Lecture 2 –

Hardware and
Software
PREPARED BY: AILA BURI
Hardware Components
• consists of any machinery (most of
which uses digital circuits) that
assists the activities of an
information system
Hardware Components
 Understanding Binary
• computers use the base-two numbering
system, also known as binary
• in this system, each number represents
a power of two, with the far-right
number representing 20 (ones), from
the right representing 21 (twos), then
22 (fours), then 23 (eights), etc.
Understanding Binary
• For example, the number 1010 in
binary represents (1 x 8 ) + (0 x 4) +
(1 x 2) + (0 x 1). In base ten, this
evaluates to 10
Computer Storage Unit and
Binary Prefixes
• byte prefixes represents different
orders of magnitude
Name Represents Number of Bytes
Byte eight bits 1
Kilo one thousand bytes 1,000
Mega one million bytes 1,0002
Giga one billion bytes 1,0003
Tera one trillion bytes 1,0004
Peta one quadrillion bytes 1,0005
Exa one quintillion bytes 1,0006
Zetta one sextillion bytes 1,0007
Yotta one septillion bytes 1,0008
 The CPU
• the core of computer architecture and
brain of the computer devices
• carries out the commands sent to it
by the software and returns results to
be acted upon
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
• performs mathematical calculations
and makes logical comparisons
 Control Unit
• sequentially accesses program
instructions
• decodes the instructions
• coordinates the flow of data in and out
of the ALU, registers, primary
storage, as well as secondary storage
and various output devices
 Registers
• high-speed storage areas used to
temporarily hold small units of
program instructions and data
 Bus
• a set of physical connections (cables,
printed circuits, etc.) that can be
shared by multiple hardware
components so they can
communicate with one another
 Primary Storage
• (main memory or memory) works
closely with the CPU
Execution of an Instruction
Step 1: Fetch Instruction—a program’s
instructions and any necessary data are
read into the processor.
Step 2: Decode Instruction—the
instruction is decoded so the central
processor can understand what to do.
Execution of an Instruction
Step 3: Execution Instruction—the
ALU does what it is instructed to do,
making either an arithmetic computation
or a logical comparison.
Step 4: Store Results—the results are
stored in the registers or in memory.
Instruction Time (I-Time)
• the time it takes to perform the fetch
and decode steps in instruction phase
Execution Time (E-Time)
• the time it takes to complete the
instruction in execution phase
Power, Speed and Capacity
• Machine Cycle Time: the time in which
a machine cycle occurs is measured
• MIPS: milions of instructions per
second, a measure of machine cycle time
• Clock Speed: a series of electronic
pulses produced at a predetermined rate
that affects machine cycle time
Power, Speed and Capacity
Often measured in:
Kilohertz (Khz): thousands cycles per
second
Megahertz (MHz): millions cycles per
second
Gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per
second
Moore’s Law
 Moore’s Law
• The transistor densities on a single
chip double about every two years.
• also the price for the same
computing power will be cut in half
every two years
Memory Characteristics and
Functions
Storage capacity
• Mostly measured in bytes, with 1
byte equivalent to one character of
data
• Byte (B): eight bits that together
represent a single character of data
Computer Storage Units
 Types of Memory
Random access memory (RAM)—a
form of memory in which instructions
or data can be temporarily stored
Read-only memory
(ROM)—nonvolatile providing
permanent storage for data and
instructions that do not change
Secondary Data Storage Devices
Secondary storage
• devices that store large amounts of
data, instructions, and information
more permanently than allowed with
memory
• not directly accessible by the CPU
Secondary Data Storage
Devices
• Magnetic
• Optical
• Solid State
 Magnetic
• Magnetic tape
• Hard disk drive (HDD)
• Virtual tape
• Redundant array of
independent/inexpensive disks
(RAID)
• Disk mirroring
 Magnetic tape
• a type of sequential secondary storage
medium
• primarily for storing backups of
critical organizational data
Hard disk drive (HDD)
• a direct access storage device;
consists of rapidly rotating disks
coated with magnetic material
 Virtual tape
• a storage device for less frequently
needed data
 RAID
• a method of storing data that
generates extra bits of data from
existing data
 Disk mirroring
• a process of storing data that provides
an exact copy that protects users fully
in the event of data loss
 Optical
• Compact disc read-only memory
(CD-ROM)
• Digital video disc (DVD)
• Blu-ray high-definition video disk
• DNA data storage: experimental at
this time
 Solid State
• stores data in memory chips rather
than magnetic or optical media
Enterprise Storage Options
• Attached Storage: include the tape,
hard disks, and optical devices, which
are connected directly to a single
computer
Enterprise Storage Options
• Network-attached Storage: attach to
a network instead of to a single
computer
Enterprise Storage Options
• Storage Area Networks (SAN):
high-speed, special-purpose network
that integrates different types of data
storage devices into a single storage
system and connects that to
computing resources across an entire
organization
 Storage as a Service
• a data storage model where a data
storage service provider rents space to
individuals and organizations
• rented data storage is accessed via the
Internet
• cloud-based storage services
Input and Output Devices
• allow the user to provide data and
instructions to the computer and to
receive results from it
• part of a computer’s user interface
Input and Output Devices
• Data Entry: converting human-readable
data into a machine-readable form
• Data Input: transferring machine-readable
data into the system
• Source Data Automation: capturing and
editing data where it is initially created and
in a form that can be directly input to a
computer, thus ensuring accuracy and
timeliness
 Input Devices
• Speech-Recognition Technology
• Motion-Sensing Input Devices
• Scanning Devices
• Optical Data Readers
• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
(MICR) Devices
• Magnetic Stripe Cards
• Chip Cards
 Input Devices
• Contactless Payment Cards
• Point-of-Sale (POS) Devices
• Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Devices
• Bar-Code Scanners
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Devices
• Pen Input Devices
• Touch Screens
Do you have any questions?
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