Week-3

Mathematics for Data Science - 2

Introduction to Vector Space
Graded Assignment

1. Which of the following sets with the given addition and scalar multiplication operations
(scalars are real numbers in every case) do not form vector spaces?
⃝ Option 1:

V1 = {(x, y)|x, y ∈ R}
Addition: (x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 , 1); (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) ∈ V1
Scalar multiplication: c(x, y) = (cx, 1); (x, y) ∈ V1 , c ∈ R

⃝ Option 2:

V2 = {(x, y)|x, y ∈ R}
Addition: (x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ); (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) ∈ V2
Scalar multiplication: c(x, y) = (cx, 0); (x, y) ∈ V2 , c ∈ R

⃝ Option 3:

V3 = {(x, y)|x, y ∈ R}
Addition: (x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 + y1 + y2 , x1 + x2 + y1 + y2 );
(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) ∈ V3
Scalar multiplication: c(x, y) = (cx, cy); (x, y) ∈ V3 , c ∈ R

⃝ Option 4:

V4 = {(x, y, z)|x, y, z ∈ R, x + y = z}
Addition: (x1 , y1 , z1 ) + (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 , z1 + z2 );
(x1 , y1 , z1 ), (x2 , y2 , z2 ) ∈ V4
Scalar multiplication: c(x, y, z) = (cx, cy, cz); (x, y, z) ∈ V4 , c ∈ R
Option 1: Suppose v = (a, b) ∈ V1 is such that (x, y) + v = v + (x, y) = v for all
(x, y) ∈ V1 , then

(x, y) + (a, b) = (x, y) ∀ x, y ∈ R

=⇒ (x + a, 1) = (x, y) ∀ x, y ∈ R
=⇒ 1 = y ∀ y ∈ R (a contradiction)
Let (x, y) = (2, 3)
(2, 3) + (a, b) = (2 + a, 1) ̸= (2, 3) as 1 ̸= 3

Thus, there does not exist any vector (a, b) ∈ V1 that satisfies (x, y) + v = v + (x, y) = v
for all (x, y) ∈ V1 . Hence, V1 is not a vector space.

Option 2: For (2, 3) ∈ V2 , 1.(2, 3) = (2, 0) ̸= (2, 3). Thus, V2 is not a vector space.

Option 3: Suppose v = (a, b) ∈ v3 satisfies (x, y) + v = v + (x, y) = v for all (x, y) ∈ V3 .

Then we have,

(2, 3) + (a, b) = (2, 3)

=⇒ (5 + a + b, 5 + a + b) = (2, 3)
=⇒ a + b = −3 and a + b = −2
=⇒ 3 = 2 (which is absurd)

Hence, there does not exist any vector (a, b) ∈ V3 which satisfies (x, y)+v = v+(x, y) = v
for all (x, y) ∈ V3 . Thus V3 is not a vector space.

Option 4: V4 = {(x, y, z)|x, y, z ∈ R, x + y = z} with the addition and scalar multipli-

cation being the usual addition and scalar multiplication defined on R3
Moreover, if (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and (x2 , y2 , z2 ) ∈ V4 , then z1 = x1 + y1 and z2 = x2 + y2 . Hence

(x1 , y1 , z1 ) + (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 , z1 + z2 ) ∈ v4

z1 + z2 = x1 + x2 + y1 + y2
c(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (cx1 , cy1 , cz1 ) ∈ V4
cz1 = c(x1 + y1 ) = cx1 + cy1

(0, 0, 0) also belong to V4 . Hence, V4 is a vector space.

2
2. Choose the set of correct options
⃝ Option 1: If V is a real vector space, then (α +β)(x+y) = αx+βy +αy +βx,
for all α, β ∈ R and x, y ∈ V .
⃝ Option 2: A vector space can have more than one zero vector.
⃝ Option 3: (-1, 0 ,0), (-1, 1, -1) and (0, 2, 3) are linearly independent vectors
in R3 .
     
−1 0 0 −2 −1 1
⃝ Option 4: , , and are linearly dependent vectors
0 1 1 0 1 −1
in M2×2 (R).
Solution:
Option 1: Given that V is a vector space. Thus by using the axioms of a vector space,
we have

(α + β)(x + y) = (α + β)x + (α + β)y

= αx + βx + αy + βy
= αx + βy + αy + βx

Option 2: Suppose there are two zero vectors in a vector space V , say v1 and v2 . Then
we have v + v1 = v ∀ v ∈ V and v + v2 = v ∀ v ∈ V . Since v2 ∈ V and v1 is a zero of V ,
we get v2 + v1 = v2 . Similarly since v1 ∈ V and v2 is a zero of V , we have v1 + v2 = v1 .
Equating both, we get v1 = v2 .
Option 3: Since we have 3 vectors in R3 , we can check linear independence by find-
ing
 the determinant
 of the matrix whose columns are the given vectors. Let A =
−1 −1 0
 0 1 2. Then det(A) ̸= 0 and hence the given vectors are linearly independent.
0 −1 3
       
−1 0 0 −2 −1 1 0 0
Option 4: Let a +b +c =
0 1 1 0 1 −1 0 0
   
−a − c −2b + c 0 0
=⇒ =
b+c a−c 0 0

=⇒ −a − c = 0, −2b + c = 0, b + c = 0, a − c = 0. Solving a + c = 0 and a − c = 0, we

get a = 0 so, c = 0 and b = 0.
Hence, the given vectors of M2×2 (R) are linearly independent.

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3. A healthy juice consists of 30 units of protein, 11 units of carbohydrate, 53 units of fat,
and 213 units of calcium. A juice maker makes two types of juice, Type A and Type
B. Type A consists of banana, milk, and almond, whereas Type B consists of apple,
milk, and almond. Table M2W3G1 shows the amount of protein, carbohydrate, fat, and
calcium present in each banana, apple, and almond, and in 100 ml of milk.

Items Protein Carbohydrate Fat Calcium

Banana (1 piece) 2 3 1 5

Apple (1 piece) 1 2 1 6

Almond (1 piece) 6 1 15 1

Milk (100 ml) 4 1 3 100

Table: M2W3G1

Use the above information to choose the correct options.

⃝ Option 1: A healthy juice can be prepared with the right quantities of ingre-
dients of Type A, and those quantities are unique.
⃝ Option 2: A healthy juice can be prepared with the right quantities of ingre-
dients of Type B, and those quantities are unique.
⃝ Option 3: A healthy juice can not be prepared with the right quantities of
ingredients of Type A.
⃝ Option 4: A healthy juice can not be prepared with the right quantities of
ingredients of Type B.
Solution:
Banana Milk Almond Apple

Type A x1 x2 x3 0

Type B 0 y1 y2 y3

4
 Protein Carbohydrate Fat Calcium

Type A 2x1 + 4x2 + 6x3 3x1 + x2 + x3 x1 + 3x2 + 15x3 5x1 + 100x2 + x3

Type B 4y1 + 6y2 + y3 y1 + y2 + 2y3 3y1 + 15y2 + y3 100y1 + y2 + 6y3

Type A

2x1 + 4x2 + 6x3 = 30

3x1 + x2 + x3 = 11
x1 + 3x2 + 15x3 = 53
5x1 + 100x2 + x3 = 213

 
2 4 6 30
 3 1 1 11 
 
 1 3 15 53 
5 100 1 213
 
1 2 3 15
R1
2
 3 1 1 11 
−−→ 
 1 3 15 53 


5 100 1 213
 
1 2 3 15
R2 −3R1 , R3 −R1 , R4 −5R1  0 −5 −8 −34 
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→   0 1

12 38 
0 90 −14 138
 
1 2 3 15
−R2 8 34 
 0 1
−−5→  5
 0 1 12 38 
5 

0 90 −14 138
 
1 2 3 15
8 34
R3 −R2 , R4 −90R2  0 1 
−−−−−−−−−−→   0 0
5
52
5
156


5 5
0 0 −158 −474

5
  
1 2 3 15
−R4
5R3
52
, 0 1 85 34 
−− −−−158−→ 
0
5 
0 1 3
0 0 1 3
 
1 2 3 15
R4 −R3 0 1 85 34 
−−−−→  0
5 
0 1 3
0 0 0 0
 
1 2 0 6
8R
R1 −3R3 , R2 − 5 3 0 1 0 2
−−−−−−−−−−→  0

0 1 3
0 0 0 0
 
1 0 0 2
R1 −2R2  0 1 0 2
−−−−→  0

0 1 3
0 0 0 0

Hence, we have a unique solution x1 = 2, x2 = 2, x3 = 3.

Hence, option 1 is true.

Type B

4y1 + 6y2 + y3 = 30
y1 + y2 + 2y3 = 11
3y1 + 15y2 + y3 = 53
100y1 + y2 + 6y3 = 213

Similarly, we solve the system of linear equations corresponding to type B and observe
that there is no solution. Hence, option 4 is true.

6
4. Consider the set of vectors S = {(−1, 1, 5), (2, 1, 3), (2, 1, 2), (1, −1, 7), (−1, 3, −5)} from
R3 and choose the set of correct options.
⃝ Option 1: The singleton set {(−1, 1, 5)} is linearly dependent.
⃝ Option 2: If α, β ∈ S and α, β are distinct then {α, β} is a linearly indepen-
dent set of vectors.
⃝ Option 3: The set {(-1, 1, 5), (2, 1, 3),(-2, 2, 10)} is a linearly dependent set
of vectors.
⃝ Option 4: The set S is a linearly independent set of vectors.
⃝ Option 5: The set {α, β, γ} is a linearly dependent set of vectors for any
α, β, γ ∈ S, where all the three are distinct vectors.
⃝ Option 6: The set {α, β, γ, δ} is a linearly independent set of vectors for any
α, β, γ, δ ∈ S, where all the four are distinct vectors.
   
2 1 2 0
 1 −1 7 0
⃝ Option 7: The system AX = b, where A =  −1 1 5 and b = 0 has
  

2 1 3 0
unique solution.
   
−1 3 −5 0
⃝ Option 8: The system AX = b, where A = and b = has
2 1 3 0
infinitely many solutions.
   
2 1 2 0
⃝ Option 9: The system AX = b where A = −1 3 −5 and b = 0 has
−1 1 5 0
infinitely many solutions.
Solution:
Option 1: Any singleton set with non-zero vector is linearly independent.
Option 2: α, β ∈ S. {α, β} is linearly dependent if and only if β is scalar multiple of
α. But, in S no two vectors are scalar multiples of each other. Hence, {α, β} is linearly
independent set of vectors.
Option 3: 2(−1, 1, 5) + 0(2, 1, 3) − 1(−2, 2, 10) = (0, 0, 0).
Hence, {(−1, 1, 5), (2, 1, 3), (−2, 2, 10)} is linearly dependent.
Option 4: All the vectors are from R3 . If a set S ⊆ R3 has cardinality greater than 3,
then S must be linearly dependent.
Option 5: Let α = (−1, 1, 5) , β = (2, 1, 3) , γ = (2, 1, 2).
−1 1 5
2 1 3 = −1(2 − 3) − 1(4 − 6) + 5(2 − 2) = 1 + 2 = 3 ̸= 0
2 1 2
Hence,{α, β, γ} are linearly independent.

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Option 6: The set {α, β, γ, δ} ⊂ R3 has cardinality 4 which is strictly greater than 3.
Hence, the set is linearly dependent.
   
2 1 2   0
 1 −1 7 x1 0
Option 7:  −1 1 5 x2 = 0
   
x3
2 1 3 0
 
2 1 2 0
 1 −1 7 0
 
−1 1 5 0
2 1 3 0
 
1 −1 7 0
R ←→R2 
−−1−−−→ 2 1 2 0
−1 1 5 0
2 1 3 0
 
1 −1 7 0
R2 −2R1 ,R3 +R1 ,R4 −2R1  0 3 −12 0 
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→   0 0

12 0 
0 3 −11 0
 
1 −1 7 0
R2
3
 0 1 −4 0 
−−→  
 0 0 12 0 
0 3 1 0
 
1 −1 7 0
R4 −3R1  0 1 −4 0 
−− −−→  
 0 0 12 0 
0 0 1 0
 
1 −1 7 0
R4
12  0
 1 −4 0 
−−→ 
0 0 1 0 
0 0 1 0
 
1 −1 7 0
R −R3  0 1 −4 0 

−−4−−→  0 0 1 0 
0 0 0 0

Thus x1 = x2 = x3 = 0.
Hence, the solution is unique.
 
  x1  
−1 3 −5   0
option 8: x2 =
2 1 3 0
x3

8
  
−1 3 −5 0
2 1 3 0
 
−R1 1 −3 5 0
−−→
−2 −1 −3 0
 
R2 +2R1 1 −3 5 0
−−−−→
0 −7 7 0
R2  
−7 1 −3 5 0
−−→
0 1 −1 0
 
R1 +3R2 1 0 2 0
−−−−→
0 1 −1 0
We see that x3 is independent and hence there are infinite number of solutions.
    
2 1 2 x1 0
Option 9: −1 3 −5
  x2 = 0
 
−1 1 5 x3 0
   
2 1 2 0 −1 3 −5 0
R1 ←→R2
 −1 3 −5 0  − −−−−→  2 1 2 0 
−1 1 5 0 −1 1 5 0
 
1 −3 5 0
−R1
−−→  2 1 2 0 
−1 1 5 0
 
1 −3 5 0
R2 −2R1 ,R3 +R1
−−−−−−−−−→  0 7 −8 0 
0 −2 10 0
 
1 −3 5 0
R ←→R2
−−3−−−→  0 −2 10 0 
0 7 −8 0
 
R2 1 −3 5 0
−2
−−→ 0 1 −5
 0 
0 7 −8 0
 
−1 3 −5 0
R3 −7R2
−−−−→  0 1 −5 0 
0 0 27 0
 
R3 1 −3 5 0
27
−−→ 0 1 −5
 0 
0 0 1 0

Thus x1 = x2 = x3 = 0 (unique solution).

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5. Consider the set of three vectors S = {(c, −1, −2), (1, 0, −1), (−1, −3, c)} in R3 with
usual addition and scalar multiplication. For which value of c will the above set S be
linearly dependent? [Answer: 2.5]

Solution:
The set of vectors is linearly dependent if the determinant of the matrix formed by taking
the vectors as columns is zero.
c 1 −1
−1 0 −3 = c(−3) − 1(−c − 6) − 1(1) = −3c + c + 6 − 1 = −2c + 5. The vectors
−2 −1 c
are linearly dependent if and only if −2c + 5 = 0
=⇒ c = 2.5

6. Consider the set of three vectors S = (7, 7, 2), (8, 7, 4), (5, 7, c) in R3 with usual addition
and scalar multiplication. If S is a linearly independent set, then the value of c can not
be equal to
Solution:
S = {(7, 7, 2), (8, 7, 4), (5, 7, c)}
7 8 5
If S is linearly dependent, then 7 7 7 = 0.
2 4 c

=⇒ 7(7c − 28) − 7(8c − 20) + 2(56 − 35) = 0

=⇒ 49c − 196 − 56c + 140 + 42 = 0
=⇒ −7c − 196 + 182 = 0
=⇒ 7c + 14 = 0
=⇒ c = −2

For S to be linearly independent c ̸= −2.

10
 Comprehension Type Question:

In genetics, a classic example of dominance is the inheritance of shape of seeds in peas. Peas
may be round (associated with genotype R) or wrinkled (associated with genotype r). In
this case, three combinations of genotypes are possible: RR, rr, and Rr. The RR individuals
have round peas and the rr individuals have wrinkled peas. In Rr individuals the R genotype
masks the presence of the r genotype, so these individuals also have round peas.

Consider the crossing of RR with RR. This always gives the genotype RR, therefore the
probabilities of an offspring to be RR, Rr, and rr respectively are equal to 1, 0, and 0.
Next, consider the crossing of Rr with RR. The offspring will have equal chances to be of
genotype RR and genotype Rr, therefore the probabilities of RR, Rr, and rr repectively are
1/2, 1/2, and 0. Finally, consider the crossing of rr with RR. This always results in geno-
type Rr. Therefore, the probabilities of genotypes RR, Rr, and rr are 0, 1, and 0, respectively.

The following table summarizes these facts :

Parents’ genotypes Genotypes of offspring

RR Rr rr
RR-RR 1 0 0
1 1
RR-Rr 2 2
0
RR-rr 0 1 0

Table: M2W3G2

 
1 0 0
The matrix representing this observation is given by P =  12 21 0, and the initial dis-
0 1 0
tribution vector (1 × 3 matrix) is denoted by X0 = (X01 , X02 , X03 ), where X01 denotes the
distribution of RR, X02 denotes the distribution of Rr, and X03 denotes the distribution of
rr. For any positive integer n, the distribution vector after n generations (i.e., at t = n) is
denoted by Xn and is given by the equation Xn−1 P = Xn .
Using the above information, answer the following questions.

7. Suppose, in an experiment, 100 pairs of parents with genotype combinations RR-RR,

100 pairs of parents with genotype combinations RR-Rr, and 200 pairs of parents with
genotype combination RR-rr are taken to observe the genotypes of their offspring. Sup-
pose from crossing of each pair of parents a single offspring is produced. Find the set of
correct options from the following. (MSQ)
⃝ Option 1: There will be at least 200 offspring with wrinkled peas.
⃝ Option 2: There will be no offspring with wrinkled peas.

11
 ⃝ Option 3: There will be no offspring with round peas.
⃝ Option 4: All the offspring will have round peas.
⃝ Option 5: All the offspring will have wrinkled peas.
⃝ Option 6: There will be at least 100 offspring with combination of genotypes
RR.
⃝ Option 7: There will be at least 200 offspring with combination of genotypes
Rr.
Solution:
Only those offsprings with rr genotype are wrinkled peas. But the probability of geno-
types of an offspring to be rr is 0 in any of the given combination. So no offsprings will
have wrinkled peas. Whereas all the offsprings will have round peas. So, options 2 and
4 are correct.
When the parents’ genotype combination is RR-RR then the probability of the genotypes
of an offsprings to be RR is 1, i.e., in those cases the offsprings must have the genotype
RR. In our experiment we have 100 pairs of genotype RR-RR. So, there will be atleast
100 offsprings with genotype RR. (There may be some more coming from the genotype
combination RR-Rr.)
Similarly an offspring of Rr genotype is guaranteed if the combination of parents’ geno-
type is RR-rr and we have 200 such pairs. So, there will be atleast 200 offsprings with
genotype Rr.

8. Which of the following options are correct?

⃝ Option 1: The rows of the matrix P form a linearly independent set.
⃝ Option 2: ( 12 , 0, 0), (0, 21 , 0) is a linearly independent set.


⃝ Option 3: The columns of the matrix P form a linearly dependent set.

⃝ Option 4: det(P ) is a non-zero number.
Solution:
Option 1: det(P ) = 0 and hence the rows of matrix P are linearly dependent.
Option 2: Let a, b ∈ R be such that a( 12 , 0, 0) + b(0, 21 , 0) = (0, 0, 0). Then ( a2 , 2b , 0) =
(0, 0, 0) and hence a = 0 and b = 0. Hence, {( 12 , 0, 0), (0, 21 , 0)} is a linearly independent
set.
Option 3: det(P ) = 0 and hence the columns of matrix P are linearly dependent.
Option 4: Clearly det(P ) = 0.

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 9. Suppose X0 = ( 13 , 13 , 31 ). Find out the correct set of correct options.
⃝ Option 1: X0 and X1 are linearly dependent.
⃝ Option 2: X0 and X1 are linearly independent.
⃝ Option 3: The set {X0 , X1 , X2 } is a linearly dependent set.
⃝ Option 4: The set {X0 , X1 , X2 } is a linearly independent set.
Solution:
 
1 0 0
P =  12 12 0. Given that Xn−1 P = Xn and X0 P = X1 .
0 1 0
 
 1 1 1  11 01 0
=⇒ 3 3 3  2 2 0 = 21 21 0 = X1
 

0 1 0

X1 P = X2
 
1 1
 11 01 0
0  2 2 0 = 34 1
 
=⇒ 2 2 4
0 = X2
0 1 0

X1 is not a scalar multiple of X0 . So, {X0 , X1 } is linearly independent.

1 1 3
2 2 4
1
3
1
2
1
4
= 31 ( 18 − 38 ) = 13 ( −2
8
)− 1
12
̸= 0. Hence, {X0 , X1 , X2 } is linearly independent.
1
3
0 0

10. Suppose X0 = (a, b, 1 − a − b), where 0 ≤ a, b, a + b ≤ 1. If the set {X0 , X2 } is linearly

dependent, then what are the values of a and b?

Solution:
X0 P = X1  
1 0 0
=⇒ a b 1 − a − b  21 12 0 = a + 2b 1 − a − b
   
2
0 = X1
0 1 0
X1 P = X2  
1 0 0
=⇒ a + 2b 1 − a − 2b 0  12 12 0 = 21 + a2 + 4b 1
− 2q − b
   
2 4
0 = X2
0 1 0

13
 If {X0 , X2 } is a linearly dependent set, then X2 is scalar multiple of X0 , that is X2 = cX0
for some c ∈ R. Then we have ( 21 + a2 + 4b , 12 − a2 − 4b , 0) = c(a, b, 1 − a − b). This gives the
following: c − ca − cb = 0 and hence c(1 − a − b) = 0. This implies either c = 0 or a + b = 1.
If c = 0 then, 21 + a2 + 4b = 0, i.e., 12 − a2 − 4b = 0 and hence 14 = 0 (which is absurd). So, c
cannot be zero. Thus a + b = 1 =⇒ a = 1 − b.
We also have
1 a b 1 a b
ca =+ + and cb = − −
2 2 4 2 2 4
1 (1 − b) b
=⇒ c(1 − b) = + +
2 2 4
2 + 2 − 2b + b
=⇒ c(1 − b) =
4
4−b
=⇒ c(1 − b) =
4
4c − 4bc = 4 − b → (1)
1 a b
cb = − −
2 2 4
1 1−b b
cb = − −
2 2 4
2 − 2 + 2b − b
cb =
4
b
cb =
4
4bc = b → (2)

Substituting (2) in (1) we get,

4c − b = 4 − b
=⇒ 4c = 4
=⇒ c = 1

Substituting c = 1 in (2) we get,

4b = b
=⇒ 3b = 0
=⇒ b = 0
=⇒ a = 1

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