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    Lect 6

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    Lect 6

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    Lect 6

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    of 12

    6.

    Linear Transformations

    Let V, W be vector spaces over a field F. A


    function that maps V into W , T : V → W ,
    is called a linear transformation from V
    to W if for all vectors u and v in V and all
    scalars c ∈ F

    (a) T (u + v) = T (u) + T (v)

    (b) T (cu) = cT (u)

    Basic Properties of Linear Transformations

    Let T : V → W be a function.

    (a) If T is linear, then T (0) = 0

    (b) T is linear if and only if T (av + w) =


    aT (v)+T (w) for all v, w in V and a ∈ F.

    1
    In the special case where V = W , the linear
    transformation T : V → V is called a linear
    operator on V .

    Examples

    1. T : R2 → R2 s.t. T (a, b) = (2a + b, a)

    2. T : Mn(R) → Mn(R) s.t. T (A) = AT

    3. T : Pn(R) → Pn−1(R) s.t.


    T (f (x)) = f 0(x)

    4. C(R) is the space of cts real valued


    functions on R. Fix a, b ∈ R s.t. a < b.
    Then
    Z b
    T : C(R) → R s.t. T (f ) = f (t) dt.
    a

    5. Identity operator: For any V ,


    I : V → V s.t. I(x) = x

    6. Zero transformation: For any V, W ,


    T0 : V → W s.t. T0(x) = 0
    2
    Kernel and Image

    Definitions

    Let T : V → W be a linear transformation.

    The set of vectors in V that T maps into 0


    is called the kernel of T . It is denoted by
    ker(T ). In mathematical notation:
    ker(T ) = {v ∈ V | T (v) = 0}

    The set of all vectors in W that are images


    under T of at least one vector in V is called
    the Image of T ; it is denoted by Im(T ). In
    mathematical notation:
    Im(T ) = {w ∈ W |w = T (v) for some v ∈ V }

    Theorem

    Let T : V → W be linear. Then ker(T ) and


    Im(T ) are subspaces of V and W respec-
    tively.
    3
    Example

    T : R3 → R2 s.t. T (a, b, c) = (a − b, 2c)

    4
    Theorem

    If T : V → W is a linear transformation and


    {v1, v2, . . . , vn} forms a basis for V , then
    Im(T ) = span(T (v1), T (v2), . . . , T (vn))

    5
    Rank and Nullity

    Definitons If T : U → V is a linear trans-


    formation,

    • the dimension of the image of T is called


    the rank of T and is denoted by rank(T ),

    • the dimension of the kernel is called the


    nullity of T and is denoted by nullity(T ).

    Example

    Let U be a vector space of dimension n,


    with basis {u1, u2, . . . , un}, and let T : U →
    U be a linear operator defined by

    T (ui) = ui+1, i = 1, . . . , n − 1, T (un) = 0


    Find bases for ker(T ) and Im(T ) and deter-
    mine rank(T ) and nullity(T ).
    6
    Theorem

    If T : V → W is a linear transformation
    from an n-dimensional vector space V to a
    vector space W , then

    rank(T ) + nullity(T ) = dim(V ) = n

    7
    Theorem

    Let T : V → W be linear. Then T is injec-


    tive if and only if ker(T ) = {0}.

    Theorem

    Let T : V → W be linear and dim(V ) =


    dim(W ). Then the following are equiva-
    lent:

    • T is injective

    • T is surjective

    • rank(T ) = dim(V )

    8
    Theorem

    Suppose that {v1, v2, . . . , vn} is a basis for V.


    For w1, w2, . . . , wn in W there exists exactly
    one linear transformation T : V → W such
    that T (vi) = wi, i = 1, 2, . . . , n.

    9
    Corollary

    Let {v1, v2, . . . , vn} be a basis for V and let


    T1, T2 : V → W be linear s.t. T1(vi) =
    T2(vi) for i = 1, 2, . . . , n. Then T1 = T2.

    10
    Example

    Let T : R3 → R2 s.t. T (a, b, c) = (a − b, 2c).


    Suppose U : R3 → R2 is linear and

    U (1, 1, 1) = (0, 2), U (1, 0, −1) = (1, −2),

    U (0, −1, 1) = (1, −2).

    11
    Quiz
    True or false?

    • If T (x + y) = T (x) + T (y) then T is


    linear.

    • If T : V → W is linear then T (0V ) = 0W .

    • T is injective if and only if the only vec-


    tor x satisfying T (x) = 0 is x = 0.

    • Given x1, x2 ∈ V and y1, y2 ∈ W , there


    exists a linear transformation T : V →
    W s.t. T (x1) = y1 and T (x2) = y2.

    12

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