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C&P Lecture 3 - 21.07.2020

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13 views17 pages

C&P Lecture 3 - 21.07.2020

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londheminal09
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© © All Rights Reserved
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COAL AND PETROLEUM

Unit 1

CRUDE OIL
Class Objectives

Understanding the physical and


chemical properties of petroleum

Crude Oil
CRUDE OIL

Mixture of hydrocarbons
Exist in a liquid phase in natural underground
reservoirs
Remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after
passing through separating facilities
OIL DENSITY AND API GRAVITY

API - AMERICAN PETROLEUM


INSTITUTE

SP.GR @ 60/60° F - SP.GR OF OIL AT 60° F


VERSUS THAT OF WATER AT 60° F
OIL DENSITY AND API GRAVITY
∝
API GRAVITY _________________
1
DENSITY
LIGHT OIL (>40 API GRAVITY
API GRAVITY
INCREASING

UNITS

HEAVY OIL (<10 API GRAVITY


UNITS
CHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OIL -
PARAFFINS HYDROCARBONS
IF # OF C < 5
THEN GAS AT NORMAL T & P

IF # OF C 5 TO 15
THEN LIQUID AT NORMAL T & P

IF # OF C > 15
THEN VISCOUS LIQUID TO SOLID
WAX AT NORMAL T & P
NAPHTHENES CHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OIL -
HYDROCARBONS

2ND MAJOR GROUP OF


HC IN CRUDE OIL (≈ 40%)
LIQUID AT NORMAL T & P
AROMATIC CHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OIL -
COMPOUNDS HYDROCARBONS
3RD MAJOR GROUP OF HC IN
CRUDE OIL (KEROSENE +
LUBRICATING OIL)

LIQUID AT NORMAL T & P

MINOR IN LIGHT OIL (≈10%)


MORE IN HEAVY OIL (>30%)
CHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OIL -
NON - HYDROCARBONS

SULPHUR:
0.1 TO 7.0% BY WEIGHT

ELEMENTAL SULPHUR
FOUND IN YOUNG,
SHALLOW OIL
CHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OIL -
NON - HYDROCARBONS

NITROGEN:
PRESENCE DEGRADES
COLOUR OF THE OIL ON
EXPOSURE TO
SUNLIGHT
CHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OIL -
NON - HYDROCARBONS
OXYGEN:
CONTENT INCREASES
WITH BOILING RANGE,
SO THAT MORE
OXYGEN-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS ARE
PHENOL
FOUND IN DISTILLATES
THAT BOIL ABOVE
400°C
CHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OIL -
NON - HYDROCARBONS
METALS:
NICKEL AND VANADIUM
AS ORGANOMETALLIC
COMPOUNDS
Porphyrins
METALS ARE
ABUNDANT IN YOUNG,
SHALLOW OIL
CLASSIFICATION OF
CRUDE OIL
1) refractive index, density, molecular
weight scheme (n.d.m scheme)

Concerned with
Hydrocarbons present
Their physical properties such as viscosity, etc.
2) SEPARATION
INTO
SEVERAL
FRACTIONS
3) R
ATIO
OFAROM
AND ATIC
NAP S, PA
THEN RAFF
ES INS
RECAP
Crude Oil
API Gravity Units
Hydrocarbons (Paraffins, Napthenes,
Aromatics)
Non- Hydrocarbons (Sulphur, Nitrogen,
Oxygen, organo-metallic compounds)
Classification of Crude Oil (N.D.M Scheme,
separation into several fractions, ratio of
aromatics, paraffins, napthenes)

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