LECTURE SERIES

ON
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS AND DESIGN

Prepared by:
Anurag Mukherjee
(Dept. of Mech. Engg.)
Amity School of Engg. & Technology
Amity University Madhya Pradesh
 PART - I
➢ Introduction to Engineering Drawing
➢ Instruments Used
➢ Sheet Layout
➢ Types of Lines and Theory of Dimensioning
Engineering Drawing

Engineering drawing can be defined as, “the

graphical language of engineers which an
engineer or any trained person uses to convey his
complete ideas about any engineering component
to the other engineers or trained persons”.
 Characteristics of Engineering Drawing

➢ Accuracy: Closeness to the actual dimensions

➢ Precision: Ability to produce the same results again and again
➢ Fact based: A technical drawing represents everything that is based on facts. Nothing hypothetical or
emotion based can be represented by it.
➢ Functional: The objects produced by engineering drawing are brought to the real world.
➢ Result oriented: Engineering drawing produces objects that fulfil some specific purpose. The objects
are realistic and meet the requirement of the designer completely.
➢ Finite life: Every engineering drawing has got a finite life. The life of a drawing depends on the life of
the component.
➢ Universal: Engineering drawing is a universal language of engineers, i.e., every technical drawing can
be understood at every corner of the world.
 Engineering Graphics
The study of the lines and curves that enable us to create drawings along with the
dimensions is known as engineering graphics.
 Need for Engineering Drawing

➢ Gives the pictorial

representation of the designed
components along with all the
details.
➢ Enables the manufacturing
personnel to have the complete
idea of the designed component
to be manufactured.
➢ Re-manufacturing of the
components in case of wear or
breakage.
 Instruments Used in Engineering Drawing

➢ Drawing sheet ----- (06)

➢ Medium size sketch book
➢ Good quality geometry box
➢ Pencil (HB) ---- (02)
➢ Pencil (2H/3H) ----- (02)
➢ Good quality eraser
➢ Good quality sharpener
➢ Board Clips
➢ Roller scale (15 cm)
➢ Normal Scale (1 feet)
 Drawing Sheet and their Sizes

➢ The standard A0 size sheet is the one with an area of 1 m2 and having dimensions of 1189 x 841.
➢ The basic principle involved in arriving at the sizes of drawing sheets are is Y : X = 1 :√2
➢ According to (B.I.S.), the preferred drawing sheet sizes are given below as per SP : 46 (1988)
 Sheet Layout

10

10

Drawing Space
20

10
 Title Block
The title block is an important element found in mechanical and architectural drawings containing the
relevant information about the drawing.
Title Block for a General Machine or Part Drawing:
Types of Lines, Theory of Dimensioning
 Line and it’s Types
A line is the basic entity of a drawing. The various types of lines used in machine drawing are:
S. No. Line Description Application
01 Continuous thick Visible Outlines
• Imaginary lines of intersection
(straight or curved)
• Dimension lines
• Projection lines
02 Continuous thin • Leader lines
• Hatching lines
• Outlines of revolved sections in place
• Short centre lines

Continuous thin
03 (straight) line with Long break line
zigzags
04 Dashed line Hidden outlines and edges

05 • Centre lines
Chain thin • Lines of symmetry
• Trajectories

06 Chain thin, thick at ends and

Cutting planes
changes of direction
 Elements of Dimensioning

➢ Dimension line — It is a thin continuous line terminated either by arrow-heads touching the outlines, extension lines
or centre lines or by an oblique stroke.
➢ Extension line (Projection line) — An extension line is also a thin continuous line drawn in extension of an outline.
According to BIS, a gap of about 1 mm should be kept between the extension line and an outline. It extends by about
3 mm beyond the dimension line.
➢ Leader line — It is also a thin continuous line, connecting a note or a dimension figure with the feature to which it
applies. One end of the leader terminates either in an arrowhead touching the outline or in a dot placed within the
outline of the object, while the other end of the leader is terminated in a horizontal line at the bottom level of the
first or the last letter of the note.
➢ Arrowhead— An arrowhead is placed at each end of a dimension line. It’s pointed end touches an outline, an
extension line or a centre line. The length of an arrow head should be about three times its maximum width. The
triangle of the arrow should be completely filled in.
 PART - II
➢ Introduction to Scales
➢ Unit Conversion
➢ Representative Fraction
➢ Plain Scale
➢ Diagonal Scale
 Scales
The proportion by which the drawing of an object is enlarged or reduced is called the scale
of the drawing. A scale is defined by the ratio of the linear dimensions of the object as
represented in a drawing to the actual dimensions of the same (RF).

Classification of Scales

Engineers Scale Graphical Scale

 Representative Fraction (R.F.)

It may be defined as:

RF = Dimension of an object in the drawing

Actual Dimension of the same

When a 1 cm long line in a drawing represents 1 meter length of the object

RF = 1cm = 1cm = 1/100

1m 1× 100cm

Length of scale = RF × Maximum distance to be represented

 Classification of Scales based on Representative Fraction

Based on the RF, the scales can be further classified into three categories:

➢ Enlarged Scale Drawing (RF > 1): When the objects are very small like inner parts of a wrist watch, the dimensions
adopted on the drawing will be bigger than the actual dimensions of the objects, then in that case it is represented
by enlarged scale. Here,
Scale: - 10cm =1cm or 10:1 and R.F= 10/1 (greater than one)

➢ Reduced Scale Drawing (RF < 1): When the objects are large like the parts of automobiles, buildings, etc., the
dimensions adopted on the drawing will be smaller than the actual dimensions of the objects, then in that case it
is represented by reduced scale. Here,
Scale: - 1cm =100cm or 1:100 and RF=1/100 (less than one)

➢ Full scale drawing (RF = 1): When the objects are of the size which can be accommodated in the drawing without
reducing or enlarging, then such objects are drawn in full scale. Here,
Scale: - 10cm = 10cm or 1:1 and R.F= 1/1 (equal to one)
1. Engineers Scale : - Any scale is called an engineer's scale and is a tool for measuring distances
and transferring measurements at a fixed ratio of length. In scientific and engineering
terminology, a device to measure linear distance and create proportional linear measurements
is called a scale. A device for drawing straight lines is a straight edge or ruler. In common usage
both are referred to as a ruler. The following types of engineers scale are used:

 Full scale : – 1:1

 Enlarged scale : – 2:1, 3:1, 2.5:1, etc.

 Reduced scale : – 1:2, 1:3, 1:3.5, etc.

2. Graphical Scale: - This is the scale drawn on the drawing itself. This scale has got nothing to do with the

engineers scale in terms of measurement; therefore, it takes care of the shrinkage of the engineer’s

scale when the drawing becomes old.

The graphical scale is drawn on the drawing sheet in the same units in which the

drawing is made and with the help of this scale various distances in the drawing can be measured.

Types of Graphical Scale : –

• Comparative scale
 Plain Scale
• Scale of chords
 Diagonal Scale

 Vernier Scale
• Plain Scale: - A plain scale represents either two units or a unit and its subdivision (fraction upto a single
decimal place). A plain scale consists of a line divided into suitable number of equal parts or units, the
first of which is sub-divided into small parts.
• Diagonal Scales: - A diagonal scale represents either three units or only one unit and its fractions upto
second place of decimal point. It consists of a line divided into suitable number of equal parts, the zero
division is again sub-divided into a number of equal parts, the first part of which is sub-divided into
smallest parts by diagonals.
• Comparative Scale: - These are the scales having same RF, but graduated to read different units. These
scales may be plain or diagonal scales and may be constructed either separately or one above the other.
• Scale of Chords: - The scale of chords is used to set out or measure angles in the absence of protractor. It
is based on the length of chords of different angles measured on the same arc.
• Vernier Scale: - These scales are used to measure very small units which a greater accuracy. These scales

can be said to be the modified form of diagonal scale. A vernier scale consists of a primary scale and a

vernier. The primary scale is a plain scale. For sub-dividing the smallest division on the primary scale a

vernier is used which slides on the primary scale. Vernier scales are of two types:

1. Backward Vernier: In backward vernier, the vernier divisions are marked in the opposite direction as

that of the main scale. Here, the length of one vernier division is longer than the length of one main

scale division (i.e., 1VSD > 1MSD).

2. Forward Vernier: In forward vernier, the vernier divisions are marked in the same direction as that of

the main scale. Here, the length of one main scale division is longer smaller than the length of one

vernier division (i.e., 1MSD > 1VSD).

 Difference between Forward and Backward Vernier Scales

Types of
VSD MSD LC Vernier Count
Vernier

Forward Left to right

n n–1 MSD – VSD
(Direct) Vernier (0 1 2 3.....)

Backward
Right to left
(Retrograde) n n+1 VSD – MSD
(....3 2 1 0)
Vernier
 Unit Conversions
Unit Conversions for Linear Measurement
Unit Conversions for Square Measurement
 10mm = 1cm
▪ 100 mm2 = 1 cm2
 10cm = 1dm
▪ 100 cm2 = 1 dm2
 10dm = 1m ▪ 100 dm2 = 1 m2

 10m = 1dam ▪ 100 m2 = 1 are

 10dam = 1hecto m ▪ 100 ares = 1 hectare

 10hecto m = 1km ▪ 100 hectares = 1 km2

 10 km = 1 myriameter
 PART - III
➢ Theories of Projection
➢ Classification of Projections
➢ Planes of Projection
➢ Projection Systems (Ist and IIIrd Angle
Projection)
Projection in
Engineering
Drawing
Created by Projection on a plane
Anurag Mukherjee
 ➢ Concept of projection
➢ Classification of projections
➢ Planes of projection

Topics to be ➢ Projection systems (Ist and IIIrd

angle projection)
covered ➢ Orthographic projection
➢ Auxiliary planes and their
significance
➢ Traces of a line
 Concept of Projection

What is Projection?
The act of obtaining the image of
an object on a plane with the
help of straight lines drawn from
the various points on the
contour of an object is called as
“projection”.
 Projectors/ Lines of Sight
The lines from the object to the plane
Terms used in Projection are called as projectors or lines of
sight.

View of the Object

The figure formed by joining in
correct sequence, the points at which
these lines meet the plane, (i.e., the
image obtained by projection) is
called the view of the object on that
plane.
 Significance of Projection
In engineering, 3-dimensonal
objects and structures are
Why Projection ? represented graphically on a
2-dimensional media,
therefore, the projection plays
a great role in obtaining the
complete geometry of the
objects.
 Parallel LOS

Line of Sight
It is an imaginary ray of light between
an observer’s eye and an object. Converging LOS

There are 2 types of LOS :

parallel and converging

P
 Parallel projection

Plane of Projection

It is an imaginary flat plane on which the

image is created. The image is produced by Perspective projection
connecting the points where the LOS pierce Plane of projection
the projection plane.

Based on the direction of the line of sight,

the projection can be classified under two
broad categories:
P
Characteristics & Applications
of Perspective Projection
Applications Specific Characteristics
Widely used in art, Perspective projection
architecture, and video creates the illusion of
games to create realistic depth and distance by
spatial representations. receding lines converging
to a vanishing point.
 Parameters Parallel Projection Perspective Projection
It does not alter the shape or the size of the In this perspective, the objects that stay far away
Shape and Size
given object on a plane. appear to be smaller in size, while the ones near to
of Objects
the viewer’s eyes appear bigger in size.
Distance from The distance of the given object is infinite The distance of the given object is finite from the
Center of from the center of the projection. center of the projection.
Projection
It can provide a user with an accurate view It cannot provide a user with an accurate view of
Accuracy of
of the given object. the given object. The shapes and sizes of the
View
projection tend to differ from its origination.
Lines of The parallel projection lines are parallel to The perspective projection lines are not parallel to
Projection each other. each other rather they converge at a point.
There are basically two types of parallel There are basically three types of perspective
projections: projections:
Types of
• Oblique • One Point
Projection
• Orthographic • Two Point
• Three Point
Parallel Projection does not form a realistic Perspective Projection generates a very realistic
Realistic View
view of the world and its objects. view of the world and the objects present in it.
Parallel vs Perspective Projection
 Projections

Parallel Projections Perspective Projections

1 point Multi-point

Orthographic Oblique

Multi-view Axonometric Cabinet Cavalier

Isometric Dimetric Trimetric

 Planes Of Orthographic Projection

The planes on which the projection of an object are taken are known as projection planes.

Types of Projection Planes

Reference/Principal Planes Side / Profile Plane

Auxiliary Planes
1. Reference or Principal Planes: - These are the planes on which the
principal views of an object (i.e., FV and TV) are taken. The different
reference planes are: PRINCIPAL PLANES
➢ Horizontal Plane (H.P.): - It is the plane on which the top view HP AND VP
(TV) of an object is projected.
➢ Vertical Frontal Plane (V.P. ): - It is the plane on which the front
view (FV) of an object is projected.
The two principal planes of projection, intersecting each other at right
angles, divide the space into four quadrants. The line at which the two
planes intersect is known as XY line or reference line. The object may
be situated in any of these four quadrants or may be in one of them.

2. Side or Profile Planes: - It is the plane on which the side or profile view
PROFILE PLANE ┴ TO
of the object is taken. The profile plane is taken at right angles to both BOTH VP & HP
the principal planes. In multi-view drawings, the right side view is
the standard side view used. The right side view of an object
shows the depth and the height dimensions. The right side view
is projected on to the profile plane of projection, which is a
plane that is parallel to the right side of the object. In the
similar fashion the left side view is also obtained.
 Quadrant View of Reference Planes

2 n d
Q u a
d r a n
t VP
2nd Quad. 1ST Quad.
1 s
t Q u
F.V. a d
r a n
Y t

X Y HP

3 r d X O b s
Q u a e r v e
d r a n r
t

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

4 t h
Q u a
d r a n
t