ZOOLOGY

11 NEETth

STRUCTURAL
ORGANISATION IN ANIMAL

VIDYAPEETH
S E L E C T I O N H O G A Y A H I N S E
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VIDYAPEETH
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMAL
DPP-1
[Epithelial Tissue-I]
1. How many types of epithelial tissue is present in 7. In organ system
complex animal like human? (1) Organs perform a common function by their
(1) One (2) Two physical interaction
(3) Three (4) Fours (2) Organs perform a common function by their
chemical interaction
(3) Organ perform a common function by without
2. All complex animals consists of only
physical and chemical interaction.
(1) two types of tissue
(4) Both (1) and (2)
(2) one types of tissue
(3) three types of tissue 8. Division of labour in complex animal present
(4) four types of tissue
(1) only at cellular level
3. On the basis of structural modification of cells (2) only at tissue level
simple epithelium is divided into (3) only at organ level
(1) three types (4) At the level of cells, tissue, organ and organ
(2) two types system
(3) three types
(4) four types 9. Which of the following is correct match for
epithelium and its characters?
(1) Simple epithelium :- Composed by single
4. Which of the following is a feature of simple
cell
epithelium but not a feature of compound
(2) Compound epithelium :- Made up of a single
epithelium? thin layer of
(1) Compact packing of cells without intercellular flattened cells with
matrix. regular boundaries
(2) Compact packing of cells with more (3) Compound epithelium :- Consist of one or
intercellular matrix. more cell layers and
(3) Loose packing of cells with more intercellular has protective
matrix. function.
(4) Made up of single layer of cells (4) Simple epithelium :- This tissue has free
surface which either
5. Structure of cell vary according to their face body fluids or
environment.
(1) Location (2) Secretion
(3) Function (4) Habitat
10. Which is not correct statements about stomach,
lung, heart and kidney.
6. Mucus is move in a specific direction in (1) All are made up of epithelium, connective,
bronchioles by muscular and neutral tissue.
(1) Compound ciliated epithelium (2) All are considered as organ.
(2) Ciliated epithelium (3) Stomach and heart made up of four types of
(3) Ciliated squamous epithelium tissue but lung and kidney made up of two
(4) Compound squamous epithelium types of tissue.
(4) All Exhibit division of Labour.
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11. Match List-I with List-II 14. Which is correct statement about animal tissue?
List-I List-II
(a) simple squamous (i) Inner surface of (1) Tissues are not organized in specific
epithelium fallopian tube
proportion and pattern to form organ
(b) Simple cuboidal (ii) Lining of
epithelium stomach (2) Division of labour is present in unicellular
(c) Simple columnar (iii) Tubular part of organism
epithelium nephron (3) Tissues are organized in specific proportion
(d) Ciliated (iv) Blood vessels but not in specific pattern to form organ
epithelium
(4) Human body is composed of billions of cells
Choose the correct answer from the options given
below:
(1) (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii) 15. Given below are two statements:
(2) (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iv) One is labelled assertion (A) and other is labelled
(3) (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
as reason (R).
(4) (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)
Assertion (A) :
12. Epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule of Epithelium tissue has a free surface, which faces
nephron in kidney has either body fluids or outside the environment.
(1) Simple squamous epithelium Reason (R):
(2) Simple squamous epithelium with microvilli
Epithelium tissue provide a covering or lining to all
(3) Simple cuboidal epithelium
(4) Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli part of the body.
In the light of above statements choose the most
13. Tissue can be best explained by appropriate answer from the options given below.
(1) Group of similar cells along with intercellular (1) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct
substances performing different function.
(2) Both (A) and (R) correct but (R) is the correct
(2) Group of different cells without intercellular
substances performing different function. explanation of (A)
(3) Group of similar cells along with intercellular (3) Both (A) and (R) correct but (R) is not the
substances performing a specific function. correct explanation of (A)
(4) Group of different cells without intercellular
(4) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct.
substances performing a specific function.
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DPP-2
[Epithelial Tissue-II]
1. Glands are the modification of 9. Which one of the following statements is not
(1) Columnar cell (2) Cuboidal cell correct?
(3) Squamous cell (4) Both (1) and (2) (1) Digestive enzymes are secreted by exocrine
glands
2. Goblet cell are modification of (2) Hormones are directly secreted into the fluid
(1) Squamous cells (2) Cuboidal cell bathing the gland
(3) Columnar cell (4) Neuron cell (3) Exocrine glands do not have duct
(4) Glands are of mainly two types unicellular
3. Exocrine gland secretes and multicellular
(1) Saliva (2) Earwax 10. Consider the following statements:
(3) oil (4) All of the above Statement-I: Function of compound epithelium
is protection against chemical stress only.
4. Endocrine glands secretes Statement-II: Compound epithelium has major
(1) Enzyme (2) oil role in secretion and absorption.
(3) Mucus (4) Hormone Choose the correct answer from the options given
below:
5. Compound epithelium is present in (1) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
(1) Lining of stomach (2) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
(3) Statement I is correct but Statement II is false
(2) Tubular part of nephron
(4) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true
(3) Inner lining of duct of salivary glands
(4) Alveoli wall of lungs
11. Match the list-I with list-II
List I List II
6. Which junction help to stop substance from (a) Multicellular (i) Goblet cell
leaking across tissue gland
(1) Adhering junction (b) Unicellular (ii) Salivary gland
(2) Gap junction gland
(3) Cementing junction (c) Brush bordered (iii) Compound
(4) Tight junction epithelium epithelium
(d) Inner lining of (iv) PCT
pancreatic duct
7. Rapid transfer of ions, small molecules and some
Choose the correct answer from the options given
time big molecules occurs through
below:
(1) Gap junction (1) (a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii)
(2) Tight junction (2) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii)
(3) Adhering junction (3) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
(4) Mechanical junction (4) (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)

8. Cells in an tissue are held together by 12. Cytoplasmic connectivity between cell in animals
is due to
(1) Adhering junction
(1) Gap junction (2) Tight junction
(2) Gap junction
(3) Plasmodesmata (4) Adhering junction
(3) Communication junction
(4) Tight junction
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13. Which of the following statement is correct? 15. All the statements are correct except
(1) All cells in epithelium held together with (1) Cell junctions are only found in epithelium
more intercellular material tissue.
(2) In nearly all tissue specialized junctions are (2) In animal tissue cell junction provide
present structural and functional link between its
(3) Compound epithelium is made up of one individual cells.
layer (3) Moist surface of pharynx is compound
(4) Moist surface of buccal cavity is simple squamous epithelium.
epithelium (4) Ear wax is secreted by exocrine gland.

14. Which of the following statement is correct?

(1) Dry surface of skin is simple squamous

epithelium.
(2) Epithelium is avascular but have nerve
supply.
(3) Main function of compound epithelium is
secretion.
(4) Inner lining of buccal cavity has columnar
epithelium.
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DPP-3
[Connective Tissue-I]
1. Function of connective tissue is 8. Soft connective tissue consist of
(1) Linking of tissue (1) Only fibres (2) Only Proteins
(2) Supporting tissue (3) Only cells (4) All of the above
(3) Covering external body surface
(4) Both 1 and 2 9. Which of the following tissue is most abundant
tissue in complex animals is
2. Fibers are present in all connective tissue except (1) Neural tissue
(2) Muscular tissue
(1) Adipose tissue (2) cartilage
(3) Epithelial tissue
(3) Bone (4) Blood
(4) Connective tissue

3. Among the following which component provide

10. Which set of tissue is connective tissue only-
strength elasticity & flexibility to connective tissue
(1) Bone, Cartilage, Epithelium
(2) Bone, Cartilage, Muscle
(1) Collagen & Elastin (3) Adipose, Cartilage, Bone, Blood
(2) Macrophage and Eosinophils (4) Neurons, Cartilage, Bone, Blood
(3) Mast cell and Fibroblast
(4) Fibroblast and Eosinophils. 11. Match the list I with List II
List-I List-II
4. Which cells in connective tissue secretes fibres and (a) Mast cell (i) store fat
modified polysaccharides in connective tissue. (b) Macrophage (ii) Show allergy response
(c) Eosinophil (iii) Phagocytosis
(1) Mast cells (d) Adipocyte (iv) Secrete heparin
(2) Eosinophils Choose the correct answer from the options given
(3) Basophils below:
(1) (a)-(i), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii)
(4) Fibroblast
(2) (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)
(3) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(iii), (d)-(i)
5. Among the following fluid connective tissue is
(4) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
(1) Bone and cartilage
(2) lymph and Adipose 12. Consider the following statement.
(3) Blood and lymph Statement-I: Connective tissue are least abundant
(4) Blood and cartilage in complex animals
Statement-II: Connective Tissue only line the
6. Which can not be a function of connective tissue? some cavities, duct of body.
(1) Bind together tissue Choose the correct answer from the options given
(2) Provide strength to tissue below:
(3) Insulation of other tissue (1) Statement-I and Statement-II both are correct
(4) Contractibility and excitability (2) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is
correct
7. Collagen fibres are made up of (3) Statement-I and Statement-II both are
(1) Fat (2) Carbohydrates incorrect
(3) Proteins (4) Nucleic Acid (4) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is
incorrect
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13. All the statement are incorrect except 14. Matrix is present between cells and fibres known as
(1) Bone, blood, cartilage and lymph are ground substance. Ground substance in most of
specialized connective tissue connective tissue is secreted by
(2) Fibroblast is present in all connective tissue (1) Mast cells (2) Eosinophils cells
(3) Fibroblast cells (4) Monocyte cells
(3) Collagen fibres is present in all connective
tissue.
15. Connective tissue are mainly classified into
(4) Basophils present both in blood and Areolar
(1) Two types (2) Three types
tissue. (3) Four types (4) Five types
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DPP-4
[Connective Tissue-II]
1. Which tissue oftenly function as support 9. Which of the following statement is correct?
framework of epithelium (1) Adipose tissue is mainly located beneath the
(1) Adipose tissue (2) Areolar tissue
skin
(3) Ligament (4) Tendon
(2) Adipose tissue is specialized to store glycogen
2. Choose the correct match (3) Adipose tissue contains cells like fibroblast,
(1) Adipose tissue – dense connective tissue Adipocyte, Mast cell but not fibers
(2) Ligament – Specialised connective tissue (4) Adipocyte are not present in Areolar
(3) Tendon – a type of epithelium connective tissue
(4) Blood – Specialised connective tissue

3. Collagen fibres and cells are present in rows in 10. Main tissue that provide structural frame work to
(1) Adipose tissue (2) Areolar tissue body is
(3) Ligament (4) Blood (1) Cartilage (2) Blood
(3) Bone (4) Adipose tissue
4. Tendon connect
(1) Muscle to Muscle (2) Bone to bone
11. Ground substance of bone is rich in
(3) Muscle to bone (4) Skin to bone
(1) Elastin fibres and calcium salt
5. Dense irregular connective tissue present in (2) Collagen fibres and calcium salt
(3) Collagen fibres and sodium salt
(1) Ligament (4) Elastin fibres and sodium salt
(2) Tendon
(3) Skin
(4) Epithelium 12. Consider the following statements.
Statement-I: Bones have a hard and nonpliable
6. Cartilage is not present ground substance
(1) at the tip of nose Statement-II: Bones support and protect the soften
(2) In limb and Hand
tissue and organs.
(3) Outer ear joint and between vertebral column
Choose the correct answer from the options given
(4) In duct of pancreas
below:
7. Main circulating fluid of body is (1) Statement-I and Statement-II both are correct
(1) Blood (2) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is
(2) Lymph correct
(3) Cerebrospinal fluid
(3) Statement-I and Statement-II both are
(4) Serum
incorrect
8. Fibers and cells are compactly packed in (4) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is
(a) Skin (b) Tendon incorrect
(c) Cartilage (d) Epithelium
(e) Bone 13. In lacuna of bone
(1) b only (2) b and c only (1) Osteocyte present (2) Chondrocyte present
(3) b, c and e only (4) a, b, c and e
(3) Osteoblast present (4) Osteoclast present
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14. Which of the following statement is incorrect? 15. Most abundant connective tissue among the
(1) The Intracellular material of cartilage is solid following in body of complex animal is
& pliable
(1) Adipose tissue
(2) Chondrocyte to are present in cavities called
(2) Blood
lacuna
(3) Most of cartilage of invertebrate embryo is (3) Lymph
replaced by bone (4) Areolar connective tissue
(4) Both (1) and (3)
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DPP-5
[Muscle Tissue, Nervous Tissue]
1. Each muscle is made up of 8. Which of the following is/are excitable cells?
(1) few long cylindrical fibres arranged in parallel (1) Neurons (2) Muscle fibre
arrays (3) Neuroglial cell (4) Both (1) and (2)
(2) Many short cylindrical fibres arranged in
parallel arrays 9. Correct arrangement of structures in a muscle is
(3) Many long cylindrical fibres arranged in (1) Muscle → muscle fibres → myofibril
parallel arrays (2) Muscle → Myofibrils → muscle fibres
(4) Few short cylindrical fibres arranged in (3) Muscle → myofilaments → muscle fibres
parallel arrays (4) Muscle fibres → muscle → myofilament

2. Branched muscle fibre are present in 10. Which of the following statement is incorrect ?
(1) Smooth muscles
(2) Cardiac muscles (1) Muscle cell contract in response to stimulus
(2) Muscle action maintain the position of various
(3) Skeletal muscle
part of body
(4) Smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle
(3) Muscles are of three type skeletal, smooth and
cardiac
3. Gap junction are present between muscle fibres in
(4) Biceps muscles in leg is an example of skeletal
(1) Smooth muscle (2) Cardiac muscle
muscle
(3) Skeletal muscle (4) Both (1) and (2)

11. Signal passes into all cardiac muscle fibres fastly

4. Cells in cardiac muscle contract as a unit due to
due to presence of
presence of
(1) Adherens junction
(1) Communication junction (2) Gap junction
(2) Gap junction (3) Cementing junction
(3) Both (1) and (2) (4) Tight junction
(4) Mechanical junction
12. Arrival of electrical disturbance at axon terminals
5. Structural unit of neural system is may release
(1) Glial cell (2) Neuron cell (1) Excitable neurotransmitter
(3) Muscle cell (4) Both (1) and (2) (2) Inhibitory neurotransmitter
(3) Both (1) and (2)
6. Which of the following cell protect, support the
(4) Enzyme which excite the next neurons
neurons and it self a part of neural system.
(1) neuroglial cell 13. Which of the following statement is correct?
(2) Epithelial cell (1) Smooth muscle fibres are cylindrical at their
(3) Connective tissue cell ends
(4) Muscle cell (2) Striation is present in cardiac and smooth
muscles
7. Neuroglia make (3) Cell junction are absent between muscle fibre
(1) Less than half volume of neural tissue in smooth muscles
(2) 20% volume of neural tissue (4) Wall of blood vessels, stomach and small
(3) More than 50% volume of neural tissue Intestine contain smooth muscle
(4) 100 % volume of neural tissue
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14. Consider the following statements. 15. Striation is present in

Statement-I: Smooth Muscle and cardiac muscle (1) Smooth muscle fibre
are involuntary (2) Skeletal muscle fibre
Statement-II: Function of smooth muscle and (3) Cardiac muscle fibre
cardiac muscle are not directly controlled. (4) Both (2) and (3)
Choose the correct answer from the options given
below:
(1) Statement-I and Statement-II both are correct
(2) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is
correct
(3) Statement-I and Statement-II both are
incorrect
(4) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is
incorrect
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DPP-6
[Cockroach - General Introduction]
1. Cockroach belongs to the phylum 9. Why head of the cockroach can move easily in all
(1) Annelida (2) Arthropoda The directions?
(3) Platyhelminthes (4) Porifera
(1) In cockroach head, and thorax fuse to form
Cephalothorax
2. Which of the following is cockroach?
(1) Pheretima posthuma (2) Anatomy of mouthpart are so arranged that
(2) Rana tigrina head can move easily in all the directions.
(3) Periplaneta americana (3) Head is attached to thorax through a flexible
(4) Lumbricus neck
(4) Abdomen of cockroach is made of three
3. Dorsal sclerite in cockroach is known
segments
(1) Sternum (2) Pleurite
(3) Tergum (4) All of the above
10. The body of the cockroach is segmented and
divisible into
4. Head of cockroach is
(1) Triangular (1) Head and tail
(2) Hypognathous (2) Head and thorax
(3) Formed by fusion of six segments (3) Head and abdomen
(4) All of the above (4) Head, thorax and abdomen

5. Fore wings in cockroach arises from 11. The entire body of the cockroach is covered by
(1) Hypopharynx (2) Metathorax
(1) Skin
(3) Mesothorax (4) Prothorax
(2) Shell
6. Which is the cutting organ in the mouth parts of (3) Hard chitinous exoskeleton
cockroach? (4) Keratin
(1) Maxillary palp
(2) Mandible
12. The mouth parts of a cockroach are said to be
(3) Labrum
(1) Absorbing type
(4) Labium
(2) Biting and absorbing type
7. Exoskeleton of Periplaneta is protected due (3) Biting and chewing type
to______ (4) Biting and sucking type
(1) Calcium carbonate
(2) Cutin
13. A complete set of the mouth parts of thecockroach
(3) Chitin
(4) Mucous consists of
(1) Labrum and labium
8. Head of the cockroach is formed by the fusion of (2) Labium, labrum and tongue
_________ segments (3) Labrum, mandibles, maxillae and labium
(1) Six (2) Four
(4) Labrum, maxillae and labium, hydro pharynx
(3) two (4) eight
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14. Which one is correct option for given diagram? 15. The first pair of wings in cockroach arises from
________ and the second pair from ______

(1) Prothorax, mesothorax

(2) Mesothorax, metathorax
(3) Metathorax, mesothorax
(4) Mesothorax, prothorax

a b c d
(1) Labrum Maxilla Hypopharynx Mandible

(2) Hypopharynx Mandible Maxilla Labrum

(3) Labrum Hypopharynx Maxilla Mandible

(4) Maxilla Hypopharynx Mandible Labrum

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DPP-7
[Cockroach - Anatomy]
1. How many hepatic caecae are present at the 9. Malpighian tubules are present at the junction
junction of foregut and midgut in alimentary canal of
of cockroach? (1) Foregut and midgut
(1) 4-6 (2) 2-4 (2) Midgut and hindgut
(3) 6-8 (4) 10-12 (3) Crop and gizzard
(4) Ileum and colon
2. In cockroach, oesophagus continues into the
10. Which of the following is correct about location
(1) Gizzard (2) Crop and numbers of malpighian tubules in Periplaneta?
(3) Ileum (4) Mesenteron (1) At the junction of midgut and hindgut, about
150
3. In cockroach, absorption of digested food occurs
(2) At the junction of foregut and midgut, about
inside the
150
(1) Gizzard (2) Crop
(3) Surrounding gizzard, eight
(3) Midgut (4) Hindgut
(4) At the junction of colon and rectum, eight

4. In cockroach, heart comprises of

11. Which of the following parts of the alimentary
(1) 4 chambers (2) 2 chambers
canal of cockroach is used for storing food?
(3) 8 chambers (4) 13 chambers
(1) Crop
5. How many pairs of spiracles are found in (2) Gastric caeca
cockroach? (3) Gizzard
(1) 10 (2) 20 (4) Oesophagus
(3) 5 (4) 25
12. In the digestive system of cockroach, gastric caeca
6. The process through which air in tracheoles and is present at the junction of
dissolved gases in blood are exchanged is (1) Midgut and hindgut
(1) Osmosis (2) Hindgut and foregut
(2) Diffusion (3) Foregut and mouth
(3) Active transport (4) Foregut and midgut
(4) Facilitated diffusion
13. Select the correct sequence of organs in the
7. Uric acid is the chief nitrogenous component of the alimentary canal of cockroach starting from mouth
excretory products of
(1) Earthworm (1) Pharynx → Oesophagus → Crop → Gizzard
(2) Cockroach → Ileum → Colon → Rectum
(3) Frog (2) Pharynx → Oesophagus → Gizzard → Crop
(4) Man → Ileum → Colon → Rectum
(3) Pharynx → Oesophagus → Grizzard → Ileum
8. Haemolymph in cockroach is devoid of → Crop → Colon → Rectum
(1) Plasma (2) Haemocytes (4) Pharynx → Oesophagus → Ileum → Crop →
(3) Amino acids (4) Respiratory pigment Gizzard → Colon → Rectum
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14. Malpighian tubules in the cockroach are lined by 15. The compound eye of cockroaches consist of
______ and ______ cells. Fill in the blanks with About
the correct pair (1) 200 hexagonal ommatidia
(1) Glandular, Ciliated (2) 2000 hexagonal ommatidia
(2) Cuboidal, Ciliated (3) 20 hexagonal ommatidia
(3) Squamous, Glandular (4) 20000 hexagonal ommatidia
(4) Glandular, Cuboidal
 16

DPP-8
[Cockroach Anatomy]
1. In male cockroaches, sperms are stored in _______ 10. Mark the odd one w.r.t. reproductive system of
part of the reproductive system male cockroach
(1) Seminal vesicles (2) Mushroom glands (1) A pair of testes lying one on each lateral side
(3) Testes (4) Vas deferens in 4th – 6th abdominal segment
(2) A characteristic mushroom shaped gland is
2. Cockroach are present in 6th – 7th abdominal segments which
(1) Dioecious and without sexual dimorphism functions as an accessory reproductive gland
(2) Monoecious and without sexual dimorphism (3) The ejaculatory duct opens into male gonopore
(3) Monoecious and with sexual dimorphism situated dorsal to anus
(4) Dioecious with sexual dimorphism (4) Sperms are stored in seminal vesicles
3. In both the sexes of cockroaches, the 10th segment
bears a pair of jointed filamentous structure called 11. Which of the following features is used to identify
a male cockroach from a female cockroach?
(1) Anal style (2) Anal cerci (1) Presence of a boat shaped sternum on the 9th
(3) Gonapophysis (4) Spermathecal pores abdominal segment
(2) Presence of caudal styles
4. Total number of vas deferens in male cockroach (3) Forewings with darker tegmina
(4) Presence of anal cerci
(1) Two (2) Three
(3) Four (4) Five 12. What external changes are visible after the last
moult of a cockroach nymph?
5. Vagina is another name of (1) Anal cerci develop
(1) Genital chamber (2) Both fore wings and hind wings develop
(2) Vestibulum (3) Labium develops
(3) Common oviduct (4) Mandibles become harder
(4) Ovarioles
6. The development of Periplaneta americana is 13. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(1) Holometabolous (1) Female cockroach possesses sixteen ovarioles
(2) Paurometabolous in the ovaries
(3) Ametabolous (2) Cockroaches exhibit mosaic vision with less
(4) Hemimetabolous sensitivity and more resolution
(3) A mushroom-shaped gland is present in the
7. The nymphs of cockroaches grow by moulting 6th-7th abdominal segments of male cockroach.
about ________ times to reach the adult form (4) A pair of spermatheca is present in the 6th
segment of female cockroach
(1) 6 (2) 8
14. The ejaculatony duct in male cockroach open into
(3) 10 (4) 13
(1) Male gonopore situated dorsal to anus
(2) Male gonopore situated ventral to anus
8. How many fertilised eggs are present in the
(3) Vestibule
ootheca of cockroach?
(4) Common oviduct
(1) 14 – 16 (2) 19 – 24
(3) 20 – 25 (4) 25 – 30 15. Sperms packet is called
(1) Spermatheca
9. In the female reproductive system of cockroach, (2) Spermatophore
ovaries are located in ________ abdominal (3) Ootheca
segments (4) Mermaid purse
(1) 2nd - 6th (2) 4th - 8th
th th
(3) 6 - 12 (4) 1st - 2nd