Ts. Mohd Faruq bin Abdul Latif C.

Eng
Professional qualification:
1) Chartered Engineer UK (C.Eng)
2) Professional Technologist (TS)

Professional bodies membership:

1) Institute of Mechanical Engineers UK (IMECHE)
2) Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM)
3) Board of Technologist Malaysia (MBOT)

Master in Mechanical Engineering (UKM)

Bachelor Degree in Mechanical Engineering (Design and
Innovation) with Honor, UTeM
Currently completing PhD thesis in Mechanical Engineering,
University of Malaya (UM) – Fluid Dynamics
 Engineering Design

Lesson Outcomes
Engineering Design - The Introduction

Add the end of the lesson, student should be able to:

• Explain the definition of engineering design.

• Explain the element in engineering design.
• Know the existing engineering design process.

02
Welcome to Engineering Design

What is engineering design, really?

Engineering Design process

Phases of design

Design review
Roles for engineers

Teamwork

Summary
What is Design, really?
 DESIGN ???
Design visualisation by Leonardo da Vinci
DESIGN ???
DESIGN ???
The MiniModal concept
combines a hybrid-power
system and a smaller, lighter
body to create a more
efficient taxi. A combustion
engine and an electric motor,
both located beneath the
driver's seat, share the same
drive train.
 DESIGN ???

• What do you understand with this magic word?

- Webster’s dictionary: to fashion after a plan …
- to create something that has never been …
• To design is to pull together something new: or
To arrange existing things in a new way.
• Pulling together = synthesis
 Definition of Design

Blumrich 1970 (taken from Dieter 2000)

Design establishes and defines solutions to and

pertinent structures for problems not solved before,
or new solutions to problems which have previously
been solved in a different way.
 What is Design, really?
American Board of Engineering and
Technology (ABET), 2005
“Engineering design is the process of devising a
system, component, or process to meet desired
needs. It is a decision-making process (often
iterative), in which the basic sciences,
mathematics, and the engineering sciences are
applied to convert resources optimally to meet
these stated needs.”
 Definition of Design

From www.wikipedia.com

Design, usually considered in the context of applied arts,

engineering, architecture, and other creative endeavors, is
used both as a noun and a verb.

As a verb, "to design" refers to the process of originating

and developing a plan for a product, structure, system, or
component.

As a noun, "a design" is used for either the final (solution)

plan (e.g. proposal, drawing, model, description) or the result
of implementing that plan (e.g. object produced, result of the
process).
 Definition of Design

From www.wikipedia.com

More recently, processes (in general) have also been treated

as products of design, giving new meaning to the term
"process design".

Designing normally requires a designer to consider the

aesthetic, functional, and many other aspects of an object or
a process, which usually requires considerable research,
thought, modeling, interactive adjustment, and re-design.
 Design vs Art

 Design is often viewed as a more form of art, or art with a

clearly defined purpose.
 The distinction is usually made when someone other than
the artist is defining the purpose.
 In the realm of the arts, design is more relevant to the
"applied" arts, such as architecture and industrial design.
 In fact today the term design is widely associated to
modern industrial product design.
 Design implies a conscious effort to create something that
is both functional and aesthetically pleasing.
 Design vs Engineering

 Engineering is often viewed as a more rigorous form of

design.
 Design is a component of engineering aside from
production and other operations which utilize engineering.
 A neutral view may suggest that both design and
engineering simply overlap, depending on the discipline of
design.
 From American Heritage Dictionary, design is defined as:
"To conceive or fashion in the mind; invent," and "To
formulate a plan",
 Design vs Engineering

 In that dictionary, Engineering is defined as: "The

application of scientific and mathematical principles to
practical ends such as the design, manufacture, and
operation of efficient and economical structures, machines,
processes, and systems.".
 Design and engineering are forms of problem-solving
with a defined distinction being the application of "scientific
and mathematical principles".
 How much science is applied in a design is a question of
what is considered "science". Along with the question of
what is considered science, there is social science versus
natural science.
 Design vs Production

 The relationship between design and production is one of

planning and executing.
 In theory, the plan should anticipate and compensate for
potential problems in the execution process.
 Design involves problem-solving and creativity.
 In contrast, production involves a routine or pre-planned
process.
 Design vs Production

 A design may also be a mere plan that does not include a

production or engineering process, although a working
knowledge of such processes is usually expected of
designers.
 Design and production are involving many creative
professional careers, meaning problem-solving is part of
execution and the reverse.
 Design vs Production

 Designs are rarely perfect and are sometimes repetitive.

 The imperfection of a design may task a production
position (e.g. production artist, construction worker) with
utilizing creativity or problem-solving skills to compensate
for what was overlooked in the design process.
 Design Philosophy
 There are countless philosophies for guiding design as the
design values within modern design vary, both between
different schools of thought and among practicing
designers.
 Design philosophies are usually for determining design
goals. A design goal may range from solving the least
significant individual problem of the smallest element.
 Design goals are usually for guiding design. However,
conflicts over immediate and minor goals may lead to
questioning the purpose of design.
 Design Philosophy
 A design philosophy is a guide to help make choices when
designing such as ergonomics, costs, economics,
functionality and methods of re-design.
 An example of a design philosophy is “dynamic change” to
achieve the elegant or stylish look you need.
 ReDesign

Redesign Something that is redesigned requires a

different process than something that is designed for the
first time.

Redesign can also be said as any or all stages in the

design process repeated (with corrections made) at any
time before, during, or after production.
A redesign often includes an evaluation of the existent
design and the findings of the redesign needs are often the
ones that drive the redesign process.
 ReDesign

“ As engineers, we have to see beyond existing

technology and ask is there a better way?”
“Like everyone we get frustrated by products that don’t
work properly. As design engineers we do something
about it. We’re all about invention and improvement.”
Redesign
Redesign
Redesign
 Who designs and develops products?

A multidisciplinary team comprising of:

Marketing: to identify product opportunity, define
market segments, identify customer needs, etc.
Design: includes engineering (mechanical,
electrical, etc.) and industrial design (aesthetics).
Manufacturing: fabrication and testing
purposes.
Types of
Mechanical
Design
➢ Selection design
Choosing item(s) from a list of
similar items e.g choosing items
from a catalogue; must have a
clear need
➢ Adaptive design

Adapts a known solution to satisfy

a different need to produce a
novel application . For example,
adapting the ink-jet printing
concept to spray binder to hold
particles in place in a rapid
prototyping machine. Adaptive
designs involve synthesis and are
relatively common in design.
Types of Mechanical
Design

➢ Industrial design.
This form of design deals with
improving the appeal of a product to
the human senses, especially its
visual appeal. While this type of
design is more artistic than
engineering, it is a vital aspect of
many kinds of design.
Types of Mechanical Design

➢ Original design
 Requires the development of a process, assembly
or components not previously in existence or
information not available to the designer
 Selection, configuration and parametric are subsets
of an original design.

➢ Redesign
 Modification of an existing product to meet new
requirements example: material, human comfort,
ergonomics and aerodynamics.
Engineering design vs. industrial design?

Industrial design deals chiefly with the

aspects of a product related to:

 Asthetics – stylish in appearance … most

important design characteristics.
 Ergonomics – interaction between
human and machine/system/product ….

e.g. a concept car

Design, when applied to
fashion, includes
considering aesthetics as
well as function in the
final form.
A drawing for a booster engine for steam locomotives.
Engineering is applied to design, with emphasis on
function and the utilization of mathematics and
science.
 What is Design, really?

Which of the following is design and which is analysis?

A. Given that the customer wishes to fasten together two steel

plates, select appropriate sizes for the bolt, nut and washer.

B. Given the cross-section geometry of a new airplane wing

we determine the lift it produces by conducting wind tunnel
experiments.

Design Analysis

Form is the solution to a design problem.

How are Function and Form related
Function

Control Hold Move Protect Store

Design

Decision making processes

Form
Manufacturing
Shape Configuration Size Materials
processes

Form Ever Follows Function

Luis Sullivan
 it's defined the shape of technology

Engineering Design - The Introduction

EVOLUTION
OF FORM AND
TECHNOLOGY

05
 OpenCourseWare | ocw.utem.edu.my
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

It is in the ...

Automotive
industry

Engineering Design - The Introduction

(Industry today, 2019)

and has change the function of a

car ... car is connected

07
 Design – definition

Set of decision-making processes and activities

used to determined the form of an object given the
functions desired by the customer.
Design Method Versus Scientific Method
 A Problem-Solving Methodology

❑ Definition of the problem

❑ Gathering of information
❑ Generation of alternative solutions
❑ Evaluation of alternatives and decision making
❑ Communication of the results
 1. State
the
problem

6. Present 2.
the Generate
Results Ideas

5. 3. Select
Evaluate a Solution

4. Build
the Item
Making Decisions? Use the design process
• Establish functional requirements
Formulating • Determine constraints
Problem • Set performance targets
Design specifications

• Create alternative forms

Generating • (shape, configuration, size, materials,
Alternatives manufacturing processes)
Redesign
iteration

all alternatives

Analyzing
Alternatives
feasible alternative

Evaluating
Alternative

best alternative design candidate & meet manufacturing specifications

The design paradox between design
knowledge and design freedom.
Are there “phases” of design?

How do design decisions change over time?

Is there a logical grouping of decisions?

SCL: Pair up and discuss what makes

design decision change over time…
Share your answer with the rest of the class…
(do this in 5 minutes)
The first three phases of the engineering
design process.
 Phases of the engineering
design process.

Phase IV. Planning for Manufacture

Phase V. Planning for Distribution

Phase VI. Planning for Use

Phase VII. Planning for Retirement of

the Product
 The Four C’s of Design

Creativity
● Requires creation of something that has not existed before or has not existed in
the designer’s mind before
Complexity
● Requires decisions on many variables and parameters
Choice
● Requires making choices between many possible solutions at all levels, from
basic concepts to the smallest detail of shape
Compromise
● Requires balancing multiple and sometimes conflicting requirements
Design versus the Product Realization
Process?
Realized
Product
Disposal

Distribution

Manufacturing
(Production)
e nt
m
op
el
ev
D Production Design
t
d uc
ro
P

Engineering Design

Industrial Design
Customer
Sales / Marketing
Need Input
Phases in the life of a product
• Establish Function
• Determine Form
Design

• Fabricate
• Assemble
Manufacture • Distribute

• Setup
• Operate
• Maintain
Use • Repair

• Take down
• Disassemble
• Recycle
Retire • Dispose

To satisfy the consumer…

We must consider all the phases in the life of a product
Product realization begins the Product
Life Cycle

Introduction Growth Maturity Saturation Decline

Income

Sales
Investment

Time
Product
Development
How do we, as engineers, fit into
the Product Realization Process?

?
 Where do engineers work?

Employer Thousands %

Manufacturing 732 50

Engineering Services 401 27

Government (Federal, State & Local) 179 12

Self-employed 43 3

Other 110 8

Total 1465 100

(U.S. Department of Labor, 2000).

Engineering Roles in Design & Manufacturing
Job Title Description
Sales & Sales Engineer Meets customers, determines
Marketing needs, presents product offerings
Applications Engineer Assists sales & marketing solving
technical issues with respect to the
use of product
Field Service Engineer Installs, maintains and repairs
equipment at customers’ sites

Research & Industrial Designer Establishes essential product

Development appearance, human factors
Design Engineer Decides part or product form
including: shape, size,
configuration, materials, and
manufacturing processes
Materials Engineer Investigates and develops improved
materials
Test Engineer Designs and conducts performance
and safety tests
Engineering Roles in Design & Manufacturing

Manufacturing Industrial Engineer Designs fabrication,

assembly and warehousing
systems
Manufacturing Develops manufacturing
Engineer tools and fixtures
Quality Control Establishes and maintains
Engineer raw materials and finished
goods quality controls

Processing / Plant Engineer Designs and maintains

Operations processing plant facilities
Project Engineer Coordinates project work
tasks, budgets and
schedules
 “Functional” organization chart
Stockholders

Board of Directors

President

Purchasing Manufacturing Research & Development Sales & Marketing Finance

Purchasing Production Operations Design Engineering Sales Accounting

Estimating Quality Control Industrial Design Customer Service Budgeting
Expediting Industrial Engineering Prototyping Marketing Planning
Manufacturing Engineering Testing Advertising
Production Planning Materials Research
Tooling

typical manufacturing company

Concurrent engineering design team

No more
“over the wall”
Concurrent engineering design team

No more
“over the wall”
 Teamwork is a professional team sport!

Professional Team Industry

Competitors Companies
Team owners Investors
Coaches Managers
Referees, umpires Lawyers, judges
Communication Coordination
Fumbles, injuries Mistakes, losses
Individual skills Specialized jobs
Team skills “People” skills
 Inspiring words

To become proficient in design is a perfectly attainable goal for an

engineering student but its attainment requires the guided experiences.
Design should not be confused with discovery
Design may or may not involve invention.
In your professional career you may have the opportunity to create dozens
of designs and have the satisfaction of seeing them become working
realities.
A scientist will be lucky if he makes one creative addition to human
knowledge in his whole life, and many never do so.
A scientist can discover a new star but he cannot make one. He would have

to ask an engineer to do it for him.

 Summary

• Design is a “decision making” process in order to determine

the form of an object with the functions desired by the
customer.
• Product realization process includes engineering design
• Design process requires formulating, generating, analyzing,
evaluating and refining.
• Form follows function.
• Product realization is a professional team sport.
Task for this
week
 Create a two pages project proposal
with project schedule.
 Basic Outline
1. Problem Statement — Client Needs,
Client Goals, Client Objectives,
Goals and Objectives3
2. Recommended Solution —
Recommended Solution,
Recommended Strategy
3. Pricing information — Fee Summary,
Fee Schedule, Project Pricing

 Due date: A day before the next

lecture.