Sect. J5.

] FILLERS 113

Where the tension stress is uniform, Ubs = 1; where the tension stress is non-
uniform, Ubs = 0.5.

User Note: The cases where Ubs must be taken equal to 0.5 are illustrated in
the Commentary.

4. Strength of Elements in Compression

The available strength of connecting elements in compression for the limit states
of yielding and buckling shall be determined as follows.

For KL/r ≤ 25
Pn = Fy A g (J4-6)

f = 0.90 (LRFD)
= 1.67 (ASD)

For KL/r > 25 the provisions of Chapter E apply.

J5. FILLERS
In welded construction, any filler 1 / 4 in. (6 mm) or more in thickness shall extend
beyond the edges of the splice plate and shall be welded to the part on which it is
fitted with sufficient weld to transmit the splice plate load, applied at the surface
of the filler. The welds joining the splice plate to the filler shall be sufficient to
transmit the splice plate load and shall be long enough to avoid overloading the
filler along the toe of the weld. Any filler less than 1 / 4 in. (6 mm) thick shall have
its edges made flush with the edges of the splice plate and the weld size shall be
the sum of the size necessary to carry the splice plus the thickness of the filler
plate.
When a bolt that carries load passes through fillers that are equal to or less than
1/4 in. (6 mm) thick, the shear strength shall be used without reduction. When a
bolt that carries load passes through fillers that are greater than 1 / 4 in. (6 mm)
thick, one of the following requirements shall apply:
(1) For fillers that are equal to or less than 3 / 4 in. (19 mm) thick, the shear
strength of the bolts shall be multiplied by the factor [1 − 0.4(t − 0.25)] [S.I.:
[1 − 0.0154(t − 6)]], where t is the total thickness of the fillers up to 3 / 4 in.
(19 mm);
(2) The fillers shall be extended beyond the joint and the filler extension shall
be secured with enough bolts to uniformly distribute the total force in the
connected element over the combined cross section of the connected element
and the fillers;
(3) The size of the joint shall be increased to accommodate a number of bolts
that is equivalent to the total number required in (2) above; or
(4) The joint shall be designed to prevent slip at required strength levels in ac-
cordance with Section J3.8.
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, March 9, 2005
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.
114 SPLICES [Sect. J6. Sect. J10.] FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CONCENTRATED FORCES 115

J6. SPLICES permitted to be taken as follows:

Groove-welded splices in plate girders and beams shall develop the nominal φfc = 0.60 (LRFD) Ω
�c = 2.50 (ASD)
strength of the smaller spliced section. Other types of splices in cross sections of
The nominal bearing strength, Pp , is determined as follows:
plate girders and beams shall develop the strength required by the forces at the
point of the splice. (a) On the full area of a concrete support:
Pp = 0.85 f c� A1 (J8-1)
J7. BEARING STRENGTH
The design bearing strength, fRn , and the allowable bearing strength, Rn /
, (b) On less than the full area of a concrete support:
�
of surfaces in contact shall be determined for the limit state of bearing (local Pp = 0.85 f c� A1 A2 /A1 ≤ 1.7 f c� A1 (J8-2)
compressive yielding) as follows:
where
f = 0.75 (LRFD)
= 2.00 (ASD) A1 = area of steel concentrically bearing on a concrete support, in.2 (mm2 )
The nominal bearing strength, Rn , is defined as follows for the various types of A2 = maximum area of the portion of the supporting surface that is geo-
bearing: metrically similar to and concentric with the loaded area, in.2 (mm2 )

(a) For milled surfaces, pins in reamed, drilled, or bored holes, and ends of fitted J9. ANCHOR RODS AND EMBEDMENTS
bearing stiffeners:
Anchor rods shall be designed to provide the required resistance to loads on the
Rn = 1.8Fy A pb (J7-1) completed structure at the base of columns including the net tensile components of
any bending moment that may result from load combinations stipulated in Section
where
B2. The anchor rods shall be designed in accordance with the requirements for
Fy = specified minimum yield stress, ksi (MPa) threaded parts in Table J3.2.
A pb = projected bearing area, in.2 (mm2 )
Larger oversized and slotted holes are permitted in base plates when adequate
(b) For expansion rollers and rockers:
bearing is provided for the nut by using structural or plate washers to bridge the
(i) If d ≤ 25 in. (635 mm) hole.
Rn = 1.2(Fy − 13)ld/20 (J7-2) User Note: The permitted hole sizes and corresponding washer dimensions
are given in the AISC Manual of Steel Construction.
(SI: Rn = 1.2(Fy − 90)ld/20) (J7-2M)
When horizontal forces are present at column bases, these forces should, where
(ii) If d > 25 in. (635 mm) possible, be resisted by bearing against concrete elements or by shear friction
√
Rn = 6.0(Fy − 13)l d/20 (J7-3) between the column base plate and the foundation. When anchor rods are designed
√ to resist horizontal force the base plate hole size, the anchor rod setting tolerance,
(SI: Rn = 30.2(Fy − 90)l d/20) (J7-3M) and the horizontal movement of the column shall be considered in the design.
where User Note: See ACI 318 for embedment design and for shear friction design.
d = diameter, in. (mm) See OSHA for special erection requirements for anchor rods.
l = length of bearing, in. (mm)
J10. FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CONCENTRATED FORCES
J8. COLUMN BASES AND BEARING ON CONCRETE
This section applies to single- and double-concentrated forces applied normal
Proper provision shall be made to transfer the column loads and moments to the
to the flange(s) of wide flange sections and similar built-up shapes. A single-
footings and foundations.
concentrated force can be either tensile or compressive. Double-concentrated
In the absence of code regulations, the design bearing strength, fc Pp , and the forces are one tensile and one compressive and form a couple on the same side
allowable bearing strength, Pp /
c , for the limit state of concrete crushing are of the loaded member.
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, March 9, 2005 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, March 9, 2005
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.
116 FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CONCENTRATED FORCES [Sect. J10. Sect. J10.] FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CONCENTRATED FORCES 117

When the required strength exceeds the available strength as determined for the (b) When the concentrated force to be resisted is applied at a distance from the
limit states listed in this section, stiffeners and/or doublers shall be provided and member end that is less than or equal to the depth of the member d,
shall be sized for the difference between the required strength and the available Rn = (2.5k + N )Fyw tw (J10-3)
strength for the applicable limit state. Stiffeners shall also meet the design re- where
quirements in Section J10.8. Doublers shall also meet the design requirement in
k = distance from outer face of the flange to the web toe of the fillet,
Section J10.9
in. (mm)
User Note: See Appendix 6.3 for requirements for the ends of cantilever Fyw = specified minimum yield stress of the web, ksi (MPa)
members. N = length of bearing (not less than k for end beam reactions), in. (mm)
tw = web thickness, in. (mm)
Stiffeners are required at unframed ends of beams in accordance with the require- When required, a pair of transverse stiffeners or a doubler plate shall be provided.
ments of Section J10.7.
3. Web Crippling
1. Flange Local Bending
This section applies to compressive single-concentrated forces or the compressive
This section applies to tensile single-concentrated forces and the tensile compo- component of double-concentrated forces.
nent of double-concentrated forces.
The available strength for the limit state of web local crippling shall be deter-
The design strength, fRn , and the allowable strength, Rn /
, for the limit state mined as follows:
of flange local bending shall be determined as follows:
f = 0.75 (LRFD)
= 2.00 (ASD)
Rn = 6.25t f 2 Fy f (J10-1) The nominal strength, Rn , shall be determined as follows:
f = 0.90 (LRFD)
= 1.67 (ASD) (a) When the concentrated compressive force to be resisted is applied at a distance
from the member end that is greater than or equal to d/2:
where     1.5 
Fy f = specified minimum yield stress of the flange, ksi (MPa) N tw EFyw t f
Rn = 0.80tw 1 + 3
2
(J10-4)
t f = thickness of the loaded flange, in. (mm) d tf tw

If the length of loading across the member flange is less than 0.15bf , where bf is (b) When the concentrated compressive force to be resisted is applied at a distance
the member flange width, Equation J10-1 need not be checked. from the member end that is less than d/2:
(i) For N /d ≤ 0.2
When the concentrated force to be resisted is applied at a distance from the    1.5 
member end that is less than 10t f , Rn shall be reduced by 50 percent. N tw EFyw t f
Rn = 0.40tw2 1+3 (J10-5a)
d tf tw
When required, a pair of transverse stiffeners shall be provided.
(ii) For N /d > 0.2
2. Web Local Yielding     1.5 
4N tw EFyw t f
This section applies to single-concentrated forces and both components of double- Rn = 0.40tw2 1+ − 0.2 (J10-5b)
concentrated forces. d tf tw
where
The available strength for the limit state of web local yielding shall be determined
as follows: d = overall depth of the member, in. (mm)
t f = flange thickness, in. (mm)
f = 1.00 (LRFD)
= 1.50 (ASD)
When required, a transverse stiffener, or pair of transverse stiffeners, or a doubler
The nominal strength, Rn , shall be determined as follows: plate extending at least one-half the depth of the web shall be provided.
(a) When the concentrated force to be resisted is applied at a distance from the 4. Web Sidesway Buckling
member end that is greater than the depth of the member d,
This Section applies only to compressive single-concentrated forces applied to
Rn = (5k + N )Fyw tw (J10-2) members where relative lateral movement between the loaded compression flange
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, March 9, 2005 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, March 9, 2005
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.
118 FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CONCENTRATED FORCES [Sect. J10. Sect. J10.] FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CONCENTRATED FORCES 119

and the tension flange is not restrained at the point of application of the concen-
User Note: For determination of adequate restraint, refer to Appendix 6.
trated force.
The available strength of the web shall be determined as follows: 5. Web Compression Buckling
f = 0.85 (LRFD)
= 1.76 (ASD) This Section applies to a pair of compressive single-concentrated forces or the
The nominal strength, Rn , for the limit state of web sidesway buckling shall be compressive components in a pair of double-concentrated forces, applied at both
determined as follows: flanges of a member at the same location.

(a) If the compression flange is restrained against rotation: The available strength for the limit state of web local buckling shall be determined
as follows:
(i) For (h/tw )/(l/b f ) ≤ 2.3 
 24tw3 EFyw
 3  Rn = (J10-8)
Cr tw3 t f h/tw h
Rn = 1 + 0.4 (J10-6)
h2 l/b f
f = 0.90 (LRFD)
= 1.67 (ASD)
(ii) For (h/tw )/(l/b f ) > 2.3, the limit state of web sidesway buckling does
not apply. When the pair of concentrated compressive forces to be resisted is applied at a
distance from the member end that is less than d/2, Rn shall be reduced by 50
When the required strength of the web exceeds the available strength, local lateral percent.
bracing shall be provided at the tension flange or either a pair of transverse
stiffeners or a doubler plate shall be provided. When required, a single transverse stiffener, a pair of transverse stiffeners, or a
doubler plate extending the full depth of the web shall be provided.
(b) If the compression flange is not restrained against rotation:
6. Web Panel Zone Shear
(i) For (h/tw )/(l/b f ) ≤ 1.7
  3  This section applies to double-concentrated forces applied to one or both flanges
Cr tw3 t f h/tw of a member at the same location.
Rn = 0.4 (J10-7)
h2 l/b f
The available strength of the web panel zone for the limit state of shear yielding
(ii) For (h/tw )/(l/b f ) > 1.7, the limit state of web sidesway buckling does shall be determined as follows:
not apply.
f = 0.90 (LRFD)
= 1.67 (ASD)
When the required strength of the web exceeds the available strength, local
The nominal strength, Rn , shall be determined as follows:
lateral bracing shall be provided at both flanges at the point of application of the
concentrated forces. (a) When the effect of panel-zone deformation on frame stability is not consid-
ered in the analysis:
In Equations J10-6 and J10-7, the following definitions apply:
(i) For Pr ≤ 0.4Pc
b f = flange width, in. (mm)
Cr = 960,000 ksi (6.62 × 106 MPa) when Mu < M y (LRFD) or 1.5Ma < M y Rn = 0.60Fy dc tw (J10-9)
(ASD) at the location of the force (ii) For Pr > 0.4Pc
= 480,000 ksi (3.31 × 106 MPa) when Mu ≥ M y (LRFD) or 1.5Ma ≥ M y  
Pr
(ASD) at the location of the force Rn = 0.60Fy dc tw 1.4 − (J10-10)
Pc
h = clear distance between flanges less the fillet or corner radius for rolled
shapes; distance between adjacent lines of fasteners or the clear distance (b) When frame stability, including plastic panel-zone deformation, is considered
between flanges when welds are used for built-up shapes, in. (mm) in the analysis:
l = largest laterally unbraced length along either flange at the point of load, (i) For Pr ≤ 0.75Pc
in. (mm)
3bc f tc2f
t f = flange thickness, in. (mm) Rn = 0.60Fy dc tw 1 + (J10-11)
db dc tw
tw = web thickness, in. (mm)
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, March 9, 2005 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, March 9, 2005
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.
120 FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CONCENTRATED FORCES [Sect. J10. Sect. J10.] FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CONCENTRATED FORCES 121

(ii) For Pr > 0.75Pc The member properties shall be determined using an effective length of 0.75h
  and a cross section composed of two stiffeners and a strip of the web having a
3bc f tc2f 1.2Pr
Rn = 0.60Fy dc tw 1 + 1.9 − (J10-12) width of 25tw at interior stiffeners and 12tw at the ends of members. The weld
db dc tw Pc
connecting full depth bearing stiffeners to the web shall be sized to transmit the
In Equations J10-9 through J10-12, the following definitions apply: difference in compressive force at each of the stiffeners to the web.
A = column cross-sectional area, in.2 (mm2 ) Transverse and diagonal stiffeners shall comply with the following additional
bc f = width of column flange, in. (mm) criteria:
db = beam depth, in. (mm)
(1) The width of each stiffener plus one-half the thickness of the column web shall
dc = column depth, in. (mm)
not be less than one-third of the width of the flange or moment connection
Fy = specified minimum yield stress of the column web, ksi (MPa)
plate delivering the concentrated force.
Pc = Py , kips (N) (LRFD)
(2) The thickness of a stiffener shall not be less than one-half the thickness of
Pc = 0.6Py , kips (N) (ASD)
the flange or moment connection plate delivering the concentrated load, and
Pr = required strength, kips (N)
greater than or equal to the width divided by 15.
Py = Fy A, axial yield strength of the column, kips (N)
(3) Transverse stiffeners shall extend a minimum of one-half the depth of the
tc f = thickness of the column flange, in. (mm)
member except as required in J10.5 and J10.7.
tw = column web thickness, in. (mm)
9. Additional Doubler Plate Requirements for Concentrated Forces
When required, doubler plate(s) or a pair of diagonal stiffeners shall be provided
within the boundaries of the rigid connection whose webs lie in a common plane. Doubler plates required for compression strength shall be designed in accordance
with the requirements of Chapter E.
See Section J10.9 for doubler plate design requirements.
Doubler plates required for tensile strength shall be designed in accordance with
7. Unframed Ends of Beams and Girders
the requirements of Chapter D.
At unframed ends of beams and girders not otherwise restrained against rotation
about their longitudinal axes, a pair of transverse stiffeners, extending the full Doubler plates required for shear strength (see Section J10.6) shall be designed
depth of the web, shall be provided. in accordance with the provisions of Chapter G.

8. Additional Stiffener Requirements for Concentrated Forces In addition, doubler plates shall comply with the following criteria:
(1) The thickness and extent of the doubler plate shall provide the additional
Stiffeners required to resist tensile concentrated forces shall be designed in ac-
material necessary to equal or exceed the strength requirements.
cordance with the requirements of Chapter D and welded to the loaded flange
(2) The doubler plate shall be welded to develop the proportion of the total force
and the web. The welds to the flange shall be sized for the difference between the
transmitted to the doubler plate.
required strength and available limit state strength. The stiffener to web welds
shall be sized to transfer to the web the algebraic difference in tensile force at
the ends of the stiffener.
Stiffeners required to resist compressive concentrated forces shall be designed
in accordance with the requirements in Sections E6.2 and J4.4 and shall either
bear on or be welded to the loaded flange and welded to the web. The welds to
the flange shall be sized for the difference between the required strength and the
applicable limit state strength. The weld to the web shall be sized to transfer to
the web the algebraic difference in compression force at the ends of the stiffener.
For fitted bearing stiffeners, see Section J7.
Transverse full depth bearing stiffeners for compressive forces applied to a
beam or plate girder flange(s) shall be designed as axially compressed mem-
bers (columns) in accordance with the requirements of Sections E6.2 and J4.4.
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, March 9, 2005 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, March 9, 2005
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.