Institute of Engineering & Technology

Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB

LAB MANUAL
YEAR: II
SEM: IV SEM

Submitted By:
Name:
Roll No.:
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S.NO EXPERIMENT NAMES Page Date Remark

No.
1 Amplitude Modulation &
Demodulation
2 Am-Dsbsc-Mod & Demod (Balanced
modulator)
3 Diode Detector Characteristics
4 Frequency Modulation &
Demodulation
5 Pulse Amplitude Modulation &
Demodulation
6 Pulse Width Modulation And
Demodulation
7 Pulse Position Modulation And
Demodulation

E&TC DEPARTMENT 1
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM: To study the function of Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation (under modulation, perfect
modulation & over modulation) and also to calculate the modulation index.
APPARATUS:

1. Amplitude Modulation &Demodulation trainer

kit.
2. C.R.O (20MHz) 3. Connecting cords & probes.
THEORY:
Modulation is defined as the process of changing the characteristics (Amplitude,
Frequency or Phase) of the carrier signal (high frequency signal) in accordance with the
intensity of the message signal (modulating signal).
Amplitudemodulationisdefinedasasystemofmodulationinwhichtheamplitude of the carrier is
varied in accordance with amplitude of the message signal (modulating signal). The message signal is
given by the expression.
Em(t) =EmCos Wmt
Where Wm is ------Angular frequency
E m ------- Amplitude Carrier voltage
Ec(t)=Ec CosWct E(t)=Ec+Ka Em cosWmt
Ka E m Cos Wmt --change in carrier amplitude
Ka ---- constant
The amplitude modulated voltage is given by
E=E(t) Cos Wct
From above two equations
E=(Ec+Ka Em cosWmt)Cos Wct
E=(1+Ka Em/Ec Cos Wm t) Ec Cos Wc t
E=Ec (1+Ma cosWmt) Cos Wc t
Where Ma ---- depth of modulation/modulation index/modulation factor
Ma=Ka Em /Ec
100*Ma gives the percentage of modulation

E&TC DEPARTMENT 2
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the trainer kit and measure the internal carrier frequency and amplitude by using CRO.
It will be around 100 KHz record this frequency asfc.
2. Connect the built-in carrier to the carrier input of modulator circuit.
3. Connect around 3KHzto10KHzwith2Vp-pAF signal between AF input terminal and ground
terminals of the modulator circuit.
4. Vary the modulating signal frequency and amplitude and observe the input and output signals
simultaneously on CRO.
5. Calculate the maximum and minimum points of modulated wave under CRO and calculate the
depth of modulation
6. Repeat the above procedure for 60%, 80%and100% modulation index.
7. Connect the output of the modulator to the input of demodulator circuit and observe the output of
demodulator and compare it with the modulating signal.

BLOCKDIAGRAM:

Modulation

E&TC DEPARTMENT 3
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

Demodulation

MODELGRAPH:

E&TC DEPARTMENT 4
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

TABULARFORM:

RESULT:

VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. What is modulation and why modulation is needed?

2. Compare different AM techniques?
3. What is narrow banding?
4. What is frequency translation?
5. What is synchronous detection?

E&TC DEPARTMENT 5
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

2 .AM-DSBSC-MOD&DEMOD (BALANCEDMODULATOR)
AIM: To study the process of balanced modulation and the corresponding
waveform.

APPARATUS:
1. Balanced modulator Trainer Kit
2. CRO
3. Probes

THEORY:
Balanced modulator circuit is used to generate only the two side bands DSB-SC. The balanced
modulation system is a system is a system of adding message to carrier wave frequency there by
only the side bands are produced. It consists of two AM modulators arranged in a balanced
configuration. The AM modulator is assumed to be identical. The carrier input to the two
modulators is same.

If we eliminate or suppress the carrier then the system becomes suppressed carrier DSB-SC. In
this we need reinsert the carrier is complicated and costly. Hence the suppressed carrier DSB
system may be used in point to point communication system.

Generation of suppressed carrier amplitude modulated volt balanced modulator maybeof the
following types.
1. Using transistors or FET.
2. Using Diodes

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the trainer kit and measure the internal carrier frequency and
amplitude by using CRO.
2. Check the output of Audio Oscillator Which is nothing but Message signal.
3. Adjust the frequency and amplitude of message signal until we get the Shape
of DSB-SC signal.
4. Adjust the frequency of the Carrier signal to get phase reversals at Zero
crossings of Message signal.
Measure the frequency and Amplitudes of Message as well as the carrier signal, plot the
wave forms

E&TC DEPARTMENT 6
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

BLOCKDIAGRAM:
Modulation

Demodulation

E&TC DEPARTMENT 7
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

WAVEFORMS:

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is balanced modulator?

2. Draw the spectrum of BM?
3. What is the output of BM?
4. Name different DSB-SC modulators?
5. Compare different AM techniques?
6. What is VSB? And its main application?

E&TC DEPARTMENT 8
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

3. DIODE DETECTOR CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: To demodulate the modulated wave and to observe the characteristics of

diode detector.

APPARATUS:
Name Of The Specifications/Range Quantity
Component/Equipment
Diode(0A79) Maxcurrent35ma 1
Resistor 10kΩ 1
Capacitor 0.1Uf 1
CRO 20MHz 1
AM Generator 0.1MHz-110MHz 1
Regulated Power Supply 0-30V,1A 1

CIRCUITDIAGRAM:

Fig.1 Diode Detector

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as per fig.1.

2. Set the input amplitude modulate wave from AM
generator.

E&TC DEPARTMENT 9
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

3. Observe the modulating signal changes by varying the

amplitudes of the AM signal.
4. Note down the Amplitude of the demodulated wave.
Plot a graph between 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥Vs Detector wave amplitude as shown inFig.2.

SAMPLE READING:
TABLE1: Reading of Diode Detector

MODEL GRAPHS:

Fig.2.CharacteristicsofDiodeDetector

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Classify amplitude modulation detector or demodulators.

2. Why envelope detector is most popular in commercial receiver circuits?

E&TC DEPARTMENT 10
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

4. FREQUENCY MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM: To generate frequency modulated waveform &demodulated waveform

APPARATUS:

1. Frequency Modulation and Demodulator Kit(SCIENTECH2203Techbook)

2. CRO

3. BNC Probes

4. Connecting Wires
PROCEDURE:

1. Turn on power to the Scientism 2203Tech Book.

2. Observe modulating signal at the output test point of AF Oscillator block. Set the
modulating signal frequency(fm) to 3KHz

3. Select the desired modulator (reactance modulator, varactor modulator or ICXR2206

based FM modulator) using “Modulator Select” switch. Selected modulator is
indicated by glowing LED ’sat its input and output.
4. The frequency of the FM carrier signal (fc) should be approximately 455 KHz at the
moment.
5. Now vary the amplitude of modulating signal using the amplitude potentiometer of
the Audio oscillator block and observe the frequency modulated waveform at the
output test point of Amplitude limiter block if reactance or varactor modulator is
selected or at the output test point of Frequency Modulator (ICXR2206 based) if
FM(ICXR2206) is selected.

6. Observe the demodulated output at the output test points of low pass filter/Amplifier
block and compare it with the modulating signal. (Select the desired demodulator
using detector selects witch(quadrature detector, detuned resonance detector ,Foster
Seeley/Ratio detector, PLL detector),when reactance or varactor modulator is selected
in the modulator section))

CALCULATIONS:

Carrier Frequency fc=Modulating

Signal Frequency fm =fmax= fmin=

δ f= f max –f c

E&TC DEPARTMENT 11
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. What is analog modulation?

2. What is angle modulation?
3. Compare AM with narrow band FM?
4. What is exponential Modulation?
5. What is linear modulation and non-linear modulation?

E&TC DEPARTMENT 12
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

5. PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM: To Study Pulse Amplitude Modulation and demodulation using
Sample Output, Sample & Hold Output & Flat Top Output.
APPARATUS:

1. NV6575Trainer
2. 2mmPatchCords
3. CRO with Test Probe

PROCEDURE:

PAM modulation:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.

• Connect patch cord between output of Sine Wave &“Modulation Signal
Input” of PAM block.
• Keep the toggle switch at 1 KHz position.
• Now connect“8KHz” Pulse Output to Pulse Input of PAM block.
• Set the Amplitude Control pot at fully clock wise direction.
2. Now connect the SMPS Supply between mains socket
&NV6575Trainer.

3. Firstly switch On the SMPS supply &then trainer Power switch.

4. Now observe the output signals of Sample Output, Sample and

Hold Output&
Flat Top Output on the CRO.

5. Now varying the amplitude using Amplitude Control pot & Change
the frequency through the position of toggles witch (2 KHz).
Observe the effect on all the outputs.
6. Also, varying the frequency of pulse, by connecting the Pulse Input
to the 4 frequencies available i.e. 8, 16, 32, 64 KHz in Pulse output
block. Observe the effect on all the outputs.

E&TC DEPARTMENT 13
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

PAM demodulation:

1. Connect the “Sample Output” to “Input” of Low Pass Filter

through the patch cord.
2. Connect patch cord between “Output” of Low Pass Filter and
“Input” of AC Amplifier. Set the Gain Control pot in counter
clock wise position.

3. Observe the “Output” of AC Amplifier on the CRO. If it is not

exact replica of Input then adjust the Gain Control pot & obtain
pure sine wave similar to input.

4. Similarly connect the “Sample & Hold Out put” and “Flat Top
Output” to Low Pass Filter and see the demodulated wave
format the output of AC amplifier.
BLOCKDIAGRAM:

MODULATION:

E&TC DEPARTMENT 14
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

DEMODULATION:

OBSERVATIONS:

E&TC DEPARTMENT 15
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

WAVEFORMS:

Sample and Hold signal

Demodulated Signal
RESULT:

E&TC DEPARTMENT 16
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

Viva Questions:

1. Define Sampling theorem

2. What is nyquist rate?
3. How many types of samplings are there? Explain briefly
4. Define Pulse amplitude Modulation

5. Give few application of PAM

Discuss the Bandwidth requirements of PAM

E&TC DEPARTMENT 17
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

6. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM: To Study pulse Width modulation and demodulation using different
sampling frequency

APPARATUS:

1. NV6576Trainer

2. 2mmPatchCords

3. CRO with Test Probe/Recommended to use Digital

Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) for better results Procedure:

PWM modulation:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig

• Connect patch cord between output of Sine Wave & “Modulation
Signal Input” of PWM block.
• Keep the toggle switch at 1KHz position.
• Now connect“32 KHz” Pulse Output to “Pulse Input” of PWM
block.
• Set the Amplitude Control pot at fully clock wise direction.

2. Connect the Channel 1 of CRO /DSO in between PWM Output

& ground (Modulated Signal)

3. Connect the Channel 2 of CRO DSO in between Sine Wave &

ground (Modulating Signal)

4. Now connect the SMPS Supply between mains socket & NV6576
Trainer.

5. First switch On the SMPS supply & then trainer Power switch.

6. Now observe the “PWM Output” of Pulse Width Modulation on

the CRO.

PWM demodulation:

1. Connect the “PWM Output” to “Input” of Low Pass Filter

through the patch cord.

E&TC DEPARTMENT 18
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

2. Connect patch cord between “Output” of Low Pass Filter and

“Input” of AC Amplifier. Set the Gain Control pot in counter clock
wise position.
Observe the “Output” of AC Amplifier on the CRO. If it is not exact replica of Input then adjust
the Gain Control pot & obtain pure sine wave similar to input

Circuit Diagram:

PWM modulation:

PWM Demodulation:

E&TC DEPARTMENT 19
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

Observations:

WAVEFORMS:

Demodulated

signal

RESULT:

E&TC DEPARTMENT 20
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

Viva Questions:

1. Define Pulse width Modulation

2. Give few applications of PWM.
3. Discuss the Bandwidth requirements of PWM.
4. What are the advantages of PWM over PAM?
5. What are the disadvantages of PWM

E&TC DEPARTMENT 21
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

7. PULSE POSITION MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM:
To Study Pulse Position modulation and demodulation using Sine Wave input.

APPARATUS:

1. NV6576Trainer

2. 2mmPatchCords

3. CRO with Test Probe/Recommended to use Digital Storage

Oscilloscope (DSO) for better results

Procedure:

PPM Modulation:

PPM Modulation:

1. Connect the circuit as shown inFig.1

2. Connect patch cord between output of Sine Wave & “Input” of PPM block. 3. Keep the toggle
switch at 1KHz position.

4. Set the Amplitude Control pot at fully clock wise direction.

5. Now connect the SMPS Supply between mains socket & NV6577 Trainer.

6. Firstly switch On the SMPS supply & then trainer Power switch.

7. Now observe the “PPM Output” of Pulse Position Modulation on the CRO.

8. Now varying the amplitude of sine wave using Amplitude Control pot & see its effect on PPM
Output.

9. Change the frequency through the position of toggle switch (2 KHz) & observe the effect on
PPM Output.

PPM Demodulation:

Connect the “PPM Output” to “Input” of Low Pass Filter through the patch cord. Connect patch
cord between “Output” of Low Pass Filter and “Input” of AC Amplifier. Set the Gain Control pot
in counter clock wise position .Observe the “Output” of AC Amplifier on the CRO. It is

E&TC DEPARTMENT 22
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

Demodulated wave form. If it is not exact replica of Input then adjust the Gain Control pot &
obtain pure sine wave similar to input.

Circuit Diagram:

PWM modulation:

E&TC DEPARTMENT 23
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

PPM Demodulation:

Observations:

E&TC DEPARTMENT 24
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

Waveforms:

Modulating signal

Pulse Signal

Demodulated signal

RESULT:

E&TC DEPARTMENT 25
Analog Communication Lab IET DAVV, Indore

Viva Questions:

1. Explain the principle of PPM?

2. What are the Bandwidth requirements of PPM?
3. Write the advantages and disadvantages of Pulse position
modulation?
4. Give few applications of PPM.

E&TC DEPARTMENT 26