other contains 4
white, 5 red balls. Two balls are drawn from one of them choosing at
random. The probability that they are of different colours is
𝟏𝟓 𝟓 𝟐𝟕𝟓 𝟐𝟕𝟓
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟖 𝟓𝟎𝟒 𝟔𝟐𝟒

Solution

𝐀, 𝐁 → 𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐚𝐠 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐠 𝟐

𝐄 → 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬

𝟏 𝟓𝐂 𝟏 . 𝟑𝐂 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀 =𝐏 𝐁 = 𝐏 𝐄/𝐀 =
𝟐 𝟖𝐂 𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟒𝐂 𝟏 . 𝟓𝐂 𝟏
𝐏 𝐄/𝐁 =
𝟗𝐂 𝟐
𝐄 𝐄
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐀 . 𝐏 + 𝐏 𝐁 .𝐏
𝐀 𝐁

𝟏 𝟓𝐂𝟏 .𝟑𝐂𝟏 𝟏 𝟒𝐂𝟏 .𝟓𝐂𝟏

= . +
𝟐 𝟖𝐂 𝟐 𝟐 𝟗𝐂 𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
33. In a group of equal number of men and women, 10% of men and
45% of women are unemployed. The probability that a person
selected at random from that group is employed is
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟗 𝟏𝟖 𝟗
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎

Solution

𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐞𝐧 = 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝐧(𝐒) = 𝟐𝟎𝟎

𝐍𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐮𝐧𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐨𝐲𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬 = 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟒𝟓 = 𝟓𝟓

PROBABILITY LEVEL-II

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐨𝐲𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟓𝟓 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝟐𝟗
𝐏 𝐄 = = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟎

KEY : 2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
34. If four letters are placed into 4 addressed envelopes at random, the
probability that exactly one letter will go wrong is
𝟏 𝟏
1) 𝟎 2) 3) 4)
𝟏
𝟐
𝟑 𝟒

Solution

𝐈𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
35. If four letters are placed into 4 addressed envelopes at random, the
probability that all the four letters will go wrong is
𝟓 𝟕 𝟏𝟏
1) 2) 𝟗 4)
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 3) 𝟐𝟒
𝟐𝟒

Solution

𝟒𝐏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = − +
𝟒! 𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒!
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
36. Three newly wedded couples are dancing at a function. If the partner
is selected at random the chance that all the husbands are not
dancing with their own wives is..
𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟐
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟑 𝟔 𝟔 𝟑

Solution

𝟑𝐏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = −
𝟑! 𝟐! 𝟑!
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
37. 5 letters are to be placed in 5 addressed envelopes at random. The
probability that exactly two letters will go wrong is

𝟏 𝟓𝟓 𝟔𝟓 𝟒𝟓
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟎

Solution

𝟓𝐏 𝟐 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝟓! 𝟐!
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
38. If all the letters of the word 'RANDOM' are arranged in all possible
ways, then the probability that no letter is in its original position is
𝟐𝟔𝟓 𝟏 𝟔𝐏𝟔 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝟔

Solution

𝟔𝐏 𝟔 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = − + − +
𝟔! 𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒! 𝟓! 𝟔!
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
39. 5 letters are to be placed in 5 addressed envelopes at random. The
probability that all the letters will not go into wrongly addressed
envelopes is
𝟏 𝟒𝟒 𝟕𝟔 𝟏𝟗𝟗
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟎

Solution

𝟓𝐏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟏 − − + −
𝟓! 𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒! 𝟓!
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
40. If 4 unbiased dice are rolled then either first die or l st die show even
numbers is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟑

Solution

𝟐 𝟑 × 𝟔 × 𝟔 × 𝟔 − (𝟑 × 𝟔 × 𝟔 × 𝟑) 𝟑
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = =
𝟔𝟒 𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
41. Out of 5 digits 0, 3, 3, 4, 5 five digit numbers are formed. If one
number is selected at random out of them. The probability that it is
divisible by 5 is
𝟑 𝟓 𝟕 𝟗
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔

Solution 𝟓! 𝟒!
𝐧 𝐒 = − = 𝟔𝟎 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟒𝟖
𝟐! 𝟐!
𝟒! 𝟒! 𝟑!
𝐧 𝐄 = + −
𝟐! 𝟐! 𝟐!

𝐧 𝐄 =12+9=21
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟐𝟏 𝟕
𝐏 𝐄 = = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟒𝟖 𝟏𝟔

KEY : 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
42. There are 10 stations between A and B. A train is to stop at three of
these 10 stations. The probability that no two of these stations are
consecutive is
𝟖𝐂 𝟑 𝟗𝐂 𝟑 𝟕𝐂 𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝐂𝟑
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟎𝐂𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝐂𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝐂𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝐂𝟑

Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟎𝐂𝟑 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 = 𝟑
𝐧𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐧𝐨𝐧 𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 = 𝟕
𝐈𝐟 𝐰𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝟑 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐠𝐚𝐩𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝟕 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐲 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐭
𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟖𝐂𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II

𝐧 𝐄 𝟖𝐂 𝟑
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧 𝐒 𝟏𝟎𝐂𝟑

KEY : 1
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
43. There are four machines and it is known that exactly two of them are
faulty. They are tested one by one in a random order till both the
faulty machines are identified. Then the probability that only two
tests are needed is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟑 𝟔 𝟐 𝟒

Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐲 𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬

𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
= × = =
𝟒 𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
44. If four digits from {1, 2, 3, ..... 9} are taken at random and multiplied
together, then the chance that the last digit in the product be 1, 3, 7
or 9 is
𝟗 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4) 𝟎
𝟗𝐏 𝟒 𝟏𝟎 𝟗
𝐂𝟒

Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟗𝑪 𝟒
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐬 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟕, 𝟗 𝐢𝐧
𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟕, 𝟗
𝐧 𝐄 =𝟏
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟗𝑪𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
45. In a team of 10 persons there is a married couple, from them a
committee of 5 is to be made, then the probability for the couple
being either included or excluded is
𝟖𝐂 𝟑 𝟖𝐂 𝟓 𝟐(𝟖𝐂𝟓 ) 𝟐(𝟖𝐏𝟑 )
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟎𝐂𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝐂𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝐂𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝐏𝟓

Solution

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟓 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟏𝟎 𝐢𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝟐 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫

𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐝𝐞 + 𝟐 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐝

𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟓 = 𝟖𝑪 𝟑 + 𝟖𝑪 𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟖𝑪𝟑 + 𝟖𝑪𝟓

𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟓

KEY : 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
46. An urn contains 6 white and 4 black balls. A fair die whose faces are
numbered from 1 to 6 is rolled and number of balls equal to that of
the number appearing on the die is drawn from the urn at random.
The probability that all those are white is…
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓

Solution
𝟔

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = ෍ 𝑷 𝑨𝒊 . 𝑷 𝑩𝒊
𝒊=𝟏

𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐀𝐢 → 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 ′𝐢′ 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐚 𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡

PROBABILITY LEVEL-II

𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐁𝐢
→ 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 ′𝐢′ 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐮𝐫𝐧
𝟏 𝟔𝑪 𝟏 𝟏 𝟔𝑪 𝟐 𝟏 𝟔𝑪 𝟑 𝟏 𝟔𝑪 𝟔
= . + . + . + ⋯+ .
𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟏 𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟑 𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟔

KEY : 1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
47. Four digited numbers without repetition are formed using the digits
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. If one is selected at random the probability that it is
divisible by 25 is
𝟗 𝟖 𝟏 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟓

Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟔𝐏 𝟒 𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟒𝐏 𝟐 × 𝟐

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟒𝐏 𝟐 × 𝟐

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟒𝐏𝟐 × 𝟐
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟔𝐏 𝟒
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
48. If four dice are thrown together, then the probability that the sum of
the numbers appearing on them is 13 is
𝟓 𝟑𝟓 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝟑𝟐𝟒 𝟒𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝟏𝟔

Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟔𝟒
𝟒
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝐂𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐱 𝟏𝟑 𝐢𝐧 = 𝐱 + 𝐱 𝟐 + ⋯ 𝐱 𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
49. A coin is biased so that the probability of falling head when tossed is
1/4. If the coin is tossed 5 times the probability of obtaining 2 heads
and 3 tails, with heads occurring in succession is
𝟓×𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑𝟑
1) 𝟓 2) 𝟒 3) 𝟐 4) 𝟓
𝟒 𝟓 𝟖 𝟒

Solution 𝟏 𝟑
𝐏 𝐇 = , 𝑷 𝑻 =
𝟒 𝟒
𝟐 𝟑
𝟒! 𝟏 𝟑
𝐏 𝑬 =
𝟑! 𝟒 𝟒

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐𝟕 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐𝟕
𝐏 𝑬 =𝟒× = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐 =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟖 𝟐𝟓𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
52. A determinant is chosen at random from the set of all determinants of
order 2 with elements 0 or 1 only. The probability that the
determinant is non-zero is
𝟑 𝟑 𝟓 𝟕
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖

Solution
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟔, 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟔

𝟔 𝟑
𝐩 𝐄 = =
𝟏𝟔 𝟖
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
53. A determinant is chosen at random from the set of all determinants
of order 2 with elements 0 or 1 only. The probability that the
determinant is zero is
𝟑 𝟑 𝟓 𝟕
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖

Solution
𝒏 𝑬 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝒏 𝑺 = 𝟏𝟔

𝟏𝟎 𝟓
𝑷 𝑬 = =
𝟏𝟔 𝟖
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
54. A is a set containing n elements. A subset P of A is chosen at random.
The set A is reconstructed by replacing the elements of the subset of
P. A subset Q of A is chosen at random. The probability that P and Q
have no common element is
𝟐𝐧 𝟐𝐧 𝟑𝐧 𝟑𝐧
1) 𝐧 2) 𝐧 3) 𝐧 4) 𝐧
𝟑 𝟒 𝟒 𝟓

Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟐𝐧 . 𝟐𝐧

𝐧 𝐄 = ෍ 𝐧𝐂𝐫 . 𝟐𝐧−𝐫 = 𝟏 + 𝟐 𝐧 = 𝟑𝐧
𝐫=𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II

𝐧(𝐄) 𝟑𝐧
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟐𝐧 . 𝟐𝐧

𝟑𝐧
𝐏 𝐄 = 𝐧
𝟒

KEY : 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
55. 5 cards are drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing
cards. If it is known that there will be at least 3 hearts, the
probability that there are 4 hearts is
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟒
1)
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑 +𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟒 +𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟓

𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟒
2)
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑 ×𝟑𝟗𝑪𝟐 +𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟒 ×𝟑𝟗𝑪𝟏 +𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟓

𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟒 ×𝟑𝟗𝑪𝟏
3)
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑 ×𝟑𝟗𝑪𝟐 +𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟒 ×𝟑𝟗𝑪𝟏 +𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟓
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟓
4)
𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟑 ×𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟒 ×𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟓
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
Solution
𝐀 → 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝟑 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬
𝐁 → 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝟒 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬
𝐧 𝐀 → 𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟑 . 𝟑𝟗𝐂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟒 . 𝟑𝟗𝐂𝟏 + 𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟓

𝐧 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 → 𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟒 . 𝟑𝟗𝐂𝟏
𝐁 𝐧(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 → 𝐏 =
𝐀 𝐧(𝐀)
𝐁 𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟒 . 𝟑𝟗𝐂𝟏 KEY : 3
𝐏 =
𝐀 𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟑 . 𝟑𝟗𝐂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟒 . 𝟑𝟗𝐂𝟏 + 𝟏𝟑𝐂𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
56. 20 pairs of shoes are there in a closet. Four shoes are selected at
random. The probability that there is at least one pair is
𝟒𝟎 𝟑𝟖 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟒 𝟒𝟎 𝟑𝟖 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟒 𝟏−𝟐𝟎𝐂𝟒 𝟏−𝟒𝟎𝐂𝟒
1) × × × 2) 𝟏 − × × × 3) 4)
𝟒𝟎 𝟑𝟗 𝟑𝟖 𝟑𝟕 𝟒𝟎 𝟑𝟗 𝟑𝟖 𝟑𝟕 𝟒𝟎𝐂𝟒 𝟐𝟎𝐂𝟒

Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐧𝐨 𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐫

𝟒𝟎 𝟑𝟖 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟒
=𝟏− × × ×
𝟒𝟎 𝟑𝟗 𝟑𝟖 𝟑𝟕
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
57. 20 pairs of shoes are there in a closet. Four shoes are selected at
random. The probability that there is no pair is

𝟒𝟎 𝟑𝟖 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟒 𝟒𝟎 𝟑𝟖 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟒 𝟏−𝟐𝟎𝐂𝟒 𝟏−𝟒𝟎𝐂𝟒
1) × × × 2) 𝟏 − × × × 3) 4)
𝟒𝟎 𝟑𝟗 𝟑𝟖 𝟑𝟕 𝟒𝟎 𝟑𝟗 𝟑𝟖 𝟑𝟕 𝟒𝟎𝐂𝟒 𝟐𝟎𝐂𝟒

Solution

𝟒𝟎 𝟑𝟖 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟒
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = × × ×
𝟒𝟎 𝟑𝟗 𝟑𝟖 𝟑𝟕
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
58. A box contains 3 red and 7 white balls. One ball is drawn at random
and in its place a ball of the other colour is placed in the box. Now if
one ball is drawn from the box then the probability that it is red is
1) 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 2) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗 3) 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑 4) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒
Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐑𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 +
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝

𝟑 𝟐 𝟕 𝟒 𝟔 𝟐𝟖
× + × = +
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II

𝟑𝟒
=
𝟏𝟎𝟎

= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒

KEY : 4
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
59. If n positive integers are taken at random and multiplied together,
then the chance that the last digit in the product is 2, 4, 6 or 8 is
𝟓𝐧 −𝟑𝐧 𝟒𝐧 −𝟐𝐧 𝟑𝐧 −𝟐𝐧 𝟑𝐧 −𝟐𝐧
1) 𝐧 2) 𝐧 3) 𝐧 4) 𝐧
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟒

Solution

𝐋𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔 𝐨𝐫 𝟖 𝐢𝐟

𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐧 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔, 𝐨𝐫 𝟖

𝐋𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐲 𝐛𝐞 𝟎 𝐭𝐨 𝟗 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟎𝐧

𝒏 𝑬 = 𝟖𝒏 − 𝟒𝒏 (∵ 𝒅𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒕 𝟎 𝒕𝒐 𝟗 𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝟓 − 𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒕 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟕, 𝟗)

PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
60. A box contains 24 identical balls of which 12 are white and 12 are
black. The balls are drawn at random from the box one at a time
with replacement. The probability that a white ball is drawn for the
4th time on the 7th draw is
𝟓 𝟐𝟕 𝟓 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟔𝟒 𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟐

Solution
𝐈𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝟔 𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐬 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝟑 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟑 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝
𝐢𝐧 𝟕𝐭𝐡 𝐰𝐞 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞
𝟔
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟓
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟔𝑪𝟑 . =
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟑𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
61. If 10 identical apples are distributed among 6 persons at random
then the probability that at least one of them will receive none is
𝟔 𝟏𝟒𝑪𝟒 𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝟏
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝟏𝟓𝑪𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝟏𝟒𝟑

Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
= 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞

(𝐧 − 𝟏)𝐂𝐫−𝟏
=𝟏−
(𝐧 + 𝐫 − 𝟏)𝐂𝐫−𝟏
= 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐧 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐫 = 𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
(𝐧 − 𝟏)𝐂𝐫−𝟏
=𝟏−
(𝐧 + 𝐫 − 𝟏)𝐂𝐫−𝟏

(𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏)𝐂(𝟔−𝟏)
=𝟏−
(𝟏𝟎 + 𝟔 − 𝟏)𝐂(𝟔−𝟏)
𝟗𝐂 𝟓
=𝟏−
𝟏𝟓𝐂𝟓

KEY : 3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
62. 3 white balls and 5 black balls are placed in a bag and three men
draw a ball in succession (the balls drawn not being replaced), until a
white ball is drawn, the ratio of their respective chances is
1) 27:18:11 2) 11:18:27 3)18:11:27 4) 18:27:11

𝟑 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟑
Solution 𝐏 𝐀 = + . . .
𝟖 𝟖 𝟕 𝟔 𝟓
𝟓 𝟑 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
𝐏 𝐁 = × + × × × ×
𝟖 𝟕 𝟖 𝟕 𝟔 𝟓 𝟒
𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
𝐏 𝐂 = . . + . . . . .
𝟖 𝟕 𝟔 𝟖 𝟕 𝟔 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
63. Urn A contains 6 red and 4 black balls and urn B contains 4 red and
6 black balls. One ball is drawn at random from A and placed in B.
Then one ball is drawn at random from B and placed in A. If one ball
is now drawn from A then the probability that it is found to be red is
𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝟓
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝟓𝟓 𝟓𝟓 𝟔𝟑 𝟔𝟔

Solution
𝐑 𝟏 , 𝐁𝟏 → 𝐃𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐑𝐞𝐝, 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐀
𝐑 𝟐 , 𝐁𝟐 → 𝐃𝐫𝐚𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐑𝐞𝐝, 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐁
𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐑 𝟏 𝐑 𝟐 𝐑 𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝐑 𝟏 𝐁𝟐 𝐑 𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝐁𝟏 𝐑 𝟐 𝐑 𝟏 (or)𝐁𝟏 𝑩𝟐 𝐑 𝟏
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =

𝟔 𝟓 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔 𝟓 𝟒 𝟒 𝟕 𝟒 𝟕 𝟔 𝟑𝟐
× × + × × + × × + × × =
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟓𝟓

KEY : 1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟏−𝟑𝐩 𝟏+𝟒𝐩 𝟏+𝐩
𝟔𝟒. If , , are the probabilities of three mutually
𝟐 𝟑 𝟔
exclusive and exhaustive events, then the set of all values of p
is
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) (𝟎, 𝟏) 𝟐) , 𝟑) 𝟎, 𝟒) (𝟎, ∞)
𝟒 𝟑 𝟑
Solution

𝟏 − 𝟑𝐩 𝟏 + 𝟒𝐩
𝟎≤ ≤ 𝟏, 𝟎 ≤ ≤𝟏
𝟐 𝟑
𝟏+𝐩
𝟎≤ ≤𝟏
𝟔
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟔𝟓. The chance that doctor A will diagonise disease X correctly is
60%. The chance that a patient will die by his treatment after
correct diagnosis is 40% and the chance of death after wrong
diagnosis is 70%. A patient of doctor A who had disease X
died. The probability that his disease was diagonised
correctly is

𝟏)𝟓/𝟏𝟑 𝟐) 𝟔/𝟏𝟑 𝟑)𝟐/𝟏𝟑 𝟒) 𝟕/𝟏𝟑

Solution
𝐄𝟏 → 𝐃𝐨𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐀 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲
𝐄𝟐 → 𝐃𝐨𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐀 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐲
𝑨 → 𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐞
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟔𝟎 𝟑 𝟒𝟎 𝟐
𝐏(𝐄𝟏 ) = = , 𝐏 𝐄𝟐 = =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟓

𝟒𝟎 𝟕𝟎
𝐏(𝐀/𝐄𝟏 ) = , 𝐏 𝐀/𝐄𝟐 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =

𝑨
𝑬𝟏 𝑷 𝑬𝟏 . 𝑷
𝑬𝟏
𝐏 =
𝑨 𝑨 𝑨
𝑷 𝑬𝟏 𝑷
𝑬𝟏
+ 𝑷 𝑬𝟐 𝑷
𝑬𝟐 KEY : 2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟔𝟔. A bag contains 6 balls two balls are drawn and found them to be
red. The probability that five balls in the bag are red
𝟏)𝟓/𝟔 𝟐) 𝟏𝟐/𝟏𝟕 𝟑)𝟏/𝟑 𝟒) 𝟐/𝟕
Solution

𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐚𝐠 𝐚𝐫𝐞

𝐄𝟏 → 𝟐 𝐫𝐞𝐝, 𝟒 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫
𝐄𝟐 → 𝟑 𝐫𝐞𝐝, 𝟑 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫
𝐄𝟑 → 𝟒 𝐫𝐞𝐝, 𝟐 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫
𝐄𝟒 → 𝟓 𝐫𝐞𝐝, 𝟏 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫
𝐄𝟓 → 𝟔 𝐫𝐞𝐝
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟏
𝐏 𝐄𝟏 = 𝐏 𝐄𝟐 = ⋯ 𝐏 𝐄𝟓 =
𝟓
𝟐𝑪 𝟐
𝐏 𝐀/𝐄𝟏 =
𝟔𝑪 𝟐
𝟑𝑪 𝟐
𝐏 𝐀/𝐄𝟐 =
𝟔𝑪 𝟐
𝐀 𝟔𝑪 𝟐
…𝐏 = =𝟏
𝐄𝟓 𝟔𝑪 𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II

𝐀
𝐏 𝐄𝟒 . 𝐏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐄𝟒 = 𝟓
𝐄𝟒
𝐀 σ𝐢=𝟏 𝐏 𝐄𝐢 . 𝐏((𝐀/𝐄𝐢 ))

KEY : 4
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝟔𝟕. A man is known to speak the truth 2 out of 3 times. He throws a
die and reports that it is a six. The probability that it is actually a
five is
𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟖 𝟕 𝟕 𝟓
Solution 𝐀 → 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐭𝐡
𝐁 → 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐬 𝐥𝐢𝐞
𝐄 → 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐢𝐱
𝟐 𝟏
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝐏 𝐁 =
𝟑 𝟑
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II
𝐄 𝟏
𝐏 =
𝐀 𝟔
𝐄 𝟓
𝐏 =
𝐁 𝟔
𝟏 𝟏
.
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 𝐁/𝐄𝟐 = 𝟑 𝟔
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
. + . + .
𝟑 𝟔 𝟑 𝟔 𝟑 𝟔

KEY : 2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-II

Thank you…
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III

PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟏. A set P contains n elements. A function from p to P is picked
up at random. The probability that this function into is
∠𝐧 ∠𝐧 − 𝟏 𝐧𝐧 − ∠𝐧 ∠𝐧 − 𝟏
𝟏) 𝐧 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝐧 𝐧𝐧 𝐧𝐧 ∠𝐧
Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐨

𝐧!
=𝟏−
𝐧𝐧

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟐. Let S be a set containing n elements. If two sets A and B of S
are picked at random from the set of all subsets of S, then the
probability that A and B have the same number of elements is
𝟐𝐧 𝟐𝐧𝐂𝐧 𝟐𝐧𝐂𝐧 𝟐𝐧𝐂𝐧
𝟏) 𝟐𝐧 𝟐) 𝐧 𝟑) 𝟐𝐧 𝟒) 𝟐𝐧
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
Solution

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝐧𝐂𝟎 . 𝐧𝐂𝟎 + 𝐧𝐂𝟏 . 𝐧𝐂𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝐧𝐂𝒏 . 𝐧𝐂𝒏 = 𝟐𝐧𝐂𝐧

𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟐𝒏 . 𝟐𝒏
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟐𝐧𝐂𝐧 Key -3
𝐏 𝐄 = = 𝟐𝐧
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟑. In ‘n’ sided regular polygon, the probability that the two
diagonals chosen at random will intersect inside the polygon, is
𝟐𝐧 𝐂𝟐 𝐧(𝐧 − 𝟏) 𝐧𝐂𝟒 𝟐𝐧 𝐂𝟒
𝟐) 𝟑)
𝟏)
(𝐧𝐂𝟐 − 𝟐)𝐂𝟐 (𝐧𝐂𝟐 − 𝐧)𝐂𝟐 (𝐧𝐂𝟐 − 𝐧)𝐂𝟐 𝟒) (𝐧𝐂 − 𝟐)𝐂
𝟐 𝟐

Solution

𝐓he number of ways of selecting two diagonals of n sided polygon is

𝒏 𝑺 = 𝒏𝑪𝟐 − 𝒏
𝑪𝟐

number of ways of selecting two diagonals intersect inside the polygon

is
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝐧𝐂𝟒
𝐧(𝐄)
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝐧(𝐒)
𝐧𝐂𝟒
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝐧𝐂 𝟐 − 𝐧
𝐂𝟐

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟓. Two cards are drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of
52 playing cards. If one is found to be a king card, the
probability that the other card is also king is
𝟑 𝟑𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
Solution
𝐀 → 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐁 → 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬
𝐧 𝐀 = 𝟒𝐂𝟏 . 𝟒𝟖𝐂𝟏 + 𝟒𝐂𝟐 , 𝐧 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 = 𝟒𝐂𝟐
𝐁 𝐧(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 =
𝐀 𝐧 𝐀
𝟒𝐂𝟐
= Key -3
𝟒𝐂𝟏 . 𝟒𝟖𝐂𝟏 + 𝟒𝑪𝟐
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟔. Two cards are drawn one after another without replacement
from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards, if the 1st card is
known to be king the probability that the second card is also
king is
𝟏𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕
Solution

𝐀 → 𝟏𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐁 → 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠

𝐧 𝐀 = 𝟒𝑪𝟏 . 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏 + 𝟒𝑪𝟏 𝟑𝑪𝟏

𝐧 𝐀 ∩ 𝑩 = 𝟒𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟑𝑪 𝟏
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝐁 𝐧(𝐀 ∩ 𝑩)
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 =
𝐀 𝒏(𝑨)
𝟒𝑪 𝟏 . 𝟑𝑪 𝟏
=
𝟒𝑪𝟏 . 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏 + 𝟒𝑪𝟏 𝟑𝑪𝟏
𝟏𝟐
=
𝟐𝟎𝟒

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟕. 20 pairs of shoes are there in a closet. Four shoes are selected
at random. The probability that they are pairs is
𝟐𝟎𝐂𝟒 𝟐𝟎𝐂𝟐 𝟐𝟎𝐂𝟐 𝟐𝟎𝐂𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒𝟎𝐂𝟒 𝟒𝟎𝐂𝟒 𝟒𝟎𝐂𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝐂𝟒
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟒𝟎𝑪𝟒 𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟐
𝐧(𝐄)
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝐧(𝐒)
𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟐
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝟒𝟎𝑪𝟒
Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟖. 20 pairs of shoes are there in a closet. Four shoes are selected
at random. The probability that there is exactly one pair is
𝟐𝟎𝐂𝟏 𝟐𝟎𝐂𝟏 × (𝟑𝟖𝐂𝟐 − 𝟏𝟗) 𝟐𝟎𝐂𝟏 × 𝟑𝟖𝐂𝟐 𝟐𝟎𝐂𝟏 × 𝟏𝟗𝐂𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒𝟎𝐂𝟒 𝟒𝟎𝐂𝟒 𝟒𝟎𝐂𝟒 𝟒𝟎𝐂𝟒

Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟒𝟎𝑪𝟒

𝐎ne pair can be selected from 20 in 𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟏 ways and remaining two
shoes can be selected from 38 in 𝟑𝟖𝑪𝟐 ways which contain 19 pairs
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟏 (𝟑𝟖𝑪𝟐 − 𝟏𝟗)
𝐧(𝐄)
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝐧(𝐒)
𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟏 (𝟑𝟖𝑪𝟐 − 𝟏𝟗)
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝟒𝟎𝑪𝟒

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟗. Seven chits are numbered form 1 to 7. Four are drawn one by
one with replacement . The probability that the least number
on any selected chit is 5 is 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝟒 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑) − 𝟒)
𝟏)𝟏 − 𝟐) 𝟒 − 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
𝟕 𝟕
Solution

𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟕𝟒
𝐄 = 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟒 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕 − (𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟒 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟔, 𝟕)
𝒏(𝑬) = 𝟑𝟒 − 𝟐𝟒
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟏𝟎. A lot contains 20 articles . The probability that the lot contains
exactly 2 defective articles is 0.4 and the probability that it
contains exactly 3 defective articles is 0.6. Articles are drawn
from the lot at random one by one, without replacement and
tested till all defective articles are found. The probability that
the testing procedure ends at the 12th
testing is
𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐)
𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝟔𝟔 𝟗𝟗
𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
Solution
𝐀 → 𝐥𝐨𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝟐 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬
𝐁 → 𝐥𝐨𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝟑 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬
𝐏 𝐀 = 𝟎. 𝟒
𝐏 𝐁 = 𝟎. 𝟔

𝐈n first case, 11 draws contains 10 non defective one defective and 12th
draw contains second defective
𝟏𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟎 . 𝟐𝑪𝟏 𝟏
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = ×
𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝟗
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝐈n second case, 11 draws contains 9 non defective 2 defective
and 12th draw contains 3rd defective
𝟏𝟕𝑪𝟗 . 𝟐𝑪𝟏 𝟏
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = ×
𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝟗

𝟖𝑪𝟏𝟎 . 𝟐𝑪𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟕𝑪𝟗 . 𝟑𝑪𝟐 𝟏

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟎. 𝟒 × × + 𝟎. 𝟔 × ×
𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝟗 𝟐𝟎𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝟗

Key -4
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟏𝟏. An urn contains 2 white and 2 black balls. A ball is drawn at
random. If it is white it is not replaced into the urn. Otherwise
it is replaced along with ball of the same colour. The process
is repeated. The probability that the third ball drawn is black
is
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟏 𝟕 𝟐𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟗 𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎
Solution
𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐖𝐖𝐁, 𝐖𝐁𝐁, 𝐁𝐖𝐁, 𝐁𝐁𝐁

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
= × × + × × + × × + × ×
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒 𝟒 𝟓 𝟒 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
= × ×𝟏+ × × + × × + × ×
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟓 𝟒 𝟐 𝟓 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
= + + +
𝟔 𝟒 𝟐𝟎 𝟓
𝟓+𝟓+𝟑+𝟔
=
𝟑𝟎

Key -4
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟏𝟐. Set A has m elements and set B has n elements. All the
relations from A to B are formed. If a relation is taken at
random, the probability that the relation is a function is
𝐧𝐦 𝐦𝐧 𝐦𝐦 𝐧𝐧
𝟏) 𝐦𝐧 𝟐) 𝐦𝐧 𝟑) 𝐦𝐧 𝟒) 𝐦𝐧
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Solution

𝐧 𝐒 = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐀 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐞𝐭 = 𝟐𝐦𝐧

𝐧 𝐄 = 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐀 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐁 = 𝐧𝐦

𝐧(𝐄) 𝐧𝐦
𝐏 𝐄 = = Key -1
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟐𝐦𝐧
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟏𝟑. A box contains 2 fifty paisa coins, 5 twenty-five paisa coins and
a certain number 𝐧(≥ 𝟐) of ten and five paisa coins. Five coins
are taken out of the box at random. The probability that the
total value of these 5 coins is less than one rupee and fifty
paisa is
𝟏𝟎(𝐧 + 𝟐) 𝟏𝟎(𝐧 + 𝟐)
𝟏) 𝟐)𝟏 −
(𝐧 + 𝟕)𝐂𝟓 (𝐧 + 𝟕)𝐂𝟓

𝟓(𝐧 + 𝟐) 𝟓(𝐧 + 𝟐)
𝟑) 𝟒) 𝟏 −
(𝐧 + 𝟐)𝐂𝟓 (𝐧 + 𝟐)𝐂𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
Solution
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟏 − 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 ≥ 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 𝐑𝐬

ሼ𝟓𝐂𝟒 . 𝟐𝐂𝟏 + 𝟐𝐂𝟐 . 𝟓𝐂𝟑 + 𝟐𝐂𝟐 . 𝟓𝑪𝟐 . 𝐧𝐂𝟏 ሽ

=𝟏−
(𝐧 + 𝟕)𝐂𝟓
𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝐧 𝟏𝟎(𝐧 + 𝟐)
=𝟏− =𝟏−
𝐧 + 𝟕 𝐂𝟓 𝐧 + 𝟕 𝐂𝟓

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟏𝟒. If 16 squares of unit size are selected at random on a chess
board, the probability that they form a square of 𝟒 × 𝟒 is
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟔
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟔𝟒𝐂𝟏𝟔 𝟔𝟒𝐂𝟒 𝟔𝟒𝐂𝟏𝟔 𝟔𝟒𝐂𝟒
Solution 𝒏 𝑺 = 𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟏𝟔
𝑩𝒖𝒕 𝟔𝟒 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝟗 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟗 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔
𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝟏𝟔 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐬 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝟒 × 𝟒 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝟓 𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥
And 5 consecutive vertical lines are selected
⇒ 𝒏 𝑬 = 𝟓 × 𝟓 = 𝟐𝟓
𝒏(𝑬) 𝟐𝟓
𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝑷 𝑬 = =
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟔𝟒𝑪𝟏𝟔 Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟏𝟓. Purse I contains a one rupee coin and nine 50 paisa coins
and purse II contains ten 50 paisa coins. 9 coins are
transferred from purse I to purse II and again from purse II
to purse I randomly. The probability of finding one rupee coin
in the purse I after these transfers is
𝟏 𝟗
𝟏) 𝟐)
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗
𝟏𝟎 𝟗
𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟎
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
Solution
Required probability = probability of selecting 9 ten paise from purse
I and then 9 coins fromPurse II +probability of selecting 1 one
rupee And eight 9 paise from purse I and then 1 One rupee and
eight 9 paise from purse II

𝟗 𝑪𝟗 𝟏𝑪𝟏 × 𝟗𝑪𝟖 𝟏𝑪𝟏 × 𝟏𝟖𝑪𝟖

= ×𝟏 + ×
𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟗 𝟏𝟗𝑪𝟗

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟏𝟔. Two numbers X and Y are chosen at random (without
replacement ) from among the numbers 1, 2, 3…..3n. The
probability that 𝑿𝟑 + 𝒀𝟑 is divisible by 3 is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟗 𝟑
Solution 𝐀 = ሼ𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟕 … . ሽ
𝐁 = ሼ𝟐, 𝟓, 𝟖 … . ሽ

𝐂 = ሼ𝟑, 𝟔, 𝟗 … . 𝟑𝐧ሽ
𝐀, 𝐁, 𝐂 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐧 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝐱 𝟑 + 𝐲 𝟑 = 𝐱 + 𝐲 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐱𝐲 + 𝐲 𝟐 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝟑 𝐢𝐟 𝐱 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐲 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐫𝐞
𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐀 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐁
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝐧𝐂𝟐 + 𝐧𝐂𝟏 . 𝐧𝐂𝟏
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟑𝐧𝐂𝟐
𝐧(𝐄)
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝐧(𝐒)
𝐧𝐂𝟐 + 𝐧𝐂𝟏 . 𝐧𝐂𝟏
𝐏 𝐄 =
𝟑𝐧𝐂𝟐

Key -2
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟏𝟕. A coin is tossed (m + n) times (m < n). The probability for
getting atleast ‘n’ consecutive heads is
𝐦+𝟐 𝐧+𝟐 𝐦 𝐧
𝟏) 𝐧+𝟏 𝟐) 𝐦+𝟏 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝐧+𝟏 𝟐𝐦+𝟏
Solution
𝐂𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐦 = 𝟏, 𝐧 = 𝟐
𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐦 + 𝐧 = 𝟑 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐚𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐧 = 𝟐
Consecutive heads (ie)2, 3 heads consecutively (ie) HHT, THH, HHH (3 WAYS)
𝟑
𝐑equired probability=
𝟖 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐
𝐁𝐮𝐭 𝐦 = 𝟏, 𝐧 = 𝟐 𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 , , ,
𝟖 𝟒 𝟖 𝟒
𝐓𝐡𝐮𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝟏) Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟏𝟖. A point is selected at random from the interior of a circle.
The probability that the point is closer to the center than to
the boundary of the circle is
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟑
Solution
𝐋𝐞𝐭 ′𝐫 ′ 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬 ′𝐫 ′ = 𝛑𝐫 𝟐
𝐫 𝟐
′′
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐫/𝟐 = 𝛑
𝟐
Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟏𝟗. There are two circles in x y-plane whose equation are
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎 and 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎. A point (x, y) is
choosen at random inside the larger circle. Then the
probability that the point has been taken from the smaller
circle is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟒 𝟔 𝟏𝟔
Solution
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞

Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟐𝟎. In a multiple choice question, there are four alternative
answers, of which one or more are correct. A candidate
decides to tick the answers at random. If he is allowed up to
3 chances to answer the question, the probability that he will
get marks in the question is
𝟏 𝟔𝟐𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟓 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝟓 𝟏𝟓
Solution 𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝟒𝑪𝟏 + 𝟒𝑪𝟐 + 𝟒𝑪𝟑 + 𝟒𝑪𝟒 = 𝟏𝟓
𝟏
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐤 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭 =
𝟏𝟓
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝐑equired probability = probability that the answer is correct in
first choice + probability that the answer is correct in 2nd choice
+probability that the answer is correct in 3rd choice =

𝟏 𝟏𝟒 𝟏 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟑 𝟏
+ × + × × = 𝟏/𝟓
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟑

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟐𝟏. If four whole numbers taken at random are multiplied
together, then the probability that the last digit in the product
is 1, 3, 7 or 9 is
𝟏𝟔 𝟔𝟒 𝟐𝟓𝟔
𝟑𝟐 𝟒)
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟔𝟕𝟓
𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝟔𝟐𝟓
Solution

𝐓he possible last digit of any number is 0 to 9 the product contain last
digit 1, 3, 7, 9 if the Last digit of all four numbers is 1, 3, 7 or 9
𝟒 𝟒 𝟏𝟔
𝐑equired probability = =
𝟏𝟎 𝟔𝟐𝟓
Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟐𝟐. If three dice are thrown, then the probability that they show
the numbers in A.P. is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟓
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟗 𝟏𝟖

Solution 𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟔𝟑

𝐈f common difference is ±𝟏, then no of possible ways = 4+ 4 = 8

𝐈f common difference is ±𝟐, then no of possible ways = 2+ 2 = 4

PROBABILITY LEVEL-III

𝐈f common difference is 𝟎 then no. of possible ways =𝟔

𝟖+𝟒+𝟔 𝟏
𝐑equired probability = =
𝟔𝟑 𝟏𝟐

Key -2
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟐𝟑. A has 3 tickets of a lottery containing 3 prizes and 9 blanks.
B has two tickets of another lottery containing 2 prizes and 6
blanks. The ratio of their chances of success is
𝟑𝟐 𝟏𝟓 𝟑𝟐 𝟏𝟑
𝟏) : 𝟐) :
𝟓𝟓 𝟐𝟖 𝟓𝟓 𝟐𝟖
𝟑𝟒 𝟏𝟑 𝟑𝟒 𝟏𝟓
𝟑) : 𝟒) :
𝟓𝟓 𝟐𝟖 𝟓𝟓 𝟐𝟖
Solution
𝟗𝑪 𝟑 𝟑𝟒
′𝐀′ 𝐬 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 = 𝟏 − =
𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟑 𝟓𝟓
𝟔𝑪 𝟐 𝟏𝟑
′𝐁′ 𝐬 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 = 𝟏 − = Key -3
𝟖𝑪𝟐 𝟐𝟖
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟐𝟒. A coin is so biased that the probability of falling head when
𝟏
tossed is . If the coin is tossed 5 times the probability of
𝟒
obtaining 2 heads and 3 tails ,with tails occurring in
succession is
𝟓 × 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟒 𝟑𝟑
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟒 𝟑) 𝟓 𝟒)
𝟒 𝟓 𝟓 𝟒 𝟒𝟓

Solution
𝟐 𝟑
𝟑! 𝟏 𝟑
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = . .
𝟐! 𝟒 𝟒

Key -3
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟐𝟓. S= {1, 2, 3…..11} if 3 numbers are chosen at random from S,
the probability for they are in G.P.
𝟕 𝟗 𝟓 𝟒
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟑
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟑
𝐄 = ሼ(𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟒)(𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟖)(𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟗)(𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟗)ሽ
𝐧 𝐄 =𝟒
𝐧(𝐄) 𝟒
𝐏 𝐄 = =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝟑
Key -4
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟐𝟔. A coin is tossed 3 times. If E denotes the event in which two
heads appear atleast and F denotes an event in which first
𝑬
head comes then 𝑷 =
𝑭
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟒 𝟖 𝟐 𝟖
Solution
𝐄 = ሼ𝐇𝐇𝐓, 𝐓𝐇𝐇, 𝐇𝐓𝐇, 𝐇𝐇𝐇ሽ
𝐅 = ሼ𝐇𝐇𝐓, 𝐇𝐓𝐇, 𝐇𝐇𝐇, 𝐇𝐓𝐓ሽ
𝐄 𝐧(𝐄 ∩ 𝐅) 𝟑
𝐏 = =
𝐅 𝐧(𝐅) 𝟒
Key -1
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟐𝟕. A three digit number is formed by the digits 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (no
digit being repeated in any number). The probability that the
number formed is divisible by 9 is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟓 𝟔
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟓𝑷 𝟑
𝐀 number is divisible by 9 if sum of digits in that number is divisible
by 9
𝐅avourable cases are 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕 → 𝟑!
𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟖 → 𝟑! Key -1
𝐧 𝐄 = 𝟔 + 𝟔 = 𝟏𝟐
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟐𝟖. Out of (2n+1) tickets consecutively numbered, three are drawn
at random. The chance that the numbers on them are in A.P.
is
𝐧 𝟑𝐧 𝟑𝐧
𝟑𝐧 𝟒) 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐 𝟐) 𝟐 𝟑) 𝟐 𝟒𝐧 + 𝟐𝐧 − 𝟏
𝐧 −𝟏 𝐧 −𝟏 𝟒𝐧 − 𝟏
Solution 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝟐𝐧 + 𝟏 𝐧 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐧 + 𝟏 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐝𝐝.
𝒏 𝑺 = (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝑪𝟑
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐚, 𝐛, 𝐜 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐀𝑷 ⇒ 𝟐𝒃 = 𝒂 + 𝒄
⇒ 𝒂 + 𝒄 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒂, 𝒄 𝒂𝒓𝒆 (𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒅𝒅)(𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏)
𝐧(E)=(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝑪𝟐 +𝒏𝑪𝟐
𝒏(𝑬) 𝟑𝒏
𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝑷 𝑬 = = Key -3
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟒𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟐𝟗. The probability of India winning a test match against West
𝟏
indies is . Assuming independence from match to match, the
𝟐
probability that in a 5 match series. India’s win occurs at
third test only is.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟖 𝟑𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟐
Solution
𝟓
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = =
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
=
𝟑𝟐 Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟑𝟎. A letter is known to have come form TATANAGAR or
CALUTTA. On the envelope just two consecutive letters TA are
visible. The probability that the letter has come from
CALCUTTA is
𝟒 𝟕 𝟏 𝟐𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

Solution

𝐄𝟏 → 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐓𝐀𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐀𝐆𝐀𝐑

𝐄𝟐 → 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐂𝐀𝐋𝐂𝐔𝐓𝐓𝐀

PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝐀 → 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐓𝐀
𝟏
𝐏 𝐄𝟏 = 𝐏 𝐄𝟐 =
𝟐
𝑨 𝟐 𝑨 𝟏
𝐩 = ,𝑷 =
𝑬𝟏 𝟖 𝑬𝟐 𝟕
𝐀
𝐄𝟐 𝐏 𝐄𝟐 . 𝐏
𝐄𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏 =
𝐀 𝐀 𝐀
𝐏 𝐄𝟏 . 𝐏 + 𝐏 𝐄𝟐 . 𝐏
𝐄𝟏 𝐄𝟐
𝟏
𝐄𝟐 𝟕 𝟖 𝟒
=𝐏 = = =
𝐀 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏
+
𝟕 𝟖
Key -1
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟑𝟏. A man is known to speak the truth 2 out of 3 times . He
throws a die and reports that it is a six. Then the probability
that it is actually a six is
𝟐 𝟔 𝟓 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
Solution
𝐄𝟏 → 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐭𝐡

𝐄𝟐 → 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐥𝐢𝐞

𝐀 → 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐬𝐢𝐱

PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟐 𝟏 𝐀 𝟏 𝐀 𝟓
𝐏 𝐄𝟏 = 𝐏 𝐄𝟐 = 𝐏 = 𝐏 =
𝟑 𝟑 𝐄𝟏 𝟔 𝐄𝟐 𝟔
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐀
𝐄𝟏 𝐏 𝐄 𝟏 . 𝐏
𝐄𝟏
𝐏 =
𝐀 𝐀 𝐀
𝐏 𝐄𝟏 . 𝐏 + 𝐏 𝐄𝟐 . 𝐏
𝐄𝟏 𝐄𝟐
𝟐 𝟏
𝐄𝟏 . 𝟏/𝟗 𝟏/𝟗
𝐏 = 𝟑 𝟔 = =
𝐀 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟓 𝟕/𝟏𝟖
. + . +
𝟑 𝟔 𝟑 𝟔 𝟗 𝟏𝟖
𝐄𝟏 𝟐
𝐏 = Key -1
𝐀 𝟕
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟑𝟐. A bag contains n white, n black balls. Pair of balls are drawn
without replacement until the bag is empty. Then the
probability that each pair consists of one white and one black
ball is
𝐧! 𝐧! 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐)
(𝟐𝐧!) 𝟐𝐧 !
𝐧!. 𝟐𝟐 𝐧! 𝟐 . 𝟐𝐧
𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝐧 ! 𝟐𝐧 !

Solution

𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III

𝐧𝐂𝟏 . 𝐧𝐂𝟏 (𝐧 − 𝟏)𝐂𝟏 (𝐧 − 𝟏)𝐂𝟏 (𝐧 − 𝟐)𝐂𝟏 (𝐧 − 𝟐)𝐂𝟏 𝟏×𝟏

× × × ⋯×
𝟐𝐧𝐂𝟐 (𝟐𝐧 − 𝟐)𝐂𝟐 (𝟐𝐧 − 𝟒)𝐂𝟐 𝟐𝐂 𝟐

(𝐧!)𝟐 . 𝟐𝐧 𝐧! 𝟐 . 𝟐𝐧
= =
𝟐𝐧 𝟐𝐧 − 𝟏 𝟐𝐧 − 𝟐 … . 𝟏 𝟐𝐧 !

Key -4
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟑𝟑. A car is parked by an owner amongst 25 cars in a row, not
at either end. On his return he finds that exactly 15 places
are still occupied. The probability that both neighbouring
places are empty is
𝟗𝟏 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟐𝟕𝟔 𝟏𝟖𝟒 𝟗𝟐 𝟐𝟓
Solution
𝐎𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝟏𝟓 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟓 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫
𝟏𝟓 − 𝟏 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐬 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐰𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐬 Car and

𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝟒𝑪𝟏𝟒 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒊𝒆 𝒏 𝑺 = 𝟐𝟒𝑪𝟏𝟒

PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝑨𝒔 𝒏𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒚 𝒔𝒐
(𝟐𝟓 − 𝟑)𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟑 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅

𝑻𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟑𝑪𝟏𝟓−𝟏 𝒊𝒆 𝟐𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟒 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔

𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔 𝒏 𝑬 = 𝟐𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟒

𝒏(𝑬) 𝟐𝟐𝑪𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟓
𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝑷 𝑬 = = =
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟐𝟒𝑪𝟏𝟒 𝟗𝟐

Key -3
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟑𝟒. A sum of money rounded off to the nearest rupee. The
probability that the error occurred in rounding off at least 15
paisa is
𝟐𝟗 𝟑𝟎 𝟕𝟎 𝟕𝟏
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Solution
𝐧 𝐒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝐀 = ሼ𝟏𝟓, 𝟏𝟔, … 𝟖𝟓ሽ

𝐧 𝐀 = 𝟕𝟏

Key -4
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟑𝟓. A bag contains some white and some black balls, all
combinations of balls being equally likely. The total number of
balls in the bag are 10. If three balls are drawn at random
and all of them are found to be black, the probability that the
bag contains 1 white and 9 black balls
𝟒 𝟐 𝟖 𝟐
𝟏) 𝟐) 𝟑) 𝟒)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓𝟓 𝟏𝟏
Solution
𝐄𝟏 → 𝐁𝐚𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝟑 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝟕 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞
𝐄𝟐 → 𝐁𝐚𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝟒 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝟔 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞
𝐄𝟖 → 𝐁𝐚𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝟗 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝟏 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞
 PROBABILITY LEVEL-III
𝟏
𝐏(𝐄𝐢 ) = 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐢 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 … 𝟕
𝟖
𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟑
𝟑𝑪 𝟑 𝟒𝑪 𝟑 𝐏(𝐀/𝐄𝟖 ) =
𝐏(𝐀/𝐄𝟏 ) = 𝐏(𝐀/𝐄𝟐 ) = 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟑
𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝑪𝟑
𝑨
𝑬𝟕 𝐏 𝑬𝟕 . 𝑷
𝑬𝟕
𝑷 = 𝑨
𝑨 σ7𝑖=1 𝑷(𝑬𝒊 ). 𝑷
𝑬𝒊

𝟗𝑪𝟑 𝟐
= =
𝟑𝑪𝟑 +𝟒𝑪𝟑 +𝟓𝑪𝟑 +⋯+𝟗𝑪𝟑 𝟓
Key -2
PROBABILITY LEVEL-III

Thank you…